Serum concentrations of perfluoroalkyl and polyfuoroalkyl substances and determinants in men of childbearing age / 环境与职业医学

Background Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) exposure may affect male reproductive health. There are regional differences in PFASs exposure levels among men of childbearing age in China, and current research results on associated influencing factors are inconsistent. Objective To investigate the levels of PFASs in serum and their determinants among men of childbearing age. Methods The participants (n=113, 22-45 years old) were from a cross-sectional study of exposure to environmental pollutants and male reproductive health damage in Hubei Province conducted from April to June 2013 at the Reproductive Medicine Center of Tongji Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei Province. Eleven kinds of PFASs were measured in serum by isotopic dilution-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The included PFASs were prefluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA), perfluoroheptanoic acid (PFHpA), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA), perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA), perfluoroundecanoic acid (PFUdA), perfluorododecanoic acid (PFDoA), perfluorotridecanoic acid (PFTrDA), perfluorotetradecanoic acid (PFTeDA), perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS), and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS). Information about participants' demographic characteristics, lifestyle, and habits was collected by a set of self-designed questionnaires. The associations of demographic characteristics, lifestyle, and habits with exposure to PFASs were analyzed by linear regression. Results The major components of PFASs were PFOS and PFOA, and the concentrations expressed as M (P25, P75) were 8.31 (4.90, 17.79) ng·mL−1 and 2.77 (2.18, 3.46) ng·mL−1, respectively. The positive rates of six PFASs (PFOA, PFNA, PFDA, PFUdA, PFHxS, and PFOS) were 100%, followed by PFDoA and PFTrDA (87.61% and 88.59%, respectively). The linear regression results showed that age was positively associated with the levels of Σ8PFASs (sum of the concentrations of the eight PFASs with a positive rate greater than 80%) (P < 0.05). The concentration of serum PFOA in men with monthly family income of 2000-4000 yuan was 53.73% (P < 0.01) higher than those in men with monthly family income of <2000 yuan. The serum concentrations of PFNA and PFTrDA were both 32.31% (P < 0.05) higher in men with monthly family income ≥4000 yuan than those in men with monthly family income <2000 yuan. The serum concentration of PFHxS in men who used plastic cups was 33.64% (P < 0.01) higher than that in men who did not report oral contact with plastic products (plastic tableware, plastic cups, and plastic bags for packing food). The serum concentrations of PFHxS, PFOS, and Σ8PFASs were 33.64% (P < 0.01), 43.33% (P < 0.01), and 36.34% (P < 0.05) higher in men who bathed with laundry soap than those in men who did not use detergents. Men who bathed with toilet soap had a 34.99% (P < 0.05) higher serum concentration of PFHxS than those who bathed without detergents. Conclusion Men of childbearing age are exposed to PFASs extensively. Age, monthly household income, usage of laundry soap or toilet soap in bathing, and usage of plastic cups may influence the level of PFASs in serum. However, further investigation is needed to confirm these results.

Expression, purification and micelle reconstruction of the transmembrane domain of the human amyloid precursor protein for NMR studies / 生物工程学报

The multiple-step cleavage of amyloid precursor protein (APP) generates amyloid-β peptides (Aβ), highly toxic molecules causing Alzheimer's disease (AD). The nonspecific cleavage between the transmembrane region of APP (APPTM) and γ-secretase is the key step of Aβ generation. Reconstituting APPTM under physiologically-relevant conditions is crucial to investigate how it interacts with γ-secretase and for future AD drug discovery. Although producing recombinant APPTM was reported before, the large scale purification was hindered by the use of biological protease in the presence of membrane protein. Here, we expressed recombinant APPTM in Escherichia coli using the pMM-LR6 vector and recovered the fusion protein from inclusion bodies. By combining Ni-NTA chromatography, cyanogen bromide cleavage, and reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC), isotopically-labeled APPTM was obtained in high yield and high purity. The reconstitution of APPTM into dodecylphosphocholine (DPC) micelle generated mono dispersed 2D 15N-1H HSQC spectra in high quality. We successfully established an efficient and reliable method for the expression, purification and reconstruction of APPTM, which may facilitate future investigation of APPTM and its complex in more native like membrane mimetics such as bicelle and nanodiscs.

Comparison of laundry detergent and antiformin solution methods to retrieve clean bones from embalmed cadavers / Comparación de los métodos de solución de antiformina y detergente de lavandería para recuperar huesos limpios de cadáveres embalsamados

SUMMARY: Traditional methods of bone retrieval from embalmed cadaver are not able to meet the demand of medical colleges as they are time consuming & tedious, thus there is need of evaluating an alternative approach that includes use of laundry detergent. The purpose of the study was to compare & establish the most effective method between laundry detergent and 10 % antiformin solution methods to procure clean bones. Thirty-two bones of the right side that were included in the inclusion criteria obtained from the four embalmed cadaver were cleaned by laundry detergent and of the left side by 10 % antiformin solution methods. Retrieved clean bones were evaluated for their cleanness using the scale from 0 to 5. The mean cleanness scores of the bones cleaned by laundry detergent method were not significantly different at 95 % confidence interval than the mean cleanness scores of the bones cleaned by 10 % antiformin solution method. The study found that though there is no significant difference in the mean cleanness score of the bones cleaned by two employed methods nevertheless, bones were found to be cleaner by using 10 % antiformin solution method and bones obtained by using laundry detergent method had smooth surface as well as more suitable for flat bones.

Los métodos tradicionales de recuperación de huesos de cadáveres embalsamados no pueden satisfacer la demanda de las facultades de medicina, ya que consumen mucho tiempo y son tediosos de realizar, por tanto es necesario evaluar un enfoque alternativo que incluya el uso de detergente de lavandería. El propósito del estudio fue comparar y establecer el método más eficaz entre el detergente para la ropa y los métodos de solución de antiformina al 10 % para obtener huesos limpios. Fueron utilizados 32 huesos del lado derecho que se incluyeron en los criterios de inclusión obtenidos de los cuatro cadáveres embalsamados. Los huesos se trataron con detergente de lavandería y los del lado izquierdo con métodos de solución de antiformina al 10 %. Los huesos tratados se evaluaron respecto a su limpieza utilizando una escala de 0 a 5. Las puntuaciones media de limpieza de los huesos tratados con el método de detergente no fueron significativamente diferentes en un intervalo de confianza del 95 % de las puntuaciones medias obtenidas respecto a la limpieza de los huesos tratados con antiformina al 10 %. El estudio determinó que, aunque no hay hubo diferencia significativa en la puntuación media de la limpieza de los huesos tratados por los dos métodos, se observó que utilizando el método de solución de antiformina al 10 %, la limpieza de los huesos era mejor, sin embargo, los huesos planos presentaban una superficie más lisa cuando se usó el método de detergente de lavandería.

Bacillus licheniformis SMIA-2 protease used as an additive in detergent formulations

Microbial proteases, especially from Bacillus spp., have been widely exploited for a broad variety of applications, such as the improvement of the cleaning efficiency of conventional detergents. In this work, the statistical design of the experiment was used to optimize the concentrations of a three-component mixture: Bacillus licheniformis SMIA-2 protease, Linear Alkylbenzene Sulphate and hydrogen peroxide, in an attempt to prepare an environmentally correct cleaning formulation. The results demonstrated that the combination of 1% (w/v) protease with 1.5% (w/v) LAS and 1% (w/v) H2O2 was effective in removing blood from cloth pieces and that a protease concentration decrease from 1.0% to 0.5% (w/v) would not have a signi&64257;cant impact on percent blood removal if LAS concentrations between 1.5-2.0% (w/v) in combination with lower (<0.5%, w/v) concentrations of H2O2 were used. Thus, the protease from Bacillus licheniformis SMIA-2 can be effectively incorporated into cleaning formulations together with LAS and hydrogen peroxide to formulate more sustainable detergents.

Forms of nitrogen fertilizer application in Panicum maximum / Formas de aplicação de adubo nitrogenado em Panicum maximum

Nitrogen is one of the most important nutrients for increasing the yield and quality of forages. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of the different forms of application, spread on the total area using urea fertilizer and foliar using liquid urea, aiming at evaluating the yield and qualitative traits of Panicum maximum cv. Mombaça, at different times of the year. The experimental design was completely randomized blocks in subdivided plots, with three blocks, four treatments, and three collections. The treatments were applied in March 2015 and consisted of the following treatments: 1-control; 2-urea; 3-liquid urea; 4-urea + liquid urea; 5-urea + micronutrients; 6-urea + N liquid; 7-urea + N liquid + micronutrients; 8-control. Samples were collected in May, October, and December 2015. Crude protein (CP) dry matter (DM), mineral matter (MM), and acid detergent fiber (ADF) were evaluated. Results revealed that nitrogen was determinant in improving the yield and forage quality. Treatments with urea spread on total area resulted in increased dry matter production. For the crude protein, the source and the application form are not decisive. Collection time with higher rainfall positively affected the dry matter production, crude protein, and ADF, while urea spread on total area showed the best cost-benefit due to the good results of yield and quality.

O nitrogênio é um dos nutrientes mais importantes para o aumento da produtividade e qualidade das forrageiras. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito das diferentes formas de aplicações, sendo elas à lanço (utilizando ureia fertilizante) e foliar (utilizando ureia líquida), a fim de avaliar as características produtivas e qualitativas da forrageira Panicum maximum cv. Mombaça, em diferentes épocas do ano. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos inteiramente casualizados em parcelas subdivididas, com oito tratamentos e três coletas. Os tratamentos foram aplicados em março de 2015 e eram constituídos pelo tratamento 1: controle, tratamento 2: ureia, tratamento 3: ureia líquida, 4: ureia + ureia líquida; 5-ureia + micronutrientes; 6-ureia + N líquido; 7- ureia + N líquido + micronutrients; 8-controle. Foram realizadas coletas em maio/2015, outubro/2015 e dezembro/2015. Foram avaliadas proteína bruta (PB), massa de matéria seca (MMS), matéria mineral (MM) e fibra em detergente ácido (FDA). Os resultados revelaram que o nitrogênio foi determinante na melhora da produtividade e qualidade da forrageira. Os tratamentos com ureia aplicada a lanço resultaram na maior produção de massa de matéria seca. Para a proteína bruta, a fonte e o formato de aplicação não foram decisivos. A época de coleta com maior pluviosidade afetou positivamente a produção de massa de matéria seca, proteína bruta e o FDA da forrageira; e a ureia aplicada a lanço apresentou o melhor custo-benefício atrelado aos bons resultados de produtividade e qualidade.

Comparison of biofilm cleaning agent and multi-enzyme detergent on endoscopic biofilm cleaning effects / 中华消化内镜杂志

Objective@#To investigate the cleaning effects of biofilm cleaning agent and two kinds of multi-enzyme detergents on endoscopic biofilm.@*Methods@#Endoscopic biofilm model was established using pseudomonas aeruginosa, and soaked with No. 1 multi-enzyme detergent, No. 2 multi-enzyme detergent, and biofilm cleaning agent respectively. The control group was cleaned with sterile water. After 5, 10, and 15 minutes at room temperature, the cleaning effects were evaluated by bacteria counting method and scanning electron microscope. Arova was used for the comparison of viable counts among groups.@*Results@#At 5, 10, and 15 minutes of soak, the standard colony counts (CFU/cm2) of biofilm was 5.31±0.10, 5.04±0.08 and 4.90±0.16 in the No.1 multi-enzyme detergent group, 5.53±0.30, 5.39±0.21 and 5.03±0.42 in the No.2 multi-enzyme detergent group, and 3.53±0.30, 3.01±0.07 and 2.82±0.26 in the biofilm cleaning agent group, and 7.92±0.21 in the blank control group. There was no significant difference in the colony counts between the two multi-enzyme detergent groups (P>0.05). However, the colony counts of biofilm cleaning agent group was less than that of the two multi-enzyme detergent groups (P<0.05), and decreased with time (P<0.05). Under scanning electron microscope, the biofilm cleaning agent group had the least residual biofilm and bacteria.@*Conclusion@#Biofilm cleaning agent can significantly improve the quality of endoscopic cleaning, and is worthy of clinical promotion.

Chitosan level effects on fermentation profile and chemical composition of sugarcane silage / Efeitos de níveis de quitosana sobre o perfil fermentativo e a composição química da silagem de cana-de-açúcar

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of increasing levels of chitosan (CHI) on sugarcane fermentation profile and losses, chemical composition, and in situ degradation. Treatments were: 0, 1, 2, 4, and 8 g of CHI/kg of dry matter (DM). Twenty experimental silos (PVC tubing with diameter 28 cm and height 25 cm) were used. Sand (2 kg) was placed at the bottom of each silo to evaluate effluent losses, and silos were weighed 60 d after ensiling to calculate gas losses. Samples were collected from the center of the silo mass to evaluate silage chemical composition, in situdegradation, fermentation profile, and mold and yeast count. Data were analyzed as a completely randomized design, and the treatment effect was decomposed using polynomial regression. Chitosan linearly increased acetic acid and NH3-N concentration, while yeast and mold count, and ethanol concentration decreased. Intermediary levels of CHI (from 4.47 to 6.34 g/kg DM) showed the lower values of effluent, gas, and total losses. There was a quadratic effect of CHI on the content of non-fiber carbohydrates, neutral and acid detergent, and in situ DM degradation. The lowest fiber content was observed with levels between 7.01 and 7.47 g/kg DM, whereas the highest non-fiber carbohydrate content and in situ DM degradation were found with 6.30 and 7.17 g/kg DM of CHI, respectively. Chitosan linearly increased acetic acid and NH3-N concentration, whereas it linearly reduced ethanol concentration and count of yeast and mold. Thus, intermediary levels of CHI, between 4.47 and 7.47 g/kg of DM, decrease fermentation losses and improve the nutritional value of sugarcane silage.(AU)

Foram avaliados os efeitos do aumento dos níveis de quitosana (CHI) sobre o perfil e as perdas fermentativas, a composição química e degradação in situ da silagem de cana-de-açúcar. Os tratamentos foram: 0, 1, 2, 4 e 8 g de CHI / kg de matéria seca (MS). Foram utilizados vinte silos experimentais (tubos de PVC com 28 cm de diâmetro e 25 cm de altura). Areia (2 kg) foi adicionada na porção inferior de cada silo para avaliar as perdas por efluentes e os silos foram pesados 60 dias após a ensilagem para calcular as perdas por gases. Amostras foram coletadas do centro da massa do silo para avaliar a composição química, degradação in situ, perfil fermentativo e a contagem de fungos e leveduras da silagem. Os dados foram analisados como um delineamento inteiramente casualizado e o efeito do tratamento foi decomposto usando regressão polinomial. A CHI aumentou linearmente a concentração de ácido acético e N-NH3, enquanto diminuiu a contagem de leveduras e bolores e a concentração de etanol. Os níveis intermediários de CHI (de 4,47 a 6,34 g/kg MS) mostraram os menores valores de perdas por efluentes, gases e totais. Houve efeito quadrático da CHI sobre o teor de carboidratos não fibrosos, fibra em detergente neutro e ácido e sobre a degradação in situ da MS. Os menores teores de fibras foram observados com níveis de CHI entre 7,01 e 7,47 g/kg MS, enquanto que os maiores teores de carboidratos não fibrosos e degradação in situ da MS foram encontrados com 6,30 e 7,17 g/kg MS de CHI, repectivamente. A CHI aumentou linearmente as concentrações de ácido acético e N-NH3, enquanto reduziu linearmente a concentração de etanol e a contagem de fungos e leveduras. Desta forma, níveis intermediários de CHI, entre 4,47 e 7,47 g / kg de MS, diminuem as perdas fermentativas e melhoram o valor nutricional da silagem de cana-de-açúcar.(AU)

Valor nutricional del ensilaje de forraje de quinua (Chenopodium quinoa willd) con adición de microorganismos eficientes / Nutritional value of quinoa forage silage (Chenopodium quinoa willd) with the addition of efficient microorganisms / Valor nutricional da silagem de forragem de quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa willd) com addição de microorganismos eficientes

Resumen El cultivo de gramíneas y leguminosas con alto valor nutritivo para suplir los requerimientos nutricionales de los animales, es una alternativa para la reducción de costos en la producción animal. El objetivo del estudio fue caracterizar la calidad nutricional del ensilaje de forraje de quinua (Chenopodium quinoa willd) variedad amarilla de maranganí con adición de microorganismos eficientes en relación con la edad de la quinua y los diferentes periodos de fermentación del ensilaje. Se recolectó el material vegetal (hojas y tallos) de quinua, se evaluaron tres edades de corte: 60, 90 y 120 días y cuatro periodos de fermentación del ensilaje: siete, catorce, veinte uno y treinta días. Se realizaron 4 tratamientos: tratamiento 1 (T1) se refiere al control sin aplicar ningún tipo de EM, los tratamientos T2, T3 Y T4 se les aplicó EM a la dosis indicada en la etiqueta como aditivo para ensilajes, cada tratamiento se realizó por triplicado. El material vegetal se deshidrató durante un periodo de 5 horas y posteriormente se elaboraron los microsilos de follaje de quinua. se determinó el valor nutritivo (materia seca, fibra detergente neutra, fibra detergente acida, cenizas y proteína cruda) al follaje y a los microsilos de quinua. Se utilizó un diseño completamente al azar (DCA) con un arreglo de parcelas divididas en el tiempo, se hizo un análisis de varianza utilizando el Modelo Lineal mixto y una separación de medias por el método de Duncan y una correlación de variables de Pearson. Para la variable humedad se encontró un rango de 81,3 - 87,7% para el T1 y un rango de valores de 57,3 - 90,3% para los demás tratamientos. Las cenizas se mantuvieron en valores similares al follaje de quinua en relación a las diferentes edades de rebrote, el mayor porcentaje de cenizas se obtuvo a los 21 días de fermentación del ensilaje con un valor de 20,3% para el T3 con el ensilaje de follaje de quinua de 90 días de rebrote; mientras que el contenido de proteína cruda disminuyo ligeramente en relación al T1 en la edad de rebrote de los 120 días presentando variaciones significativas entre los tratamientos con valores de 11,3-17,3%. Se presentó una relación positiva perfecta directamente proporcional (P≤0,01) entre los promedios de FDA y FDN (r=0,975) para todos los tratamientos evaluados. La planta de quinua permitiría un uso multipropósito del cultivo, generando grano para el consumo humano y follaje para el consumo animal.

Abstract The cultivation of grasses and legumes with high nutritional value to meet the nutritional requirements of animals, is an alternative for reducing costs in animal production. The objective of the study was to characterize the nutritional quality of the quinoa silage (Chenopodium quinoa willd) yellow variety of marangani with the addition of efficient microorganisms in relation to the age of quinoa and the different periods of silage fermentation. The quinoa plant material (leaves and stems) was collected, three cutting ages were evaluated: 60, 90 and 120 days and four periods of silage fermentation: seven, fourteen, twenty one and thirty days. Four treatments were performed: treatment 1 (T1) refers to the control without applying any type of MS, treatments T2, T3 and T4 were applied MS at the dose indicated on the label as silage additive, each treatment was performed in triplicate . The plant material was dehydrated for a period of 5 hours and subsequently the quinoa foliage microsyls were made. The nutritional value (dry matter, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, ash and crude protein) was determined to the foliage and quinoa microsilos. A completely randomized design (DCA) with an arrangement of time-divided plots was used, an analysis of variance was made using the Mixed Linear Model and a separation of means by the Duncan method and a correlation of Pearson variables. For the humidity variable, a range of 81,3 - 87,7% was found for T1 and a range of values of 57,3 - 90,3% for the other treatments. The ashes were maintained in values similar to the quinoa foliage in relation to the different ages of regrowth, the highest percentage of ashes was obtained at 21 days of silage fermentation with a value of 20,3% for T3 with the silage of Quinoa foliage 90 days of regrowth; while the crude protein content decreased slightly in relation to T1 in the 120-day regrowth age, presenting significant variations between treatments with values of 11,3-17,3%. A directly positive proportion directly proportional (P≤0,01) was presented between the FDA and FDN averages (r=0.975) for all the treatments evaluated. The quinoa plant would allow multipurpose use of the crop, generating grain for human consumption and foliage for animal consumption.

Resumo O cultivo de gramíneas e leguminosas com alto valor nutricional para suprir os requerimentos nutricionais dos animais, é uma alternativa para a redução de custos na produção animal. O objetivo do estudo foi caracterizar a qualidade nutricional da silagem de forrajem de quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa willd) variedade amarela de maranganí com adição de microorganismos eficientes na relação com a idade da quinoa e os diferentes períodos de fermentação da silagem. Recoletou-se o material vegetal (folhas e talos) de quinoa, avaliaram-se três idades de corte: 60, 90 e 120 dias e quatro períodos de fermentação da silagem: sete, quatorze, vinte e um e trinta dias. Realizaram-se 4 tratamentos: tratamento 1 (T1) se refere ao control sem aplicar nenhum tipo de EM, aos tratamentos T2, T3 Y T4 se aplicou EM nas dosagens indicadas na etiqueta como aditivo para silagens, cada tratamento se realizou por triplicado. O material vegetal se desidratou durante um período de 5 horas e posteriormente se elaboraram os microsilos de follaje de quinua. Se determinó el valor nutritivo (materia seca, fibra em detergente neutra, fibra em detergente acida, cenizas y proteína cruda) al follaje y a los microsilos de quina. Se utilizou um desenho completamente aleatório (DCA) com uma organização de parcelas divididas no tempo, se fez uma análise de variação utilizando o Modelo Linear Misto e uma separação de médias pelo método de Duncan e uma correlação de variáveis de Pearson. Para a variável humidade se encontrou um intervalo de 81,3 - 87,7% para el T1 e um intervalo de valores de 57,3 - 90,3% para os demais tratamentos. As cinzas se mantiveram em valores similares à folhagem de quinoa em relação às diferentes idades de rebrote, a maior porcentagem de cinzas se obteve aos 21 dias de fermentação da silagem com um valor de 20,3% para T3 com a silagem de folhagem de quinoa de 90 dias de rebrote; entanto que o conteúdo de proteína crua diminuiu ligeiramente em relação ao T1 na idade de rebrote dos 120 dias apresentando variações significativas entre os tratamentos com valores de 11,3-17,3%. Se apresentou uma relação positiva perfeita diretamente proporcional (P≤0,01) entre as médias de FDA e FDN (r=0,975) para todos os tratamentos avaliados. A planta de quinoa permitiria um uso multipropósito do cultivo, gerando grão para o consumo humano e folhagem para o consumo animal.

Improvement of the alkali stability of Penicillium cyclopium lipase by error-prone PCR

BACKGROUND: Lipases are extensively exploited in lots of industrial fields; cold-adapted lipases with alkali-resistance are especially desired in detergent industry. Penicillium cyclopium lipase I (PCL) might be suitable for applications of detergent industry due to its high catalytic efficiency at low temperature and relatively good alkali stability. In this study, to better meet the requirements, the alkali stability of PCL was further improved via directed evolution with error-prone PCR. RESULTS: The mutant PCL (N157F) with an improved alkali stability was selected based on a high-throughput activity assay. After incubating at pH 11.0 for 120 min, N157F retained 70% of its initial activity, which was 23% higher than that of wild type PCL. Combined with the three-dimensional structure analysis, N157F exhibited an improved alkali stability under the high pH condition due to the interactions of hydrophilicity and ß-strand propensity. Conclusions: This work provided the theoretical foundation and preliminary data for improving alkali stability of PCL to meet the industrial requirements, which is also beneficial to improving alkali-tolerance ability of other industrial enzymes via molecular modification.

Evaluación de variables agronómicas, calidad del forraje y contenido de taninos condensados de la leguminosa Lotus corniculatus en respuesta a biofertilizante y fertilización química en condiciones agroecológicas de trópico alto andino colombiano

En la sabana de Bogotá, 2600 m.s.n.m., se analizaron variables agronómicas; altura de planta, número y longitud de ramas, producción de materia seca total ha-1, y variables de calidad del forraje, digestibilidad de materia seca, proteína cruda, extracto etéreo, fibra detergente ácido, fibra detergente neutra, calcio, así como el contenido de taninos condensados de la leguminosa Lotus corniculatus, mediante un diseño completo al azar de cuatro tratamientos aplicados al suelo Tl: sin fertilizante; T2: biofertilizante; T3: fertilización química, y T4: biofertilizante más fertilización química, con tres repeticiones por tratamiento. Se utilizó análisis de varianza (ANOVA) y prueba de comparación de medias de Tukey al 0,1%. Los resultados señalan que el cultivo de L corniculatus, responde muy bien a la biofertilización, ya que el T2 exhibió el mejor comportamiento para la mayoría de variables agronómicas y de calidad del forraje, mientras que T4 mostró los mejores resultados para número de ramas y menos contenido de taninos condensados. En digestibilidad de la materia seca T2 y T4 ostentaron un buen comportamiento con diferencias altamente significativas con respecto a TI y T3; en contenidos de grasa y calcio, el mejor comportamiento se presentó en el T3 y TI con diferencias altamente significativas. Se concluye que la biofertilización incide de manera favorable en las características edáficas, producción y calidad del forraje Lotus corniculatus, con mejores comportamientos en las principales variables evaluadas en el estudio.

In the savannah of Bogotá, 2600 m.s.n.m., were analyzed Agronomic variables; plant height, number and length of branches, total dry matter yield ha-1, and quality variables of forage, dry matter digestibility, raw protein, ethereal extract, Fiber Acid Detergent, Neutral Detergent Fiber calcium, as well as the condensed tannin content of the legume Lotus corniculatus, by means of a complete random design of four treatments applied to the soil Tl: no fertilizer; T2: biofertilizer; T3: chemical fertilization, and T4: biofertilizer with chemical fertilization, with three replicates per treatment. It was used analysis of variance (ANOVA) and comparison test ofTukey averages at 0.1%. The results indicate that the cultivation of L corniculatus responds very well to biofertilization because T2 exhibited the best performance for most changeful agronomic and forage quality while T4 showed the best results for number of branches and less content of condensed tannins. In dry matter digestibility T2 and T4 showed good behavior with highly significant differences with respect to Tl and T3; In fat and calcium contents, the best behavior was presented in T3 and Tl with highly significant differences. It is concluded that biofertilization favorably influences the edaphic characteristics, production and quality of the forage Lotus corniculatus, with better behaviors in the main variables evaluated in the study

Na planície de Bogotá, 2600 m.s.n.m., variáveis agronômicas analisadas; altura das plantas, número e comprimento das ramificações, a produção de matéria seca total ha-1, e digestibilidade qualidade da forragem variável de matéria seca, proteína bruta, extrato etéreo, fibra em detergente ácido, neutro fibra em detergente, de cálcio, e o taninos condensados conteúdo Lotus corniculatus leguminosa de, utilizando um desenho de blocos completos ao acaso, quatro tratamentos aplicados ao solo T1: não fertilizados; T2: biofertilizante; T3: adubação química, e T4: biofertilizantes fertilização mais química, com três réplicas por tratamento. análise de variância (ANOVA) e teste de Tukey comparação foi utilizada a 0,1%. Os resultados indicam que a cultura de L. corniculatus, responde muito bem ao Biofertilização como o T2 exibiu o melhor desempenho para a maioria das características agronômicas e qualidade da forragem, enquanto T4 apresentaram os melhores resultados para número de agências emenor teor de taninos condensados. Na seca T2 de digestibilidade e T4 que ostentava um bom desempenho com diferenças altamente significativas em relação ao T1 e T3; em gordura e teor de cálcio, o melhor desempenho foi apresentado nas diferenças altamente significativas T3 e T1. Conclui-se que Biofertilização favoravelmente impactos sobre as características do solo, produção e qualidade de forragem Lotus corniculatus, com melhores performances nas principais variáveis avaliadas no estudo.

Comparison of laboratory methods to assess fiber contents in feedstuffs / Comparación de métodos de laboratorio para determinar el contenido de fibra en alimentos para animales / Comparação de metodologias laboratoriais para determinação de fibras em alimentos

Summary Background: the conventional method of fiber analysis using neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) was proposed by Peter Van Soest. The main advantage of this method is the precision of results; however, reagents are costly and laboratory work requires long runtime and labor. Objective: to compare analytical data from different methodologies used to assess NDF and ADF contents. Methods: means obtained with the conventional method were compared through Dunnett's test (α=5%) with values from alternative methods using autoclave as the digester system. A completely randomized design in a 4 x 2 factorial arrangement was used. Results: NDF content through alternative methods was assessed for Tifton 85 hay, babassu meal and sugarcane, whereas ADF was only determined for babassu meal. NDF and ADF did not differ (p(0.05) between non-sequential or sequential analysis for all the feedstuffs and methods studied, except for ADF in corn silage. Conclusion: alternative methodologies allow reducing operating costs and time but lack uniformity and accuracy for analyzing ADF in corn silage.

Resumen Antecedentes: la determinación de los valores de fibra detergente neutra (FDN) y fibra detergente ácida (FDA) es de gran importancia en la nutrición animal, siendo el método tradicional de análisis el propuesto por Van Soest. Este método presenta como ventaja principal la precisión de los resultados, sin embargo la rutina de laboratorio en su ejecución implica mucho tiempo debido a sus etapas manuales, además de ser un método de alto costo que genera considerables proporciones de residuos químicos. Objetivo: evaluar diferentes metodologías propuestas para la análisis de las FDN y FDA mediante la medición de los datos analíticos. Métodos: las medias obtenidas por el método tradicional fueron comparadas con las medias de métodos alternativos que usan una autoclave como sistema digestor por el test de Dunnette (α=5%). Un diseño completamente aleatorio, en un diseño factorial 4x2 fue adoptado. Resultados: los métodos alternativos fueron recomendadas para las determinaciones de FDN por el heno de Tifton 85, salvado de harina de babasú y caña de azúcar, mientras que las determinaciones de los valores de FDA apenas para el salvado de harina de babasú. Los resultados de los análisis de FDN y FDA no fueron significativamente diferentes (p(0.05) entre los análisis no secuencial y secuencial, en todos los alimentos y métodos estudiados, a excepción de la determinación de FDA en el ensilaje de maíz. Conclusión: las metodologías alternativas permitieron ganancias significativas con la reducción de costos operacionales y del tiempo de análisis, pero sin uniformidad en la precisión de los análisis involucrados.

Resumo Antecedentes: as determinações dos teores de fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) e em fibra em detergente ácido (FDA) são de extrema importância na nutrição animal, tendo como método convencional de análise o proposto por Van Soest. Esse método apresenta como principal vantagem a precisão dos resultados, no entanto, a rotina laboratorial da sua execução demanda muito tempo por possuir etapas manuais, além do que é um método de custo elevado e que gera resíduos químicos em proporções consideráveis. Objetivo: avaliar diferentes metodologias propostas para análise da FDN e FDA, através da verificação dos dados analíticos. Métodos: as médias obtidas pelo método convencional foram comparadas com as médias de métodos alternativos que utilizam a autoclave como sistema digestor, pelo teste de Dunnette (α=5%). O delineamento adotado foi o inteiramente casualizado, em um esquema fatorial 4x2. Resultados: os métodos alternativos foram recomendados para determinação de FDN no feno de Tifton 85, farelo de babaçu e cana-de-açúcar, enquanto para as determinações dos teores de FDA, apenas no farelo de babaçu. A precisão observada nas análises dos teores de FDN e FDA não diferiram significativamente (p(0.05) quanto a análise não sequencial e sequencial, em todos os alimentos e métodos estudados, com exceção da determinação de FDA na silagem de milho. Conclusão: as metodologias alternativas permitiram ganhos significativos com a redução dos custos operacionais e do tempo da análise, mas sem uniformidade na precisão das análises desenvolvidas.

Sealing type effect on corn silage quality in bunker silos / Eficiência do tipo de vedação sobre a qualidade de silagem de milho em silo trincheira

ABSTRACT: Forage conservation in silos depends on the efficiency of silo sealing, among other factors, to minimize aerobic deterioration and consequent qualitative and quantitative losses in silage. Thus, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of two sealing types on dry matter recovery rate, aerobic stability, nutritional composition, and in vitro digestibility of corn silage in bunker silos: 110-µm-thick double-sided polyethylene sealing (conventional sealing) and110-µm-thick double-sided polyethylene sealing superimposed on 111-µm-thick translucent polyethylene sealing (double sealing). There were no significant differences in nutritional composition of silages between conventional and double sealing. However, the double sealing system was more efficient (P<0.05) in maintaining lower silo temperatures (30.48°C vs. 31.18°C), in dry matter recovery (88.79% vs. 85.64%), and increased in vitro neutral-detergent fiber digestibility (33.04% vs. 24.6%), when compared to the conventional version.

RESUMO: A conservação de forragens na forma de silagem depende, dentre outros fatores, da vedação eficiente do silo, com vistas a minimizar a deterioração aeróbia e consequentes perdas qualitativas e quantitativas da silagem. Assim, objetivou-se no presente trabalho, avaliar o efeito de dois tipos de vedação sobre o índice de recuperação de matéria seca, a estabilidade aeróbia, a composição nutricional e a digestibilidade “in vitro”, em silos trincheira de armazenamento de silagem de milho: Vedação Convencional - polietileno tipo dupla face com espessura de 110µm e Dupla Vedação - polietileno tipo dupla face com espessura de 110µm sobreposto a outro polietileno translúcido com espessura de 111µm. Não houve diferença significativa na composição nutricional das silagens resultantes entre os dois tipos de vedação, porém o sistema de dupla vedação foi mais eficiente (P<0,05) na manutenção de menores temperaturas no interior do silo (30,48ºC vs 31,18ºC), na recuperação da matéria seca (88,79% vs 85,64%) e no aumento da digestibilidade “in vitro” da FDN (33,04% vs 24,6%) quando comparado ao sistema de vedação convencional.

Overexpression and isolation of CYP76AH1 in Salvia miltiorrhiza hairy roots / 中国中药杂志

Protein complexes are involved in the synthesis of multiple secondary metabolites in plants, and their separation is essential to elucidate plant secondary metabolism and improve in vitro catalytic efficiency. In this study, the transgenic hairy roots of CYP76AH1, a key enzyme of tanshinone synthesis pathway, was constructed and the transgenic hairy roots of Danshen overexpressing CYP76AH1 protein were screened by Western blotting and used as a tissue culture material for the subsequent extraction of protein complex in tanshinone synthesis pathway. By optimizing the type and concentration of the detergent in the protein extraction buffer, the buffer containing 0.5% Triton X-100 was selected as the best extraction buffer, and a relatively large amount of soluble CYP76AH1 protein was isolated. This study lays the foundation for the further separation and purification of protein complexes interacting with CYP76AH1, and provides the idea for deep analysis of tanshinone metabolic pathway.

Valor nutritivo e cinética de degradação in vitro de genótipos de capim-elefante (Penissetum purpureum Schumach) sob dois intervalos de desfolhação e duas alturas de resíduo pós-pastejo / Nutritive value and in vitro kinetics degradation of elephant grass genotypes (Penissetum purpureum Schumach) under two intervals of defoliation and two post-grazing heights

O experimento foi conduzido na Embrapa Gado de Leite, em Coronel Pacheco, MG, com o objetivo de avaliar o valor nutritivo e a cinética de degradação in vitro de genótipos de capim-elefante submetidos ao pastejo, usando-se a técnica de mob-grazing. Utilizou-se a combinação fatorial (2x2x2), sendo dois genótipos de capim-elefante (BRS Kurumi e CNPGL 00-1-3), duas interceptações luminosas (IL) à entrada dos animais nos piquetes (90 e 95%) e duas alturas de resíduo pós-pastejo (30 e 50cm), dispostos num delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, com três repetições. Para o pastejo, foram usadas 24 novilhas mestiças Holandês x Zebu, com 190kg. O genótipo BRS Kurumi apresentou maior teor de PB (15,65%), menor teor de FDN (60,35%), maior coeficiente de digestibilidade (70,04%) e mais alta taxa de degradação (2,62% h1) em relação ao outro genótipo, quando manejados a 90% IL. O manejo a 95% de IL e resíduo de 30cm favoreceu mais altos teores de PB (14,04%) e coeficientes de DIVMS (69,81%) e mais baixos teores de FDN (60,61%), independentemente do genótipo. Assim, recomenda-se a utilização do genótipo Kurumi, manejado a 90% de IL e resíduo de 30cm, quando se leva em consideração o valor nutritivo da forragem.(AU)

The experiment was conducted at Embrapa Gado de Leite, Coronel Pacheco, MG, to evaluate the nutritive value and the in vitro kinetics of degradation of elephant grass genotypes under rotational grazing. The treatments consisted of a factorial combination (2x2x2), two genotypes of elephant grass (BRS Kurumi and CNPGL 00-1-3), two light interceptions (LI) at initiation of grazing (90 and 95%) and two post-grazing heights (30 and 50cm), arranged in a completely randomized design with three replications. Grazing animals were 24 Holstein Zebu crossbred heifers with 190kg BW. The genotype BRS Kurumi has a higher CP content (15.65%), lower NDF content (60.35%), higher digestibility (70.04%) and higher rate of degradation (2.62% h-1) in relation to CNPGL 00-1-3 when managed under 90% of LI. The management based on 95% of LI and 30cm of residual height promote higher CP content (14.04%) and coefficient of IVDMD (69.81%), as well as lower NDF content (60.61%), regardless of genotype. Thus, taking into account the nutritional value of forage, it is recommended to use the genotype BRS Kurumi managed under 90% of LI and 30cm of post-grazing residue.(AU)

Partial replacement of corn with glycerin: digestibility and ruminal fermentation kinetics by in vitro gas production / Sustitución parcial de maíz con glicerina: digestibilidad y cinética de la fermentación ruminal mediante producción de gas in vitro / Substituição parcial do milho pela glicerina: digestibilidade e cinética da fermentação ruminal através da produção de gases in vitro

Summary Background: glycerin, a co-product of biodiesel production, could be included in animal feeds. Objective: to evaluate the effects of partial replacement of corn with glycerin on digestibility and ruminal fermentation kinetics, estimated by the in vitro gas production technique. Methods: dietary treatments consisted of corn substitution with crude glycerin (0, 4, 8, and 12% on a dry matter basis). In vitro digestibility of neutral detergent fiber and organic matter were calculated as the difference between the amount of incubated and undigested substrate. Cumulative gas pressure was measured in vitro using automatic equipment. Gas production kinetics was analyzed using a dual-pool logistic model. Results: increasing levels of crude glycerin to replace corn did not affect in vitro digestibility of neutral detergent fiber, organic matter, ammonia nitrogen content, or degradation rates. A negative linear effect on the partitioning factor and a linear increase in the rapidly degradable fraction were observed with the inclusion of crude glycerin. Conclusions: dietary inclusion of up to 12% crude glycerin (dry matter basis) replacing corn did not affect diet digestibility. A greater volume of gas was observed with the highest inclusion level of glycerin, indicating that alfalfa hay, corn and crude glycerin combination could affect fermentation, suggesting the occurrence of associative effects.

Resumen Antecedentes: una alternativa al uso de la glicerina, generada como residuo de la producción de biodiesel, es su utilización en la alimentación animal. Objetivo: evaluar los efectos de la sustitución parcial de maíz con glicerina sobre la digestibilidad de la dieta y la cinética de la fermentación ruminal, usando la técnica de producción de gas in vitro. Métodos: los tratamientos consistieron en la substitución de maíz por glicerina cruda (0, 4, 8 y 12% en base seca). La digestibilidad in vitro de la fibra detergente neutra y la materia orgánica fue calculada por la diferencia entre la cantidad del sustrato incubado y el no digerido. La presión acumulativa de gas in vitro fue medida por un equipo automático. La cinética de la producción de gas fue analizada empleando un modelo logístico bicompartimental. Resultados: la inclusión de niveles crecientes de glicerina en substitución del maíz no afectó la digestibilidad in vitro de la fibra detergente neutra, la materia orgánica, la tasa de nitrógeno amoniacal o las tasas de degradación. Se observó un efecto lineal negativo en el factor de partición y un aumento lineal en la fracción de rápida degradación por la inclusión de glicerina. Conclusión: la inclusión dietaria de hasta 12% de glicerina (base seca) para reemplazar al maíz no afectó la digestibilidad de la misma. Se observó una mayor produccion de gas con el mayor nivel de inclusión de glicerina, lo que indica que la combinación de heno de alfalfa, maíz y glicerina podría alterar la fermentación, lo que sugiere la existencia de efectos asociativos.

Resumo Antecedentes: um uso alternativo da glicerina gerado como um coproduto da produção de biodiesel pode ser a sua inclusão na alimentação animal. Objetivo: avaliar o efeito da substituição parcial do milho pela glicerina sobre a digestibilidade da dieta e a cinética de fermentação através da técnica in vitro de produção de gás. Métodos: os tratamentos consistiram na substituição do milho por glicerina bruta (0, 4, 8 e 12%) com base na matéria seca. A digestibilidade da fibra em detergente neutro e da matéria orgânica foi calculada como a diferença entre a quantidade de substrato incubado e o não digerido. A pressão acumulativa de gás foi mensurada in vitro utilizando um equipamento automático de medição de gás. A cinéticas da produção de gás foi analisada utilizando o modelo logístico bicompartimental. Resultados: o aumento dos níveis de inclusão da glicerina bruta para substituir o milho na dieta não afetou a digestibilidade in vitro da fibra em detergente neutro, a digestibilidade in vitro da matéria orgânica, teor de nitrogênio amoniacal e a taxa de degradação. Foram observados efeito linear negativo no fator de partição e aumento linear na fração rapidmente degradável com a inclusão da glicerina bruta na dieta. Conclusão: a inclusão dietética de até 12% da glicerina bruta (na matéria seca) para substituir o milho não afetou a digestibilidade da dieta. O maior volume de gás produzido foi observado para o maior nível de inclusão de glicerina indicando que a combinação de feno de alfafa, milho e glicerina bruta poderia alterar a fermentação, sugerindo a ocorrência de efeitos associativos.

Control químico y biológico de larvas de Aedes aegypti en la costa norte de Jalisco, México / Chemical and biological control on Aedes aegypti larvae in the northern coastal region of Jalisco, Mexico

Introducción: el aumento de enfermedades transmitidas por mosquitos se ha asociado a cambios globales: el crecimiento de la población, la urbanización y el cambio climático. Dentro de las alternativas para evitar epidemias están el control químico y biológico. Objetivos: determinar las concentraciones efectivas de tres compuestos químicos para el control de larvas de Aedes aegypti en la región costa norte de Jalisco, México, y evaluar la capacidad predatoria de diversas especies acuáticas sobre larvas de mosquitos. Métodos: se evaluaron cinco concentraciones de temefos (1,5; 1; 0,1; 0,05 y 0,01 g/L), hipoclorito de sodio (5,5; 0,55; 0,05; 0,005 y 0,0005 g/L) y detergente (10; 5; 1; 0,5; 0,1 g/L). Se determinó la muerte de las larvas a 1, 3, 6 y 24 h y se calculó la CL50. Se evaluaron cuatro especies de peces, un crustáceo y una larva de díptero culícido. Se les suministraron diferentes cantidades de larvas (5, 10, 30, 50 y 80) por quintuplicado y se registró su consumo a diferentes tiempos (1, 3, 5, 9 y 24 h). Resultados: el temefos provocó el 100 por ciento de mortalidad en todas las concentraciones probadas. El NaClO provocó mortalidad del 100 por ciento en las dos concentraciones más altas. El detergente fue más eficiente a las tres concentraciones mayores. Los peces demostraron un consumo de casi el 100 por ciento en la mayoría de las densidades probadas. La larva de díptero culícido demostró un consumo cercano al 80 por ciento, el crustáceo solo consumió el 53 por ciento Conclusiones: el uso del temefos debe continuar siendo el larvicida químico de elección en Puerto Vallarta, México. La utilización de peces nativos se sugiere como adecuada para el control biológico(AU)

Introduction: the increase of diseases transmitted by mosquitoes has been associated to global changes such as the population growth, urbanization and climate change. Among the alternatives to avoid epidemics are the chemical and biological control. Objectives: to determine effective concentrations of three chemical compounds to control Aedes aegypti larvae in the northern coastal region of Jalisco and to evaluate the predatory ability of various aquatic species on mosquito larvae. Methods: five concentrations of temephos of (1.5, 1, 0.1; 0.05 and 0.01 g/L), sodium hypochlorite (5.5, 0.55, 0.05, 0,005 and 0.0005 g/L) and detergent (10, 5, 1, 0.5, 0.1 g/L) were evaluated. Larval death was estimated at different times (1, 3, 5, 9 and 24 h) and the LC50 was calculated. Four fish species, one crustacean and one dipteral culicid larva were evaluated. All were provided with different numbers of larvae (5, 10, 30, 50 and 80) five times and the larval consumption was recorded at different times (1, 3, 5, 9 and 24 h). Results: temephos caused 100 percent mortality of larvae in all tested concentrations. The NaClO caused 100 percent mortality at the two highest concentrations. The detergent was more efficient at the three higher concentrations. Fish proved to be efficient predators of larvae, as they consumed almost 100 percent of larvae in most of tested densities. The diptera culicid larva reached around 80 percent consumption whereas crustacean consumed only 53 percent. Conclusions: the use of temephos should remain the chemical larvicide of choice in Puerto Vallarta region. Native fish are suggested to be used as appropriate biological control agents(AU)

Efeito do tamanho de partícula sobre a degradação ruminal do feno do restolho da cultura do girassol / Effect of the particle size on ruminal degradation of sunflower crop stubble hay

Objetivou-se avaliar os teores de matéria seca, proteina bruta e fibra em detergente neutro e a degradabilidade da matéria seca (MS), proteína bruta (PB) e fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) do feno do restolho da cultura do girassol in situ em diferentes tamanhos de partículas (2 e 5 cm), utilizando-se um bovino canulado, com amostras em sacos de náilon, incubadas nos tempos 6, 24 e 72 h. O feno de restolho da cultura do girassol triturado em partículas de 2 mm resultou em maior degradação por microrganismos da flora ruminal em relação à trituração a 5 mm. Verificou-se que as partículas de maior tamanho apresentaram valores equivalentes para degradação da MS e FDN as 24 e 72 horas. Os parâmetros da degradação da FDN do feno do restolho da cultura do girassol indicam ser um volumoso com grande potencial para utilização na dieta de ruminantes. O feno do restolho da cultura do girassol, enquanto considerado um alimento volumoso, apresenta degradabilidade in situ da MS e FDN compatível com esta classe de alimentos, podendo ser considerado uma boa fonte de inclusão em dietas para ruminantes. Também se deve considerar o elevado teor de PB associado à degradação ruminal deste constituinte, favorecendo à atividade fermentativa pela população microbiana do ambiente ruminal.

It was aimed to evaluate the degradability of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) of the stubble sunflower crop hay in situ in different particle sizes, using a cannulated bovine, with samples in nylon bags incubated in the 6, 24 and 72 h. The stubble sunflower crop hay grinded in 2 mm particles sized resulted in greater degradation by the rumen microorganisms compared to samples grinded in 5 mm. It was found that the larger particles had equivalent values for DM and NDF degradation at 24 and 72 hours. The parameters of NDF degradation of the stubble sunflower crop hay to indicate be a roughage with great potential for use in the ruminant diet. The stubble sunflower crop hay, while considered a roughage food, presents in situ DM and NDF compatible with this kind of food, and it can be considered a good source of inclusion in diets for ruminants. Also to consider the higher protein value associated with ruminal degradation of this constituent, favoring the fermentation activity by the microbial population in the rumen.

Evaluación del efecto hipolipemiante de Talinum triangulare (falsa espinaca) y Abelmoschus esculentus (quimbombó) / Assessment of hypolipidemic action of Talinum triangulare (water leaf) and Abelmoschus esculentus (okra)

INTRODUCCIÓN: la evaluación de plantas con efecto reductor en los lípidos plasmáticos, constituye una herramienta muy valiosa para el control de las dislipidemias. OBJETIVOS: comprobar la efectividad farmacológica como hipolipemiante, de Talinum triangulare (Jacq.) Willd(Talinaceae) y Abelmoschus esculentus moench (Malvaceae), en dos biomodelos de ensayo. MÉTODOS: se utilizó el fruto verde de A. esculentus y hojas frescas de Talinum triangulare. El material vegetal previo secado, se pulverizó para preparar extractos hidroalcohólicos, que una vez rotoevaporados, fueron suspendidos en agua para ser administrados a los modelos experimentales. El efecto hipolipémico de las plantas estudiadas se comprobó, en animales de experimentación, sometidos a dos modelos de inducción de hiperlipidemia; administración de solución de sacarosa al 63 % durante 16 semanas y administración vía intraperitoneal del detergente no iónico Poloxamer 338, durante 48 horas a una dosis de 0,6 g/kg. RESULTADOS: el extracto hidroalcohólico de A. esculentus (400 mg/kg) en el modelo de hiperlipemia por Dieta Rica en Sacarosa, mostró un efecto reductor de triacilglicéridos, superior al ácido nicotínico. En el modelo de hiperlipidemia por inducción con detergente no iónico, el extracto hidroalcohólico de Talinum triangulare (400 mg/kg), manifestó un efecto reductor de colesterol y triacilglicéridos, mayor que el ácido nicotínico y la atorvastatina. CONCLUSIONES: los extracto hidroalcohólicos de A. esculentus y de Talinum triangulare expresaron efectos reductores de triacilglicérios por mecanismos de acción diferentes, superiores al ácido nicotínico en cada caso. El extracto hidroalcohólico de Talinum triangulare manifestó un potente efecto reductor de colesterol mayor que el ácido nicotínico y la atorvastatina.

INTRODUCTION: assessment of plants with low plasmatic lipids effect is a power instrument to dislipidemias control. OBJECTIVES: to establish the pharmacological effectiveness as hipolipidemic agents of Talinum triangulare (Jacq.) Willd (Portulacaceae) and Abelmoschus esculentus Moench (Malvaceae) in two biomodel assays. METHODS: in the present study we have researched the hypolipemic effect of Talinum triangulare (false spinach) and A. esculentus (okra) in experimental animals subjected to two models of hyperlipidemia induction; an intake of 63 % sucrose solution for 16 weeks and an intake of Poloxamer 338 nonionic detergent via intraperitoneal for 48 hours at a dose of 0,6 g/kg. RESULTS: the hydroalcoholic extract of A. esculentus, at a dose of 400 mg/kg showed triacilglicéridos reducing effect greater than nicotinic acid in the model of hyperlipidemia induction by a sucrose-rich diet. In the model of hyperlipidemia by induction with nonionic detergent, the hydroalcoholic extract of Talinum triangulare at a dose of 400 mg/kg, showed a powerful cholesterol and triacilglicéridos lowering effect, greater than nicotinic acid and atorvastatin. CONCLUSIONS: the hydroalcoholic extract of A. esculentus and T. triangulare showed hypotriglyceridemic effect for different action mechanisms, higher than the nicotinic acid, in each case. The extract hidroalcohólico of Talinum triangulare showed a potent hipocholesterolemic effect even more than the nicotinic acid and the atorvastatin.

Thermostable, alkaline and detergent-tolerant lipase from a newly isolated thermophilic Bacillus stearothermophilus.

Lipases are the enzymes of choice for laundry detergent industries, owing to their triglyceride removing ability from the soiled fabric, which eventually reduces the usage of phosphate-based chemical cleansers in the detergent formulation. In this study, a novel thermo-alkaline lipase-producing strain identified as Bacillus stearothermophilus was isolated from the soil samples of olive oil mill. Enhanced lipase production was observed at 55°C, pH 11 and after 48 h of incubation. Among the substrates tested, xylose (a carbon source), peptone (a nitrogen source) and olive oil at a concentration of 1% were suitable substrates for enhancing lipase production. MgSO4 and Tween-80 were suitable substrates for maximizing lipase production. The enzyme was purified to homogeneity by a single CM-Sephadex column chromatography and revealed molecular mass of 67 kDa. The enzyme (BL1) was active over a wide range of pH from 9.0 to 13.0, with an optimum at pH 11.0, exhibited maximal activity at 55°C and retained more than 70% of its activity after incubation at 70°C or pH 13 for 0.5 h or 24 h, respectively. The enzyme hydrolyzed both short and long-chain triacylglycerols at comparable rates. BL1 was studied in a preliminary evaluation for use in detergent formulation solutions. This novel lipase showed extreme stability towards non-ionic and anionic surfactants after pre-incubation for 1 h at 40°C, and good stability towards oxidizing agents. Additionally, the enzyme showed excellent stability and compatibility with various commercial detergents, suggesting its potential as an additive in detergent formulations.

Kinetics Study of Extracellular Detergent Stable Alkaline Protease from Rhizopus oryzae

In this study, extracellular alkaline protease was produced from Rhizopus oryzae in submerged fermentation using dairy waste (whey) as a substrate. Fermentation kinetics was studied and various parameters were optimized. The strain produced maximum protease at initial medium pH of 6.0 medium depth of 26 mm, inoculum size of 2% at incubation temperature of 35ºC for 168 h of fermentation. Alkaline protease was purified to homogeneity by ammonium sulphate fractionation followed by sephadex G-100 chromatography. The molecular mass of alkaline protease was 69 kDa determined by 10% SDS-PAGE. The optimum pH and temperature of alkaline protease was 9.0 and 40ºC, respectively. Metal profile of the enzyme showed that the enzyme was non-metallic in nature. The Km , Kcat , Vmax and Kcat/Km values of purified protease were 7.0 mg/mL, 3.8 x102 S-1, 54.30 µmol/min and 54.28 s-1 mg -1.mL respectively, using casein as substrate. The purified alkaline protease had stability with commercial detergents. .