Mortality of the cotton boll weevil in drip and sprinkler irrigated cotton crops / Mortalidade do bicudo-do-algodoeiro em lavouras de algodão irrigadas por gotejamento e aspersão

The cotton boll weevil, Anthonomus grandis grandis Boheman (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), is a key cotton crop pest in Brazil. Adverse climatic factors, such as high temperatures and low soil moisture, dehydrate oviposited cotton squares (bud flowers) on the ground and cause high mortality of its offspring within these plant structures. The objective of this research was to evaluate the mortality of the cotton boll weevil in drip and sprinkler irrigated cotton crops. The experimental was in included randomized blocks with two treatments: drip (T1) and sprinkler (T2, control) irrigated cotton crops with sixteen replications. Each parcel had one emergence cage, installed between two cotton rows per irrigation system, with 37 cotton squares with opened oviposition punctures and yellowish bracts, to capture adult cotton boll weevils. The average number of boll weevils that emerged from the cotton squares and the causes of mortality at different development stages were determined per treatment. Third-generation life tables of the boll weevil were prepared using the natural mortality data in drip and sprinkler irrigation treatments and plus actual, apparent and indispensable mortality rates and the lethality of each mortality cause. We conclude that the application of water directly to the root zone of the plants in a targeted manner, using the drip irrigation system, can cause high mortality of the cotton boll weevil immature stages inside cotton squares fallen on the ground. This is because the cotton squares fallen on the drier and hotter soil between the rows of drip-irrigated cotton dehydrates causing the boll weevils to die. This is important because it can reduce its population density of the pest and, consequently, the number of applications of chemical insecticides for its control. Thus, contributing to increase the viability of cotton production, mainly in areas of the Brazilian semiarid region where the cotton is cultivated in organic system.

O bicudo-do-algodoeiro, Anthonomus grandis grandis Boheman (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), é uma praga-chave da cultura do algodão no Brasil. Fatores climáticos adversos, como altas temperaturas e baixa umidade do solo, desidratam os botões florais de algodão ovipositados caídos ao solo e causam alta mortalidade de seus descendentes dentro dessas estruturas vegetais. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar a mortalidade do bicudo-do-algodoeiro em lavouras de algodão irrigadas por gotejamento e aspersão. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados com dois tratamentos: cultivo de algodão irrigado por gotejamento (T1) e aspersão (T2, testemunha) com dezesseis repetições. Cada parcela possuía uma gaiola de emergência, instalada entre duas fileiras de algodão por sistema de irrigação, com 37 botões florais de algodão com orifícios de oviposição, brácteas abertas e amarelecidas, para captura do bicudo adulto. O número médio de bicudos que emergiu dos botões florais de algodão e as causas de mortalidade, em diferentes estágios de desenvolvimento, foram determinados por tratamento. As tabelas de vida de terceira geração do bicudo-do-algodoeiro foram preparadas usando os dados de mortalidade natural em tratamentos de irrigação por gotejamento e aspersão e as taxas de mortalidade reais, aparentes e indispensáveis e a letalidade de cada causa de mortalidade. Concluímos que a aplicação de água diretamente na zona radicular das plantas de forma direcionada, utilizando o sistema de irrigação por gotejamento, pode causar altas mortalidade dos estágios imaturos do bicudo-do-algodoeiro nos botões florais de algodão caídos no solo. Isso ocorre porque os botões florais de algodão caídos no solo mais seco e mais quente entre as fileiras do algodão irrigado por gotejamento desidratam, causando a morte dos bicudos. Isso é importante por poder reduzir a densidade populacional desse inseto e, consequentemente, o número [...].

Mortality of the cotton boll weevil in drip and sprinkler irrigated cotton crops

Abstract The cotton boll weevil, Anthonomus grandis grandis Boheman (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), is a key cotton crop pest in Brazil. Adverse climatic factors, such as high temperatures and low soil moisture, dehydrate oviposited cotton squares (bud flowers) on the ground and cause high mortality of its offspring within these plant structures. The objective of this research was to evaluate the mortality of the cotton boll weevil in drip and sprinkler irrigated cotton crops. The experimental design was in randomized blocks with two treatments: drip (T1) and sprinkler (T2, control) irrigated cotton crops with sixteen replications. Each parcel had one emergence cage, installed between two cotton rows per irrigation system, with 37 cotton squares with opened oviposition punctures and yellowish bracts, to capture adult cotton boll weevils. The average number of boll weevils that emerged from the cotton squares and the causes of mortality at different development stages were determined per treatment. Third-generation life tables of the boll weevil were prepared using the natural mortality data in drip and sprinkler irrigation treatments and plus actual, apparent and indispensable mortality rates and the lethality of each mortality cause. We conclude that the application of water directly to the root zone of the plants in a targeted manner, using the drip irrigation system, can cause high mortality of the cotton boll weevil immature stages inside cotton squares fallen on the ground. This is because the cotton squares fallen on the drier and hotter soil between the rows of drip-irrigated cotton dehydrates causing the boll weevils to die. This is important because it can reduce its population density of the pest and, consequently, the number of applications of chemical insecticides for its control. Thus, contributing to increase the viability of cotton production, mainly in areas of the Brazilian semiarid region where the cotton is cultivated in organic system.

Resumo O bicudo-do-algodoeiro, Anthonomus grandis grandis Boheman (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), é uma praga-chave da cultura do algodão no Brasil. Fatores climáticos adversos, como altas temperaturas e baixa umidade do solo, desidratam os botões florais de algodão ovipositados caídos ao solo e causam alta mortalidade de seus descendentes dentro dessas estruturas vegetais.O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar a mortalidade do bicudo-do-algodoeiro em lavouras de algodão irrigadas por gotejamento e aspersão. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados com dois tratamentos: cultivo de algodão irrigado por gotejamento (T1) e aspersão (T2, testemunha) com dezesseis repetições. Cada parcela possuía uma gaiola de emergência, instalada entre duas fileiras de algodão por sistema de irrigação, com 37 botões florais de algodão com orifícios de oviposição, brácteas abertas e amarelecidas, para captura do bicudo adulto. O número médio de bicudos que emergiu dos botões florais de algodão e as causas de mortalidade, em diferentes estágios de desenvolvimento, foram determinados por tratamento. As tabelas de vida de terceira geração do bicudo-do-algodoeiro foram preparadas usando os dados de mortalidade natural em tratamentos de irrigação por gotejamento e aspersão e as taxas de mortalidade reais, aparentes e indispensáveis e a letalidade de cada causa de mortalidade. Concluímos que a aplicação de água diretamente na zona radicular das plantas de forma direcionada, utilizando o sistema de irrigação por gotejamento, pode causar altas mortalidade dos estágios imaturos do bicudo-do-algodoeiro nos botões florais de algodão caídos no solo. Isso ocorre porque os botões florais de algodão caídos no solo mais seco e mais quente entre as fileiras do algodão irrigado por gotejamento desidratam, causando a morte dos bicudos. Isso é importante por poder reduzir a densidade populacional desse inseto e, consequentemente, o número de aplicações de inseticidas químicos para seu controle. Assim, contribuindo para aumentar a viabilidade da produção de algodão, principalmente em áreas do semiárido brasileiro em sistema orgânico.

Ocular dryness in intensive care: proposal for a new nursing diagnosis / Sequedad ocular en cuidados intensivos: propuesta para un nuevo diagnóstico de enfermería / Ressecamento ocular em terapia intensiva: proposta de novo diagnóstico de enfermagem

ABSTRACT Objective: to analyze the concept associated with diagnostic proposition Ocular dryness in adult patients hospitalized in an Intensive Care Unit, identifying its attributes, antecedents and consequences. Methods: a methodological study carried out through concept analysis, operationalized by scoping review. Results: the analysis of 180 studies allowed the identification of two attributes, 32 antecedents and 12 consequences. The attributes were tear film deficiency and ocular signs and/or symptoms. The prevalent antecedents were incomplete eyelid closure (lagophthalmos) and blinking mechanism decrease. Major consequences included conjunctival hyperemia and decreased tear volume. Conclusions: this study allowed constructing nursing diagnosis Ocular dryness, part of domain 11, class 2, with 12 defining characteristics, 12 related factors, seven populations at risk and 13 associated conditions. This problem-focused proposal may provide targeted care by promoting early detection and implementing interventions that reduce the risk of ocular damage.

RESUMEN Objetivo: analizar el concepto asociado a la proposición del diagnóstico de enfermería Sequedad ocular en pacientes adultos internados en una unidad de cuidados intensivos, identificando sus atributos, antecedentes y consecuencias. Métodos: estudio metodológico, realizado a través del análisis de concepto operacionalizado por scoping review. Resultados: el análisis de 180 estudios permitió identificar dos atributos, 32 antecedentes y 12 consecuentes. Los atributos fueron deficiencia de película lagrimal y signos y/o síntomas oculares. Los antecedentes prevalentes fueron cierre palpebral incompleto (lagoftalmos) y disminución del mecanismo de parpadeo. Las principales consecuencias incluyeron hiperemia conjuntival y disminución del volumen lagrimal. Conclusiones: este estudio permitió la construcción del diagnóstico de enfermería Sequedad ocular, parte del dominio 11, clase 2, con 12 características definidoras, 12 factores relacionados, siete poblaciones de riesgo y 13 condiciones asociadas. Esta propuesta centrada en el problema puede brindar atención dirigida al promover la detección temprana e implementar intervenciones que reduzcan el riesgo de daño ocular.

RESUMO Objetivo: analisar o conceito associado à proposição do diagnóstico de enfermagem Ressecamento ocular em pacientes adultos internados em Unidade de Terapia Intensiva com identificação de seus atributos, antecedentes e consequentes. Métodos: estudo metodológico, realizado mediante análise de conceito operacionalizada por scoping review. Resultados: a análise dos 180 estudos permitiu identificação de dois atributos, 32 antecedentes e 12 consequentes. Os atributos foram deficiência do filme lacrimal e sinais e/ ou sintomas oculares. Os antecedentes prevalentes foram fechamento palpebral incompleto (lagoftalmia) e mecanismo de piscar diminuído. Os principais consequentes incluíram hiperemia conjuntival e volumetria lacrimal diminuída. Conclusões: este estudo permitiu a construção do diagnóstico de enfermagem Ressecamento ocular, integrante do domínio 11, classe 2, com 12 características definidoras, 12 fatores relacionados, sete populações em risco e 13 condições associadas. Essa proposta com foco no problema poderá proporcionar cuidado direcionado, promovendo detecção precoce e execução de intervenções que reduzam o risco de danos oculares.

Mortality of the cotton boll weevil in drip and sprinkler irrigated cotton crops / Mortalidade do bicudo-do-algodoeiro em lavouras de algodão irrigadas por gotejamento e aspersão

Abstract The cotton boll weevil, Anthonomus grandis grandis Boheman (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), is a key cotton crop pest in Brazil. Adverse climatic factors, such as high temperatures and low soil moisture, dehydrate oviposited cotton squares (bud flowers) on the ground and cause high mortality of its offspring within these plant structures. The objective of this research was to evaluate the mortality of the cotton boll weevil in drip and sprinkler irrigated cotton crops. The experimental design was in randomized blocks with two treatments: drip (T1) and sprinkler (T2, control) irrigated cotton crops with sixteen replications. Each parcel had one emergence cage, installed between two cotton rows per irrigation system, with 37 cotton squares with opened oviposition punctures and yellowish bracts, to capture adult cotton boll weevils. The average number of boll weevils that emerged from the cotton squares and the causes of mortality at different development stages were determined per treatment. Third-generation life tables of the boll weevil were prepared using the natural mortality data in drip and sprinkler irrigation treatments and plus actual, apparent and indispensable mortality rates and the lethality of each mortality cause. We conclude that the application of water directly to the root zone of the plants in a targeted manner, using the drip irrigation system, can cause high mortality of the cotton boll weevil immature stages inside cotton squares fallen on the ground. This is because the cotton squares fallen on the drier and hotter soil between the rows of drip-irrigated cotton dehydrates causing the boll weevils to die. This is important because it can reduce its population density of the pest and, consequently, the number of applications of chemical insecticides for its control. Thus, contributing to increase the viability of cotton production, mainly in areas of the Brazilian semiarid region where the cotton is cultivated in organic system.

Resumo O bicudo-do-algodoeiro, Anthonomus grandis grandis Boheman (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), é uma praga-chave da cultura do algodão no Brasil. Fatores climáticos adversos, como altas temperaturas e baixa umidade do solo, desidratam os botões florais de algodão ovipositados caídos ao solo e causam alta mortalidade de seus descendentes dentro dessas estruturas vegetais.O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar a mortalidade do bicudo-do-algodoeiro em lavouras de algodão irrigadas por gotejamento e aspersão. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados com dois tratamentos: cultivo de algodão irrigado por gotejamento (T1) e aspersão (T2, testemunha) com dezesseis repetições. Cada parcela possuía uma gaiola de emergência, instalada entre duas fileiras de algodão por sistema de irrigação, com 37 botões florais de algodão com orifícios de oviposição, brácteas abertas e amarelecidas, para captura do bicudo adulto. O número médio de bicudos que emergiu dos botões florais de algodão e as causas de mortalidade, em diferentes estágios de desenvolvimento, foram determinados por tratamento. As tabelas de vida de terceira geração do bicudo-do-algodoeiro foram preparadas usando os dados de mortalidade natural em tratamentos de irrigação por gotejamento e aspersão e as taxas de mortalidade reais, aparentes e indispensáveis e a letalidade de cada causa de mortalidade. Concluímos que a aplicação de água diretamente na zona radicular das plantas de forma direcionada, utilizando o sistema de irrigação por gotejamento, pode causar altas mortalidade dos estágios imaturos do bicudo-do-algodoeiro nos botões florais de algodão caídos no solo. Isso ocorre porque os botões florais de algodão caídos no solo mais seco e mais quente entre as fileiras do algodão irrigado por gotejamento desidratam, causando a morte dos bicudos. Isso é importante por poder reduzir a densidade populacional desse inseto e, consequentemente, o número de aplicações de inseticidas químicos para seu controle. Assim, contribuindo para aumentar a viabilidade da produção de algodão, principalmente em áreas do semiárido brasileiro em sistema orgânico.

Dehydration tolerance and storage sensitivity of Campomanesia adamantium seeds

Cultivating native fruit species depends on the existence of technical and scientific information. In this context, studies on propagation are the basis for other investigations. Campomanesia adamantium is propagated by seeds, and quality seeds guarantee the formation of high-performance plants in the field. This study aimed to analyze the dehydration tolerance and storage sensitivity of Campomanesia adamantium seeds. Experiment 1 evaluated the physiological quality of seeds with moisture contents of 43, 30, 26, 23, 18, 15, and 5%. Experiment 2 determined the seed moisture content, germination, and vigor of seeds depulped and immediately stored at 16 and 25°C, for 25 and 50 days. Seed viability was not affected by dehydration up to 15% of moisture content but decreased at 5%. Drying was accompanied by reduced seed vigor and seedling mass. The germination of unstored seeds was superior to stored ones. Storage at 16°C for 25 days was promising to maintain seed viability. The seeds showed intermediate recalcitrant behavior. Dehydration below 30% reduced vigor, while 5% affected viability. Campomanesia adamantium seeds can be stored for 25 days at 16°C in permeable packaging that maintains approximately 10% of moisture, with germination higher than 60%.

Intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) and the impact on cell stress resistance / 生物工程学报

Intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) are proteins or protein regions that fail to get folded into definite three-dimensional structures but participate in various biological processes and perform specific functions. Defying the traditional protein "sequence-structure-function" paradigm, they enrich the protein "structure-function" diversity. Ubiquitous in organisms, they show extreme hydrophilicity, charged amino acids, and highly repetitive amino acid sequences, with simple arrangement. As a result, they feature highly variable binding affinities and high coordination, which facilitate their functions. IDPs play an important role in cell stress response, which can improve the tolerance to a variety of stresses, such as freezing, high salt, heat shock, and desiccation. In this study, we briefed the characteristics, classifications, and identification of IDPs, summarized the molecular mechanism in improving cell stress resistance, and described the potential applications.

Microorganismos xerófilos cultivables de la zona semiárida de la Tatacoa (Colombia) / Culture xerophile microorganisms from the Tatacoa semiarid zone (Colombia)

Resumen Introducción. Los microorganismos xerófilos han adquirido una mayor relevancia para la realización de investigaciones relacionadas con sus mecanismos adaptativos frente al estrés hídrico, así como la caracterización e identificación de sus hábitats. En Colombia, las zonas semiáridas y desérticas como el desierto de la Tatacoa han sido poco estudiadas a nivel microbiano. Objetivo. Aislar y caracterizar microorganismos xerófilos provenientes del suelo de la zona semiárida de la Tatacoa del departamento del Huila (Colombia). Materiales y métodos. Se colectaron muestras en los sectores denominados localmente como Cuzco y La Victoria, las cuales fueron procesadas para el aislamiento de microorganismos xerófilos en medio selectivo M40Y para posterior caracterización macro y microscópica, así como evaluación mediante pruebas bioquímicas para la utilización de sustratos. Resultados. Fueron aislados 29 morfotipos entre los cuales se pudieron diferenciar: Bacilos y cocos Gram positivos presentes exclusivamente en el sector del Cuzco y bacterias filamentosas ramificadas (actinobacterias) únicamente en el sector de La Victoria. Se estableció la presencia de los géneros Streptomyces, Micrococcus y Corynebacterium. Conclusiones. La presencia de microorganismos relacionados con los géneros anteriormente mencionados permitirá comprender las posibles interacciones que se presentan en este ecosistema, lo que aportará al desarrollo de este lugar como un posible análogo para estudios de búsqueda de vida en otros planetas como Marte. Además, incentivar estudios más detallados donde se puedan recuperar microorganismos que sean de utilidad para diferentes procesos biotecnológicos.

Abstract Introduction. Xerophilic microorganisms have become more relevant for conducting research related to their adaptive mechanisms against water stress, as well as the characterization and identification of their habitats. In Colombia, semi-arid and desert areas such as the Tatacoa desert have been little studied at the microbial level. Objective. Isolation and characterization of cultivable xerophilic microorganisms from the soil of the semi-arid zone of Tatacoa, in the department of Huila (Colombia). Material and methods. For this, samples were collected in the sectors locally called Cuzco and La Victoria, which were processed for the isolation of xerophilic microorganisms in selective M40Y medium for subsequent macro and microscopic characterization, as well as evaluation by biochemical tests for the use of substrates. Results. 29 morphotypes were isolated among which it was possible to differentiate: Gram-positive bacilli and cocci present exclusively in the Cuzco sector and branched filamentous bacteria (Actinobacteria) only in the La Victoria sector. The presence of the genera Streptomyces, Micrococcus and Corynebacterium was established. Conclusions. The presence of microorganisms related to the mentioned genera will allow us to understand the possible interactions that occur in this ecosystem, which will contribute to the development of this place as a possible analogue of studies for the search for life on other planets such as Mars. In addition, promote more detailed studies where microorganisms that are useful for different biotechnological processes can be recovered.

Haemagogus spegazzinii Brèthes, 1912 (Diptera: Culicidae) in Brazilian semiarid: resistance in eggs and scale color variation in adults

ABSTRACT Although aedine eggs are resistant to desiccation, little is known about this trait in Haemagogus species. In this study, we assessed the desiccation resistance of Hg. spegazzinii eggs. The eggs were collected using ovitraps over a period of one week in March 2020. The positive pallets were stored until experimentation and immersed in a solution of water and yeast for larval hatching and subsequent species identification. The emerged adults were morphologically identified as Hg. spegazzinii. Because of color variations, adults were classified into three groups. The desiccation resistance of the eggs collected was measured for 380 days. Desiccation resistance is likely the result of selection mechanisms responsible for maintaining populations of the species in the seasonally dry tropical forest (Caatinga) in the Brazilian semiarid region. Variations in scale coloration can represent either individual variations or new species.

Antibacterial Activity Of Desiccated Cyanobacterium Anabaena Sp. Isolated From Terracotta Monuments Of Bishnupur, West Bengal

Anabaena sp. are the dominant cyanobacterial species on terracotta monuments of Bishnupur which exposed to high solar radiation, ultraviolet and in a desiccated condition in most part of the year. In the present study three Anabaena species were isolated from crust samples and its antibacterial activities were evaluated against pathogenic bacteria Bacillus subtilis, Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhimurium, Escherichia coli. We observed good antibacterial activity in ethyl acetate and ethanol extract of Anabaena sp. (VBCCA 052002) which having highest antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhimurium, Staphylococcus aureus and E. coli respectively. We have validated the antibacterial assay by using resazurin based antimicrobial assay in microtiter plates and calculated the MIC value of ethyl acetate extract of Anabaena sp. (VBCCA 052002) which is found to be 100 µg/ml against Staphylococcus aureus and 150 µg/ml against Salmonella typhimurium.

Studies on the mechanism of desiccation tolerance in the resurrection fern Adiantum raddianum

Desiccation-tolerance (DT) is the ability to lose virtually all free intracellular water and then recover normalphysiological functions. The phenomenon of DT is present in higher plants as well as few Pteridophytes whichwithstand drying up to 10%–20% of their dry weight and still resume metabolism following rehydration.The present investigation was carried to understand the biochemical adaptations against desiccation andalso subsequent rehydration in Adiantum raddianum (AR), an omnipresent fern in the Devarayanadurgaforest region of Tumakuru district of Karnataka, India. Detached fronds from healthy AR fern were fullyhydrated, subsequently desiccated, and rehydrated under in vitro conditions. During the desiccation process,the relative water content (RWC) of detached fronds decreased to as low as 16% after 4 hours with intenseinward curving. Upon rehydration, the RWC of the desiccated fronds regained 85% of the initial water contentwithin 4 hours. The rehydrated fronds almost showed the original morphology. Furthermore, physiologicalactivities of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, catalase, glutathione reductase,lipid peroxidation, and proline increased during desiccation but sucrose and starch content showed differentialresponse. The result obtained in this study reveals that AR has desiccation-tolerant properties.

Desiccation tolerance in the Antarctic moss Sanionia uncinata

BACKGROUND: One of the most extreme environments on our planet is the Maritime Antarctic territory, due to its low-water availability, which restricts the development of plants. Sanionia uncinata Hedw. (Amblystegiaceae), the main colonizer of the Maritime Antarctic, has effective mechanisms to tolerate this environment. It has been described that the tolerance to desiccation is mediated by the hormone abscisic acid (ABA), antioxidants systems, accumulation of compatible solutes and proteins of the late embryogenesis abundant (LEA). However, to date, these mechanisms have not been described in S. uncinata. Therefore, in this work, we postulate that the tolerance to desiccation in the Antarctic moss S. uncinata is mediated by the accumulation of ABA, the osmolytes proline and glycine betaine, and dehydrins (an LEA class 11 proteins). To demonstrate our hypothesis, S. uncinata was subjected to desiccation for 24 h (loss in 95% of water content), and the effects on its physiological, photosynthetic, antioxidant and biochemical parameters were determined. RESULTS: Our results showed an accumulation of ABA in response to water loss, and the activation of protective responses that involves an increment in levels of proline and glycine betaine, an increment in the activity of antioxidant enzymes such as SOD, CAT, APX and POD, and the accumulation of dehydrins proteins. CONCLUSION: The results showed, suggest that S. uncinata is a desiccation-tolerant moss, property mediated by high cellular plasticity regulated by ABA.

Effects of four drying methods after mechanical cleaning of dental handpiece / 中华护理杂志

Objective To compare drying methods for dental handpiece,and to provide references and guidance for choosing appropriate handpiece drying methods.Methods Four groups were established according to different methods of drying:vacuum drying,compressed air dryer drying,entire automatic hot cleaner drying,and sterilizing machine drying.Four types (with 50 in each type)of handpieces with the same brand were selected:low-speed straight (EX-6C),low-speed bender (NAC-EC),high speed turbine fast handset,and high speed turbine four hole handset.After cleaning and disinfection,each handpiece was subjected to the aforementioned four drying methods,and the mass was recorded before and after drying.SPSS software was used to calculate and compare the drying rate among these drying methods by analysis of variance.Results There were significant differences in the drying rate among four drying methods(P＜0.01).The drying efficiency with vacuum drying was higher than the other three methods.The mean drying efficiency for four types of dentistry handset with vacuum drying method were as follows:low-speed straight(EX-6C)69.93％,low-speed bender(NAC-EC)93.21％,high speed turbine fast handset 92.70％,and high speed turbine four hole handset 94.27％.Conclusion The drying efficiency of vacuum drying method for handset is superior to the other three drying methods.

Comparative transcriptome profile of the leaf elongation zone of wild barley (Hordeum spontaneum) eibi1 mutant and its isogenic wild type

Abstract The naturally occurring wild barley mutant eibi1/hvabcg31 suffers from severe water loss due to the permeable leaf cuticle. Eibi1/HvABCG31 encodes a full ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter, HvABCG31, playing a role in cutin deposition in the elongation zone of growing barley leaves. The eibi1 allele has pleiotropic effects on the appearance of leaves, plant stature, fertility, spike and grain size, and rate of germination. Comparative transcriptome profile of the leaf elongation zone of the eibi1 mutant as well as its isogenic wild type showed that various pathogenesis-related genes were up-regulated in the eibi1 mutant. The known cuticle-related genes that we analyzed did not show significant expression difference between the mutant and wild type. These results suggest that the pleiotropic effects may be a compensatory consequence of the activation of defense genes in the eibi1 mutation. Furthermore, we were able to find the mutation of the eibi1/hvabcg31 allele by comparing transcript sequences, which indicated that the RNA-Seq is useful not only for researches on general molecular mechanism but also for the identification of possible mutant genes.

Physiological, cellular and molecular aspects of the desiccation tolerance in Anadenanthera colubrina seeds during germination / Aspectos fisiológicos, celulares e moleculares da tolerância à dessecação em sementes de Anadenanthera colubrina durante a germinação

Abstract During germination, orthodox seeds become gradually intolerant to desiccation, and for this reason, they are a good model for recalcitrance studies. In the present work, physiological, biochemical, and ultrastructural aspects of the desiccation tolerance were characterized during the germination process of Anadenanthera colubrina seeds. The seeds were imbibed during zero (control), 2, 8, 12 (no germinated seeds), and 18 hours (germinated seeds with 1 mm protruded radicle); then they were dried for 72 hours, rehydrated and evaluated for survivorship. Along the imbibition, cytometric and ultrastructural analysis were performed, besides the extraction of the heat-stable proteins. Posteriorly to imbibition and drying, the evaluation of ultrastructural damages was performed. Desiccation tolerance was fully lost after root protrusion. There was no increase in 4C DNA content after the loss of desiccation tolerance. Ultrastructural characteristics of cells from 1mm roots resembled those found in the recalcitrant seeds, in both hydrated and dehydrated states. The loss of desiccation tolerance coincided with the reduction of heat-stable proteins.

Resumo Durante a germinação, sementes ortodoxas tornam-se gradualmente intolerantes à dessecação, e por isso podem ser utilizadas como modelo para o estudo da recalcitrância. No presente trabalho realizou-se uma caracterização dos aspectos fisiológicos, bioquímicos e ultraestruturais da perda da tolerância à dessecação de sementes de Anadenanthera colubrina em processo germinativo. Para isso as sementes foram embebidas durante 0 (controle), 2,8,12 e aproximadamente 18 horas (sementes germinadas com 1 mm de radícula), secas por 72 horas, reidratadas e a sobrevivência avaliada. Ao longo da embebição foram realizadas análises citométricas, ultraestruturais e extração de proteínas resistentes ao calor e após embebição e secagem foram avaliados danos ultraestruturais. A tolerância à dessecação foi totalmente perdida após a protrusão radicular. Não houve aumento do conteúdo de DNA 4C quando a tolerância à dessecação foi perdida. Características ultraestruturais de células de radículas de 1 mm assemelharam-se às encontradas em sementes recalcitrantes tanto no estado hidratado quanto desidratado. A perda da tolerância à dessecação coincidiu com a redução do conteúdo de proteínas resistentes ao calor.

Colonización y supervivencia de epibiontes sésiles en substratos artificiales similares a rizóforos de Rhizophora mangle (Rhizophoraceae) en La Mancha, México / Colonization and survival of sessile epibionts on artificial substrates similar to rhizophores of Rhizophora mangle (Rhizophoraceae) at La Mancha, Mexico

ResumenLa laguna costera de La Mancha, en el Golfo de México, tiene una boca que se cierra y abre estacionalmente, lo que ocasiona importantes fluctuaciones en los niveles de inundación y que la zona intermareal se exponga frecuentemente a una alta radiación solar, altas temperaturas y su consecuente desecación. Se llevó a cabo un experimento de campo de Noviembre-2000 a Septiembre-2001 para evaluar el efecto acumulado de la variación en el nivel de inundación sobre la colonización y supervivencia de los invertebrados intermareales sésiles sobre substratos artificiales en el bosque de manglar de borde. Un total de 72 tubos de PVC de 2 m de largo fueron recubiertos con cemento para semejar rizóforos (raíces aéreas) de Rhizophora mangle. Luego fueron encajados en el fango en cuatro estaciones de muestreo (18 por estación: 9 en sitio sombreado y 9 en sitio soleado), y fueron retirados en grupos de 6 de cada estación de muestreo (3 de cada sitio sombreado y 3 de cada sitio soleado), sin reemplazo, al término de cada época climática (nortes, seca y lluvias). Además, se monitoreó la condición abierta-cerrada de la boca estuarina y el nivel de inundación durante el período de 308 días que duró el experimento. Se registró la distribución temporal, espacial y vertical de la Riqueza específica (S) y de la abundancia de individuos vivos y muertos, y los datos fueron analizados mediante ANDEVA. Únicamente siete especies colonizaron los substratos, la mayoría de ellas se registraron todo el año y en todas las estaciones de muestreo. No se observó una sucesión estacional de las especies. Al final del experimento, se obtuvo una supervivencia del 20 % de los epibiontes. El poliqueto Ficopomatus miamiensis fue la especie más abundante pero presentó una supervivencia significativamente menor que las otras especies encontradas (0 - 14 %). Los epibiontes prefirieron establecerse en sitios sombreados que en sitios soleados sin importar la estación de muestreo ni la época climática. En conclusión, la colonización de los substratos artificiales fue exitosa pero la mayoría de los individuos murieron debido a la prolongada exposición y desecación después de que la boca estuarina fue abierta por los pescadores locales.Las maniobras de excavación de la barrera arenosa por los pescadores locales interrumpen los ciclos naturales de inundación de la laguna, lo cual puede tener consecuencias futuras sobre el desarrollo de las comunidades del manglar.

AbstractLa Mancha coastal lagoon, in the Gulf of Mexico, has an inlet that opens and closes seasonally, causing important fluctuations in flood-levels and exposing the intertidal zone to high solar radiation, high temperatures and desiccation. With the aim to examine the accumulated effect of variation in flood-levels on colonization and survival of sessile intertidal invertebrates on artificial substrates in a fringe mangrove forest, a field experiment was conducted from November-2000 to September-2001. A total of 72 PVC-stakes 2 m long were encased with cement to resemble rhizophores (prop roots) of Rhizophora mangle. They were then embedded in mud at four sampling stations (18 per station: 9 in a shaded site and 9 in a sunny site), and groups of 6 were collected from each sampling station (3 from each shaded site and 3 from each sunny site) without replacement at the end of each climatic period (Eastern winds, dry and rainy). The open-closed condition of the inlet and the flood-level were monitored during different days throughout the 308-day experiment period. Temporal, spatial and vertical distribution of Species richness (S) and abundance of living and dead individuals were registered, and the data was analyzed by ANOVA. Only seven species colonized the substrates, the majority of them were recorded throughout the year and in all sampling stations. There was no seasonal succession of species. At the end of the experiment, only 20 % of the epibionts had survived. The polychaete Ficopomatus miamiensis was the most abundant, but had significantly lower survival than the other species (0-14 %). Epibionts preferred to settle in shaded sites rather than sunny ones regardless of the sampling station and the climatic season. In conclusion, artificial substrate colonization was successful but the majority of epibionts died because of long exposure and desiccation after the inlet was opened by local fishermen. Manual digging of the sand-barrier by local fishermen, disrupts the natural flooding cycles of the lagoon, and could severely impact the future development of mangrove communities.

ESTABLECIMIENTO DE UN SISTEMA DE SELECCIÓN IN VITRO DE VARIEDADES VENEZOLANAS DE ARROZ (Oryza sativa L.) RESISTENTES AL HONGO Pyricularia grisea / Establishment of an in vitro Selection of Venezuelan Cultivars of Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Resistant to the Fungus Pyricularia grisea

RESUMEN. El arroz, luego del trigo, es el cereal más importante del mundo, sin embargo, es susceptible al ataque de numerosos patógenos, siendo Pyricularia grisea, el más dañino. Este trabajo estableció un sistema de selección in vitro de variedades venezolanas a P. grisea, optimizando el sistema de regeneración por embriogénesis somática (inducción, regeneración y estrés por desecación), sometiendo el callo embriogénico (E) a presión de selección del filtrado crudo "FC" a través de cambios a la misma concentración "MC" o por incrementos progresivos en la concentración "IPC", obteniendo plantas tolerantes al fitopatógeno. El máximo porcentaje de inducción de callo embriogénico oscilo entre 30-65 %, en las cuatro variedades (Araure-4 y Venezuela 21: 1 mg.L-1 + 2 mg.L-1 K; Cimarrón: 3 mg.L-1 + 2 mg.L-1 K; Centauro: 1 mg.L-1 + 2 mg.L-1 BAP), mientras que la regeneración estuvo entre 44 y 52 % con 0.5 mg.L-1 + 2 mg.L-1 BAP a 48 h de desecación para Centauro y 24 h para las otras tres variedades. La frecuencia regenerativa de los callos E disminuyo a medida que se incrementó la concentración del FC, independientemente del método de presión selectiva. El promedio de plantas diferenciada por variedad, dependió del método de presión usado, siendo el sistema IPC (25 % para Centauro y 50 % para las otras tres variedades) el que mostro los resultados más favorables, evidenciándose que para las condiciones de los sistemas selectivos de FC evaluados, la resistencia expresada a nivel de planta in vivo no corresponde a la encontrada in vitro.

ABSTRACT. Rice after wheat is the most important cereal in the world, however, it is susceptible to attack by many pathogens, which Pyricularia grisea being the most harmful. In the current study we established an in-vitro selection system of P. grisea on Venezuelan rice varieties. A somatic embryogenesis regeneration system was optimized (induction, regeneration and desiccation) to expose embryogenic callus (E) to crude filtrate "CF" selection pressure through changes at the same concentration "SC" or progressive concentration increments " PIC "of P. grisea, and thus obtain plants tolerant to the pathogen. The maximum percentage of embryogenic callus induction ranged between 30-65 % in the four varieties (Araure-4 and Venezuela- 21: 1 mg.L-1 + 2 mg.L-1 K; Cimarron: 3 mg.L-1 mg.L-1 + 2 K; Centauro: 1 mg.L-1 + 2 mg.L-1 BAP) while regeneration was between 44 and 52 % with 0.5 mg.L-1 + 2 mg.L- 1 BAP 48 h of desiccation for Centauro and 24 h for the other three varieties. The regeneration frequency of embryogenic callus decreased as the concentration of FC increased, regardless of the method of selective pressure. The average differentiated plants per variety, depended on the pressure method used, with the PIC system being the most favorable (25 % for Centauro and 50 % for the other three varieties). The result demonstrated, to resistance expressed for plants in vivo does not correspond to the in vitro conditions

Study on purification, concentration and drying technic of Fushubao gel / 国际中医中药杂志

Objective To study the purification, concentration and drying technology of Fushubao gel. Methods The purification technology of Fushubao gel was optimizing by the total retention rate of Rhein, emodin, physcion and purity of content. The concentration, drying technology of Fushubao gel was optimized by the transfering rate of Rhein, emodin, physcion and Berberine hydrochloride. Results Best refining technology included in the condition of the water extract of 0.2 g/ml at 70 ℃, the ZTC1+1-II clarifying agent B 0.6 ml/g was mixed10 min in a 70 ℃ water bath thermal insulation 30 min; And then agent A 0.3 ml/g was added and mixed 10 min in a 70 water bath thermal insulation 30 min; after 12 h, filter it. Best thickening, drying technology was in the vacuum for -0.08~-0.09 MPa, a temperature of 60 ℃, the pressure was reduced to concentrate its relative density about 1.05 and concentrated liquid spray was dryed. Conclusions The purification, concentration and drying technology of Fushubao gel is reasonable, and can be used in the production.

Desiccation stress induces developmental heterochrony in Drosophila melanogaster.

Stressful environments are known to perturb developmental patterns in insects. In the purview of desiccation as a stressor, relatively little is known about the developmental consequences linked with desiccation tolerance. In this study, we have particularly focused on the exploration of the temporal profile of postembryonic development in response to desiccation exposure in Drosophila melanogaster and the associated trade-offs. We document a correlation between variations in 20-hydroxyecdysone levels and the altered timing of metamorphic events during the life cycle. Following desiccation, we observed an extension in the larval longevity whereas the duration of the pupal and adult stages was significantly shortened. Alternately, feeding of 20-hydroxyecdysone apparently led to the restoration of the normal temporal pattern of development in the desiccated group. In spite of the desiccation-responsive heterochronic shifts in development, the overall lifespan post recovery remained almost unaltered among the desiccated and undesiccated groups suggesting plasticity in developmental control. This observation reminisces ‘canalization-like’ phenomenon that buffers alterations in the overall lifespan. We thus identified a desiccationresponsive period in the lifespan of D. melanogaster during which variations in ecdysone levels are capable to alter the temporal course of development.

Seedling survival of Handroanthus impetiginosus (Mart ex DC) Mattos in a semi-arid environment through modified germination speed and post-germination desiccation tolerance / Sobrevivência de plântulas de Handroanthus impetiginosus (Mart ex DC) Mattos em ambiente semi-árido ocorre por modificação da velocidade de germinação e da tolerância à dessecação pós germinação

Abstract Uniform rapid seed germination generally forms a great risk for the plant population if subsequent intermittent precipitation causes desiccation and seedling death. Handroanthus impetiginosus can be found commonly in a wide range of biomes within Brazil including those that are semi-arid. Germination and early growth was studied to understand how germinated seeds survive under these stringent conditions. Accessions were sampled from four seasonally dry biomes in Brazil. Precipitation at the start of the rainy season in the Caatinga, a semi-arid biome, is less predictable and the number of successive dry days per dry interval in the first four months of the rainy season was higher than in the other studied biomes. Plants from the Caatinga produced thicker seeds and this trait concurred with slow germination and stronger osmotic inhibition of germination across the accessions, forming a stress avoidance mechanism in the Caatinga. Post-germination desiccation tolerance was high in the Caatinga accession, could be re-induced in accessions from biomes with more regular precipitation (Cerrado and transition zone), but remained poor in the Cerradão accession; thus forming a stress tolerance mechanism. Production of adventitious roots ascertained survival of all tested individuals from all four locations, even if protruded radicles did not survive desiccation, forming an additional stress tolerance mechanism. A sequence of stress avoidance and stress tolerance mechanisms in seeds and germinated seeds was associated with precipitation patterns in different biomes. These mechanisms purportedly allow rapid seedling establishment when conditions are suitable and enable survival of the young seedling when conditions are adverse.

Resumo A germinação rápida e uniforme geralmente pode apresentar riscos para a população de plantas caso a precipitação ocorra de maneira intermitente, provocando seca e morte das plântulas. Handroanthus impetiginosus pode ser encontrado em uma grande variedade de biomas no Brasil. A germinação e o crescimento inicial das plântulas de Handroanthus impetiginosus foram estudadas para compreender como as sementes germinadas sobrevivem nestas condições. Acessos de quatro biomas que apresentam secas sazonais foram amostrados. A precipitação, no início da estação chuvosa na Caatinga, um bioma semi-árido, é menos previsível e o número de dias secos consecutivos por intervalo de seca, nos primeiros quatro meses da estação chuvosa, foi maior do que nos outros biomas estudados. Plantas do bioma Caatinga produzem sementes mais espessas e essa característica está associada com uma germinação lenta e com a inibição osmótica maior da germinação através dos acessos, formando um mecanismo para evitar o estresse. Tolerância à dessecação em sementes germinadas foi superior no bioma Caatinga e que podem ser reinduzida em acesso com uma precipitação mais regular (Cerrado e na zona de transição), mas manteve-se baixa no acesso Cerradão, formando assim um mecanismo para evitar o estresse. Produção de raízes adventícias foi observada nos indivíduos estudados de todos os quatro biomas, mesmo quando as raízes primárias não sobreviveram à dessecação, formando um mecanismo adicional de tolerância ao estresse. Assim, foi observado estratégias para evitar o estresse e mecanismos de tolerância ao estresse em sementes e sementes germinadas associada com padrões de precipitação nos diferentes biomas estudados. Estes mecanismos podem favorecer o estabelecimento das plântulas de forma rápida quando as condições são adequadas e permitirem a sobrevivência de plântulas quando as condições são adversas.

Potential physiological seed Clitoria fairchildiana howard in time function and drying temperature / Potencial fisiológico de semente de Clitoria fairchildiana howard em função do período e da temperatura de secagem

The species Clitoria fairchildiana Howard, native to the Amazon region, by a rustic species and be of rapid growth, has been useful in heterogeneous reforestation for the reclamation of degraded areas, used in the planting of streets, public squares, roads and parking lots, due to its wide, leafy canopy and its rapid growth. The work was developed in the Laboratory of Analyses of Seeds of Centro de Ciências Agrárias of Universidade Federal da Paraíba. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the physiological potential of C. fairchildiana seeds submitted to different drying times. The experimental design completely randomized, with treatments distributed in a factorial 4 x 5 (temperatures and periods of drying). It was evaluated to determine the water content after the drying processing for each period (0, 6, 12, 18 and 24 hours). For the evaluation of the effect of temperatures (35, 40, 45 and 50 °C) were performed the following tests: water content, germination, germination speed index (IVG), as well as length and dry mass of roots and aerial portion of seedlings. Drying of seeds of C. fairchildiana is recommended at the temperature of 35 °C, within drying 6 hours without compromising the physiological quality of seeds.

A espécie Clitoria fairchildiana Howard, nativa da região amazônica, por se trata de uma espécie rústica e de rápido crescimento, tem sido utilizada nos programas de reflorestamentos heterogêneos destinados à recuperação de áreas degradadas com potencialidade para arborização de ruas, praças, rodovias e estacionamentos, devido à sua copa larga e frondosa. O presente trabalho foi conduzido no Laboratório de Análises de Sementes do Centro de Ciências Agrárias da Universidade Federal da Paraíba. Dessa forma, objetivou-se avaliar o potencial fisiológico de sementes de C. fairchildiana submetidas a diferentes períodos de secagem. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi inteiramente ao acaso, com os tratamentos distribuídos em arranjo fatorial 4 x 5,(temperaturas e períodos). Preliminarmente determinou-se o teor de água das sementes para cada período de secagem (0, 6, 12, 18 e 24 horas). Para a avaliação do efeito das temperaturas (35, 40, 45 e 50 °C) foram realizados os seguintes testes: teor de água, germinação, índice de velocidade de germinação (IVG), bem como comprimento e massa seca de parte raízes e parte aérea das plântulas. Para a secagem de sementes de C. fairchildiana é recomendada à temperatura de 35 °C por até 6 horas de exposição à secagem sem comprometer a qualidade fisiológica de suas sementes.