New direction in diagnosis and assessment of personality disorders / 上海交通大学学报（医学版）

The diagnosis of personality disorders was formally presented in the first edition of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-1). DSM-3 proposed a systematic framework for understanding personality disorders, and mentioned the multi-axis diagnosis strategy and category diagnosis criteria. The following editions of DSM still mentioned the strategy and criteria. DSM-5, published in 2013, mentioned the alternative model for personality disorders (AMPD), which indicated a new direction in the diagnosis and assessment of personality disorders. AMPD had a dimensional assessment of the severity of personality pathology (criterion A), and a dimensional assessment of features of personality pathology (criterion B). The criterion A was influenced by the concepts of psychodynamics, like the distinction and integration of self and object in the Kernberg model of personality organization. Level of Personality Functioning Scale (LPFS) and Personality Inventory for DSM-5 were developed to assess personality disorders mentioned in AMPD. The reliability and validity of the tools were demonstrated. Structured Interview of Personality Organization, an assessment tool based on Kernberg model of personality organization, was proved to have significant correlation with LPFS.

A historical account of schizophrenia proneness categories from DSM-I to DSM-5 (1952-2013) / Uma revisão histórica das categorias de propensão à esquizofrenia do DSM-I ao DSM-5 (1952-2013) / Un rappel historique des catégories de prédisposition à la schizophrénie du DSM-I au DSM-5 [1952-2013] / Una revisión histórica de las categorías de propensión a la esquizofrenia del DSM-I al DSM-5 [1952-2013]

The history of diagnostic classifications in psychiatry has been recognized as a privileged means of access to the vicissitudes inherent to the configuration of a scientific and professional field, also bringing significant contributions to conceptual history. We have taken as primary sources the five editions of the DSM (1952-2013) to examine the construction of diagnostic categories related to schizophrenia proneness, indicating the scientific and social contexts related to the development of DSM and psychiatry itself. Along this process we highlight the conditions of possibility for the emergence of the Attenuated Psychosis Syndrome, a highly controversial diagnostic proposal, in the elaboration of DSM-5. This proposal ended up being rejected not only on scientific grounds, but also because of feared unintended consequences.

A história das classificações diagnósticas na psiquiatria tem sido reconhecida como meio privilegiado de acesso às vicissitudes inerentes à configuração do campo científico e profissional, além de trazer aportes significativos para a história conceitual. Tomamos como principais fontes primárias as cinco edições do DSM (1952-2013) para examinar a construção de categorias diagnósticas relacionadas à propensão para a esquizofrenia, indicando os contextos sociais e científicos relacionados ao desenvolvimento do DSM e da própria psiquiatria. Nesse processo, destacamos as condições de possibilidade para a emergência da Síndrome Psicótica Atenuada, uma proposta diagnóstica altamente controversa, na preparação do DSM-5. Essa proposta foi rejeitada não somente no plano científico, mas também em razão de temidas consequências indesejadas.

L'histoire des classifications diagnostiques en psychiatrie a été reconnue comme un moyen privilégié d'accès aux vicissitudes inhérentes à la configuration du champ scientifique et professionnel, apportant également des contributions importantes à l'histoire conceptuelle. Comme sources primaires principales, nous avons utilisé les cinq éditions du DSM (1952-2013) pour examiner la construction des catégories diagnostiques liées à la prédisposition à la schizophrénie, en indiquant les contextes scientifiques et sociaux du développement du DSM et de la psychiatrie elle-même. Au cours de ce processus, nous mettons en évidence les conditions de possibilité d'émergence du Syndrome Psychotique Atténué, une proposition diagnostique fortement controversée, dans l'élaboration du DSM-5. Cette proposition a fini par être rejetée, non seulement pour des raisons scientifiques, mais aussi par crainte des conséquences non désirées.

La historia de las clasificaciones diagnósticas en psiquiatría, ha sido reconocida como un medio privilegiado de acceso a las vicisitudes inherentes a la configuración de un campo científico y profesional, además de traer aportes significativos a la historia conceptual. Como recursos primarios, hemos utilizado las cinco ediciones del DSM (1952-2013), para examinar la construcción de categorías de diagnóstico relacionadas a la propensión a la esquizofrenia, indicando los contextos sociales y científicos relacionados al desarrollo del DSM y de la propia psiquiatría. A lo largo del proceso, destacamos las condiciones de posibilidad para el surgimiento del Síndrome de Psicosis Atenuada, una propuesta de diagnóstico altamente controvertida, durante la elaboración del DSM-5. Esta propuesta fue rechazada, no solo por motivos científicos, sino también por las temidas consecuencias indeseadas.

Die Geschichte der diagnostischen Klassifizierungen in der Psychiatrie wird als privilegiertes Mittel des Zuganges zu dem Wandel im Rahmen der Gestaltung eines wissenschaftlichen, beruflichen Gebietes anerkannt und trägt wesentlich zur Begriffsgeschichte bei. Als primäre Quellen wurden die fünf Auflagen des DSM (1952-2013) berücksichtigt, um den Aufbau der diagnostischen Kategorien mit Neigung zur Schizophrenie und den sozialen und wissenschaftlichen Zusammenhang der Entwicklung des DSM und der Psychiatrie zu untersuchen. Dabei heben wir die Möglichkeiten der Notbehandlung für „Attenuated Psychosis Syndrome", eines sehr umstrittenen diagnostischen Vorschlages bei der Vorbereitung des DSM-5, hervor. Dieser Vorschlag wurde nicht nur aus wissenschaftlichen Gründen, sondern auch aufgrund befürchteter, unerwünschter Folgen abgelehnt.

A Validation Study of Korean Version of Personality Beliefs Questionnaire-Short Form (PBQ-SF) / 신경정신의학

OBJECTIVES: The Personality Belief Questionnaire-Short Form (PBQ-SF) is a self-report instrument for assessment of dysfunctional beliefs based on Beck's cognitive formulations of personality disorders. The aims of this study was to examine the reliability and validity of the Korean version of PBQ-SF in clinical samples. METHODS: The Korean version of PBQ-SF was examined in 115 participants (50 patients with personality disorder and 65 patients without personality disorder). All participants were assessed for personality disorder using the semi-structured clinical interview of the Personality Assessment Schedule. The construction validity was examined by correlation with Beck Depression Inventory, Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, and Neuroticism-Extraversion-Openness Five-Factor Inventory neuroticism scales. Twenty four randomly sampled patients were examined for the test-retest reliability. RESULTS: The Korean version of PBQ-SF showed good internal consistency [Cronbach's alpha=0.73 (schizoid)-0.92 (paranoid)] and test-retest reliability [r=0.74 (narcissistic)-0.92 (paranoid)]. The PBQ-SF was correlated with depression, anxiety, and neuroticism. The overall subscales of PBQ-SF were correlated with Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders based diagnosis of personality disorders. CONCLUSION: Consistent with previous findings using the Korean full version of PBQ as well as the English version of PBQ-SF, our results support that the Korean version of PBQ-SF is a reliable and valid instrument for assessment of dysfunctional beliefs associated with personality pathology.

Evolution,influence and expectation of the autism spectrum disorder diagnostic and classified criteria in DSM / 中国心理卫生杂志

The accurate diagnose is the precondition of effective intervention and services for autism spec-trum disorder,however it must rely on the scientific diagnostic criteria.The American Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders(DSM)is one of the most widely used diagnostic criteria for psychiatric disorders at present.It provides important diagnostic basis for the field of basic and clinical neuroscience,cognitive and behav-ioral science and disability research.The major change of autism spectrum disorder diagnostic criteria in the newly-published DSM-5 include the combination of disorder classification,the simplification of diagnostic criteria and divi-sion according to the severity level.Affected by this,it made the prevalence,the clinical research as well as educa-tion and related social services something new.In the future,incorporation of the social-psychological factors,com-patible with ICD and localization of ASD diagnostic criteria may be the major field of the diagnostic and classified criteria of ASD series research.

The prevalence of personality disorder in a general medical hospital population in Jamaica / Prevalencia de los trastornos de personalidad en una población del hospital de medicina general de Jamaica

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of personality disorders in patients admitted to the general medical wards of the University Hospital of the West Indies (UHWI). METHOD: Patients (n = 100) sequentially admitted to the general medical wards of the UHWI were assessed for the diagnosis of personality disorder using the gold standard of a consultant assessment based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition, text revision (DSM IV-TR) diagnostic criteria for personality disorder, the International Personality Disorder Examination Screening questionnaire (IPDE-S) and the Jamaica Personality Disorder Inventory (JPDI). RESULTS: The three assessment instruments identified a prevalence of personality disorder in the cohort of patients of 21% consultant DSM IV-TR assessment, 28% JPDI and 70% IPDE-S. The prevalence rate identified by the IPDE-S was significantly higher that the local instruments used (p < 0.000). CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of personality disorder assessed by the JPDI and the IPDE-S and the consultant DSM IV-TR instruments in Jamaica is significantly higher than the prevalence rate of studies in other countries.

OBJETIVO: Determinar la prevalencia de los trastornos de personalidad en los pacientes ingresados en las salas de medicina general del Hospital Universitario de West Indies (HUWI). MÉTODO: Pacientes (n = 100) secuencialmente ingresados en las salas de medicina general del UHWI fueron sometidos a una evaluación encaminada a diagnosticar trastornos de personalidad. Para la misma se utilizó el método estándar de referencia usado en las evaluaciones realizadas por los consultores. Dicho método se basa en los criterios diagnósticos para los trastornos de personalidad, tomados de la cuarta edición revisada del Manual diagnóstico y estadístico de los trastornos mentales (DSM IV-TR), el cuestionario de tamizaje del Examen Internacional de los trastornos de la personalidad (IPDE-S), y el Inventario de los trastornos de la personalidad en Jamaica (JPDI). RESULTADOS: Los tres instrumentos de evaluación identificaron una prevalencia de los trastornos de la personalidad en la cohorte de pacientes, de 21% con la evaluación DSM IV-TR de los consultores, 28% con el JPDI, y 70% con el tamizaje del IPDE-S. La tasa de prevalencia identificada por el IPDE-S, fue significativamente mayor que la de los instrumentos locales usados (p < 0.000). CONCLUSIONES: La prevalencia de los trastornos de la personalidad, evaluada por el inventario JPDI y el tamizaje del IPDE-S, así como por los instrumentos DSM IV-TR de los consultores en Jamaica, es significativamente mayor que la tasa de prevalencia en los estudios de otros países.