ABSTRACT
PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to detect the lymphatic drainage pattern of internal mammary area and verify the concept of internal mammary sentinel lymph node (IM-SLN) in breast. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A small particle radiotracer ((99m)Tc-Dextran 40) was prepared and tested. (99m)Tc-Dextran 40 was injected into intraparenchyma at the sound breast by a modified radiotracer injection technique. Subsequently, dynamic single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), computed tomography (CT), and SPECT/CT combination images were performed to identify the radioactive lymph vessels and internal mammary lymph nodes (IMLNs). The direction of lymph drainage and the location of the IMLNs were identified in the SPECT/CT imaging. RESULTS: The radiochemical purity of (99m)Tc-Dextran 40 was > 95%. (99m)Tc-Dextran 40 could drainage into first, second, and third lymph node and the radioactive lymph node could be detected by the γ detector in the animal experiment. After (99m)Tc-Dextran 40 injecting into intraparenchyma, 50.0% cases (15/30) were identified the drainage lymphatic vessels and radioactive IMLNs by SPECT. The drainage lymphatic vessel was found from injection point to the first IMLN (IM-SLN) after 10.5±0.35 minutes radiotracer injection, and then (99m)Tc-Dextran 40 was accumulated into the IM-SLN. The combination imaging of SPECT/CT showed the second IMLN received the lymph drainage from the IM-SLN. The lymphatic drainage was step by step in the internal mammary area. CONCLUSION: The lymph was identified to drain from different regions of the breast to IM-SLN, and then outward from IM-SLN to other IMLN consecutively. It demonstrated the concept of the IM-SLN and provided more evidences for the application of internal mammary sentinel lymph node biopsy.
Subject(s)
Animal Experimentation , Breast Neoplasms , Breast , Drainage , Lymph Nodes , Lymphatic Vessels , Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy , Tomography, Emission-Computed , Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-PhotonABSTRACT
Objective To investigate the protective effects of Dextran-40 on fatal jellyfish stings at whole animal and cellular levels.MethodsFirstly, using the fatal jellyfish envenomation syndrome (acute jellyfish envenomation syndrome, AJES and delayed jellyfish envenomation syndrome, DJES) models established earlier by ourselves, we surveyed the effects of Dextran-40 on the survival rate of AJES mice, on the circulatory function of AJES rats and on the serum biochemical indexes of DJES rats.In addition, the protective effects of Dextran-40 on cardiomyocytes against the damage induced by tentacle extract (TE) from the jellyfish Cyanea capillata were studied at the cellular level by laser scanning confocal microscopy.ResultsAt the whole animal level, Dextran-40 at 0.8g/kg significantly improved the survival rate of AJES mice, and at 0.6g/kg greatly inhibited the drop of blood pressure of AJES rats.For the DJES rats, Dextran-40 at 0.6g/kg had a significant protective effect on the liver function indexes (ALT, AST, A/G) and myocardial enzymes (CK, LDH).At the cellular level, Dextran-40 5μg/mL greatly inhibited the TE-induced increase in intracellular Ca2+ content and the death of cardiomyocytes.ConclusionThe protective effects of Dextran-40 on fatal jellyfish stings may be related to its ability to stabilize blood pressure or block the TE-induced pore formation in the cardiomyocytes.Considering that the clinical safety of Dextran-40, we strongly recommend it as a first-aid medicine for jellyfish stings.
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Objective To study the process of removing bacterial endotoxins by ultrafiltration technology in dextran 40 injection. Methods Dextran 40 solution was ultrafiltrated by 100,200,and 300 kDa aperture ultrafiltration membranes with composite, PES and PVDF materials. In order to optimize ultrafiltration process,the content of effective component and endotoxins were detected by HPLC and kinetic-turbidimetry,respectively,and the change of particle size distribution in dextran 40 solution was analyzed before and after ultrafiltration. Results The transmittance of dextran 40 was close to the same MWCO and different membrane material. When MWCO reached 300 kDa,the transmittance was above 91%,which met the requirement of filtration. The endotoxin removal rates by 100-300 kDa composite ultrafiltration membranes were more than 99%. But the endotoxin removal rates of both of PES and PVDF membranes were less than 40%,which were unable to guarantee the removal efficiency of the endotoxin in dextran 40 solution. The particle size declined after ultrafiltration by 300 kDa composite membrane, and level of the insoluble particles decreased. Conclusion The 300 kDa composite ultrafiltration membrane can effectively remove endotoxin in dextran 40 solution with less main components loss. The material can meet requirements for producing dextran 40 injection.
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Objective To establish a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method for determining furfural in dextran 40 raw material and its sodium chloride injection. Methods The chromatographic conditions adoptedwere as follows: a MACHEREY-NAGEL C18 (4. 6 mm×250 mm, 5 μm), a mobile phase of methanol-water (pH = 3.0, V: V = 10: 90), the column temperature at (35±5)°C, the flow rate at 1. 0 mL/min, and the detection wavelength at 275 nm. Results The calibration curve was linear within the concentration rangeof 0. 01-10. 10 μg/mL, with the regression equation being Y = 192 440. 8X-3 711.6 CR = 0. 999 9), and the inter-day RSD was 0. 5%; the average recovery rate was 98. 1% (RSD being 0. 3%), with the limit of detection (LOD) being 0. 003 jg/mL. The levll of furfural was 0. 071 10-1. 306 0 jg/g in dextran 40 raw material and 0. 018 0-0. 198 8 μg/mL in the dextran 40 sodium chloride injection. Conclusion The method of this study is simple and accurate, and can be used for determining the levels of furfural in dextran 40 raw material and its sodium chloride injection.
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Aim To research the influence of the animals pruritus model by used pruritus medium with histamine,dextran 40 or 4-aminopyridine(4-AP),and to establish a new pruritus model.Methods The orthogonal test was used to array the experiment.In the experiment different pruritus mediums were hypodermically injected for 0.1 ml in the depilated area,the scratching incubation period and scratching number in 30 minutes were counted after the injection.The best pruritus group was screened out by synthesis grading law.The injected skin area in each group was located out to be determined the histamine contents in it.Results The best model group was the combination of histamine and 4-aminopyridine.Compared with the blank group,the scratching number and scratching incubation period of other pruritus model groups in 30 minutes were of significant difference(P