ABSTRACT
ABSTRACT Purpose: to identify auditory training approaches used in the pediatric population with psychiatric diagnoses and to characterize the contexts in which the intervention took place, as well as protocols and discernment of the results. Methods: a search was carried out in four databases, using the fixed terms "auditory training" OR "auditory rehabilitation". Regarding the sampling, there was a considerable range of diagnoses, signs and symptoms, including the most common ones. Articles published until August 2018 whose population did not present hearing loss were selected; articles whose subjects had made use of any personal sound amplification products, presented otitis or had any isolated diagnosis of auditory processing disorder, were excluded. Results: 16 articles out of the 103 references found, met the inclusion criteria. The samplings studied were children and adolescents with learning, language or reading disorders, dyslexia, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, autism spectrum disorder and schizophrenia. The bottom-up intervention and the combined approach (bottom-up and top-down), in the formal context, were the most frequent approaches, whose results led to the improvement in linguistic, metalinguistic and auditory skills. The amount and frequency of sessions, as well as their duration varied. Conclusion: the heterogeneity of auditory training techniques diversified the results. However, it seems there is a potential for recommending auditory training in the reviewed population.
RESUMO Objetivo: identificar as abordagens de treinamento auditivo utilizadas na população infantil com diagnósticos psiquiátricos, caracterizar os contextos de intervenção, protocolos e discernimento dos desfechos. Métodos: busca realizada em quatro bases de dados, utilizando as expressões fixas "auditory training" OR "auditory rehabilitation" e, quanto à amostragem, variaram-se aos mais comuns diagnósticos, sinais e sintomas. Foram selecionados artigos publicados até agosto de 2018, com população sem perda auditiva e excluídos artigos com amostra com uso de dispositivos de amplificação sonora, otites ou diagnóstico isolado de Transtorno do Processamento Auditivo. Resultados: foram identificadas 103 referências, dentre as quais 16 preencheram os critérios de inclusão. As amostragens estudadas foram de crianças e adolescentes com distúrbios de aprendizagem, linguagem e leitura, dislexia, transtorno do déficit de atenção e hiperatividade, transtorno do espectro autista e esquizofrenia. As intervenções com a abordagem bottom-up e combinada (bottom-up e top-down), no contexto formal, foram as mais frequentes, cujos resultados direcionaram a melhora em habilidades auditivas, linguísticas e metalinguísticas. O número e frequência de sessões, assim como, a duração (tempo) foram diversificadas. Conclusão: a heterogeneidade das técnicas de treinamento auditivo diversificou os resultados, entretanto, parece existir um potencial para recomendação do treinamento auditivo na população abordada.
ABSTRACT
The objective of this presentation is to review the denomination Neurodevelopmental Disorders contained in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) by considering the latest paradigms on human development, which include the emerging neurobiological and intersubjective foundations required to understand and intervene in problems of the baby and the small child. The current denomination adopts a theoretical position that is exclusively biological (despite being defined as a-theoretical), and tends to make fundamental aspects of human development linked to inter-subjectivity invisible. The presentation also includes clinical experiences related to perinatal events in children with serious developmental problems and a revision of the underlying paradigms of the different concepts of Health and Mental Illness. Two relevant variables that intervene in human development are considered; firstly, epigenetics, underlining that its programming can be altered by diverse environmental conditions, thus revealing how certain acquired characters can be transmitted to offspring and that such modifications are potentially reversible; secondly, the recursive, visualized in the emergence of the mind from its biological bases, and the marks of inter-subjectivity in the body. New evidence is provided that mental phenomena begin as a mind shared with others and that early intersubjective experiences are mapped into the individual's brain performance. From the above, it follows that neurodevelopment requires intersubjectivity to enable the emergence of the mind as an eminently human phenomenon. Therefore, this should be reflected in the most commonly used diagnostic names.
El objetivo de esta presentación es la revisión de la denominación Trastornos del Neurodesarrollo del Manual Diagnóstico y Estadístico de los Trastornos Mentales (DSM-5). Los paradigmas actuales sobre el desarrollo humano incluyen las bases neurobiológicas e intersubjetivas emergentes, requeridas para comprender e intervenir en problemáticas del recién nacido y del niño pequeño. Se advierte que la denominación vigente adopta una postura teórica exclusivamente biológica, no obstante definirse como ateórico, tendiendo a invisibilizar aspectos fundamentales del desarrollo humano vinculados con la intersubjetividad. Se incorporan, además, experiencias clínicas vinculadas con acontecimientos perinatales en niños con graves problemáticas del desarrollo. Se efectúa una revisión de distintos paradigmas que subyacen en los conceptos de salud y enfermedad mental. Se consideran dos relevantes variables que intervienen en el desarrollo humano; primero, la epigenética, subrayando que su programación puede ser alterada por diversas condiciones ambientales, evidenciando cómo ciertos caracteres adquiridos pueden trasmitirse a la descendencia y que tales modificaciones son potencialmente reversibles. Segundo, lo recursivo, visualizado en la emergencia de la mente desde sus bases biológicas y las marcas que imprime la intersubjetividad en el cuerpo. Se incorporan evidencias de que los fenómenos mentales comienzan como una mente compartida con otros y de que las experiencias intersubjetivas tempranas se mapean en el funcionamiento cerebral del individuo. Se deriva que el neurodesarrollo requiere la intersubjetividad para posibilitar la emergencia de la mente como fenómeno eminentemente humano y, por lo tanto, sería de gran utilidad que ello sea reflejado en las denominaciones diagnósticas más utilizadas.