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[ABSTRACT]AIM:ToexploretheeffectofretinoidXreceptor(RXR)agonistbexarotene(Bex)andvitaminD receptor (VDR) agonist calcitriol (Cal) on the expression of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and the development of atherosclerosis in streptozotocin-induced diabetic apolipoprotein E knockout ( STZ-ApoE-/-) mice.METHODS: Male mice were treated for 12 weeks as follows:(1) C57+vehicle;(2) ApoE-/-+vehicle;(3) STZ-ApoE-/-+vehicle;(4) STZ-ApoE-/-+Bex (10 mg· kg-1· d-1);(5) STZ-ApoE-/-+Cal (10 μg/kg, twice a week);(6) STZ-ApoE-/-+Bex (10 mg· kg-1· d-1) +Cal (10 μg/kg, twice a week).Intraperitoneal injection of STZ was performed to establish the diabetic animal model .Western blotting and immunohistochemical method was used to detect NF-κB level in the thorac-ic aorta.Plaque area in the thoracic aorta was measured using HE staining .RESULTS:Compared with the C57 mice, the fasting blood glucose in the ApoE-/-mice was not remarkably changed .The levels of total cholesterol ( TC) and low-densi-ty lipoprotein ( LDL) were greatly increased .The fasting blood glucose and lipid levels in STZ-ApoE-/-group were much higher than those in ApoE-/-group.Compared with STZ-ApoE-/-group, the fasting blood glucose and lipid levels in Bex group and Cal group were not significantly changed .Compared with the C57 mice, the protein expression of NF-κB in the ApoE-/-mice and the STZ-ApoE-/-mice was remarkably increased .Compared with STZ-ApoE-/-group, the levels of NF-κB in Bex group, Cal group and combination group were greatly decreased .Compared with STZ-ApoE-/-group, the thoracic artery plaque areas in Bex group and Cal group were inhibited (both P<0.05).Compared with Bex group, the plaque area of the thoracic artery in combination group was significantly decreased (P<0.05).CONCLUSION:Bexaro-tene or calcitriol decreases the development of atherosclerosis in streptozotocin -induced diabetic ApoE-/-mice.Bexarotene combined with calcitriol affords greater protection than monotherapy .The mechanism may be involved in down-regulating the expression of NF-κB.
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ObjectiveTo investigate the effectiveness and safety of insulin glargine in the treatment of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM),and verify the new remedy called one central and three steps for T2DM.MethodsUsed multicenter,random,open and self-control study.Two hundred and three cases with T2DM treated with insulin glargine were divided into four groups according to different therapy:30 cases with one needle method,106 cases with one needle and one pill method,48 cases with one long-acting and several short-acting method,and 19 cases with one long-acting,one pill and several short-acting method.The changes of blood glucose,glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c),weight and so on before and after treatment were observed.ResultsThe levels of fasting plasma glucose(FPG),2 h postprandial plasma glucose (2hPPG) and HbA1c decreased significantly after treatment than those before treatment[(5.78 ±0.76)mmol/L,(8.37 ±:1.37) mmol/L,(6.81 ±0.38)％ vs. (11.73 ±4.49) mmol/L,(16.73 ±4.96) mmol/L,(9.43 ± 2.31 )％,P ＜ 0.01 ].The weight and body mass index had no obvious changes before and after treatment( P ＞ 0.05 ).There was significant difference in the level of FPG,2hPPG and HbA1c before and after treatment in four groups respectively(P＜0.01 ).There was only 1 case who occurred hypoglycemia during the treatment.ConclusionThe therapy,one central and three steps,is not only effective and safe,but also convenient and cheap for T2DM.