Implications of Safe Street Foods in Dhaka City: An Opinion

Street foods play an important role in large group of economic people in the Dhaka city. And it is also the major source of income for floating vendors. Huge numbers of vendors sell dishes, snacks, fruits, and beverages in the megacity of Dhaka. The objective of this article is to promote and maintain the hygienic environment of selling street foods among vendors in Dhaka city. Contaminated foods cause various kinds of diarrheal diseases. To prevent this contagious disease food safety needs much more awareness. To ascertain safe street foods, the government and non-government organizations should implement rules and regulations strictly and appropriate programmes should be conducted. The various facets of street foods available in Dhaka city have been briefly described in the present article.

Principales agentes etiológicos de las enfermedades diarreicas agudas infantiles en Chimborazo, Ecuador / Main etiological agents of childhood acute diarrheal diseases in Chimborazo, Ecuador

Las enfermedades diarreicas constituyen la principal causa de morbimortalidad en niños menores de cinco años, con alrededor de 1.700 millones de casos y 1,5 millones de muertes por año a nivel mundial. Para el año 2010, en la Sierra de Ecuador se registró un alto porcentaje de infantes fallecidos a causa de enfermedades diarreicas agudas (EDA), incluyendo la provincia de Chimborazo; mientras que, para el año 2016, se registraron en Ecuador 590.523 casos de EDA, siendo más afectados los niños de sectores de mayor pobreza. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo en pacientes pediátricos con episodios diarreicos que acudieron a centros de salud de los cantones rurales de la provincia Chimborazo. Se realizó análisis coprológico y coproparasitológico en 258 muestras; se identificaron bacterias enteropatógenas mediante pruebas bioquímicas y de susceptibilidad antimicrobiana, se realizó diagnóstico parasitológico mediante análisis macroscópico y microscópico y para detección de virus se emplearon pruebas inmunológicas. Se observó un mayor número de casos de EDA en los cantones Alausí (50%) y Chunchi (19%). De los pacientes con EDA, los rotavirus son el principal agente etiológico aislado (24,8%), seguido por Shigella (17,8%); mientras que Giardia intestinalis (8,5%) y Salmonella (10,1%) son los microorganismos que se aislaron con menor frecuencia en las muestras. Los resultados del presente estudio, permiten tener un panorama etiológico de las EDA en la provincia de Chimborazo y contribuir en la vigilancia epidemiológica, ejecución de programas sanitarios y de vacunación, para disminuir la vulnerabilidad de la población infantil ante dichas infecciones(AU)

Diarrheal diseases are the main cause of morbidity and mortality in children under five years of age, with around 1.7 billion cases and 1.5 million deaths per year worldwide. For the year 2010, in the Sierra de Ecuador a high percentage of infants died due to acute diarrheal diseases (ADD), including the province of Chimborazo; while, for the year 2016, 590,523 cases of ADD were registered in Ecuador, with children from the poorest sectors being more affected. A descriptive study was carried out in pediatric patients with diarrheal episodes who attended health centers in the rural cantons of Chimborazo province. Coprological and coproparasitological analysis was performed on 258 samples; Enteropathogenic bacteria were identified by biochemical and antimicrobial susceptibility tests, a parasitological diagnosis was made by macroscopic and microscopic analysis, and immunological tests were used to detect viruses. A greater number of ADD cases was observed in the Alausí (50%) and Chunchi (19%) cantons. Of patients with ADD, rotaviruses are the main etiological agent isolated (24.8%), followed by Shigella (17.8%); while Giardia intestinalis (8.5%) and Salmonella (10.1%) are the microorganisms that were isolated less frequently in the samples. The results of this study allow us to have an etiological panorama of EDA in the province of Chimborazo and contribute to epidemiological surveillance, execution of health and vaccination programs, to reduce the vulnerability of the child population to these infections(AU)

Statistical control charts to assess the incidence of presumably infectious diarrhea reported between 2009 and 2019 in children under 4 years of age in the macro regions of Araçatuba, Marília and Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil / Gráficos de control estadístico para evaluar la incidencia de diarrea presumiblemente infecciosa notificada entre 2009 y 2019 en niños menores de 4 años en las macro regiones de Araçatuba, Marília y Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brasil

Abstract Objective. To evaluate the monthly rates of hospitalizations for childhood diarrhea in macro-regions of Araçatuba, Marília and Presidente Prudente, SP, between 2019 -June Between June 2009. Methods. The average rates and their standard deviations for admission of diarrhea in the target population were obtained from DATASUS and standardized for cases x 100,000 inhabitants. Confidence limits were established, occurrences above confidence limits were considered epidemic events. The normality of the data and serial autocorrelation were tested using the Shapiro-Wilk and Durbin-Watson method. Results. All methods detected epidemic occurrences in the three regions. Araçatuba and Marília, the peaks were concentrated in the first half of the decade and Presidente Prudente, close to the middle. The CUSUM method was more sensitive to detect epidemic periods, however the normality data and assumptions have been violated by serial autocorrelation in a few months. The EWMA method was considered the most appropriate. Conclusions. Statistical process control charts can be used to monitor and compare disease incidence between different regions.

Resumen Objetivo. Evaluar las tasas mensuales de hospitalizaciones por diarrea infantil en las macrorregiones de Araçatuba, Marília y Presidente Prudente, SP, entre entre Junio 2009 -Junio 2019. Métodos. Las tasas medias y sus desviaciones estándar de ingreso de diarrea en la población diana se obtuvieron de DATASUS y se estandarizaron para casos x 100.000 habitantes. Se establecieron límites de confianza, las ocurrencias por encima de los límites de confianza se consideraron eventos epidémicos. La normalidad de los datos y la autocorrelación en serie se probaron utilizando el método de Shapiro-Wilk y Durbin-Watson. Resultados. Todos los métodos detectaron ocurrencias epidémicas en las tres regiones. Araçatuba y Marília, los picos se concentraron en la primera mitad de la década y Presidente Prudente, cerca de la mitad. El método CUSUM fue más sensible para detectar períodos epidémicos, sin embargo, los datos de normalidad y los supuestos han sido violados por la autocorrelación en serie en unos pocos meses. El método EWMA se consideró el más apropiado. Conclusiones. Los gráficos de control de procesos estadísticos se pueden utilizar para monitorear y comparar la incidencia de enfermedades entre diferentes regiones.

Evaluation of Awareness and Usages of Simple and Processed Water Users Concerning Water Borne Diseases

The study was conducted in Shadman and Shahjamal, Lahore. Theresearch focuses on the awareness and uses of water consumers in the area and its connection with the water-borne diarrheal diseases.In the study, water taken from WASA supply or Private Bore Pumps and Boiled water was taken to be as “Plain”. While “filtered” water was standardized as water either from filterplants or from house-hold filters. “Water-borne diarrheal diseases” are taken as the infectious diseases caused by fecal (animal or human) or chemical contamination of water.This descriptive cross-sectional study utilized systematic random sampling, with a sample size of 100. Each participant was required to fill out a pretested questionnaire. The data collected was examinedby using SPSS(Statistical Package for the Social Sciences)version 16.0.Filtered water consumers included a lower percentage of individuals who had suffered from water-borne infections and were seen to have more knowledge regarding water treatment practices and spread of water-borne illnesses. Contrarily, plain water consumers included a higher percentage of individuals who had suffered from water-borne diarrheal diseases and a lower percentage were aware of water treatment practices and water-borne illnesses.Analytical results display a reduced occurrence of water-borne diarrheal diseases associated with filtrationtreatment of drinking water as compared to consumption of plain, untreated water

Insights into multiple use water enterobacteria from the Brazilian semi-arid: the first approach by pyrosequencing

Thousands of people living in semi-arid regions face problems of drought and loss of water quality. In addition, high incidence of acute diarrheal diseases related to water consumption has been responsible for a high number of deaths and high economic costs for human health. Many of the diseases can be caused by the presence of enterobacteria in reservoirs that serve for multiple purposes. This study aimed to confirm the presence of potentially harmful bacteria, which was highlighted in other articles, and to reveal non-identified genera by culture-dependent methods and pyrosequencing. Twenty-three genera of the Enterobacteriaceae family were detected, with emphasis on Escherichia genus and confirmation of the presence of species such as Salmonella enterica and Enterobacter cloacae. The abundance of heterotrophic prokaryotes and the physical and chemical data show an expected average for this type of environment due to the numbers historically presented in previous articles. The unprecedented detection of the presence of some potentially pathogenic species can alert and raise awareness of the populations that use stored water in the semi-arid regions. Consequently, as a result of the peculiar characteristics of reservoirs under this climate influence, there is a cosmopolitanism of enterobacteria that may be related to the alarming numbers of infections from Waterborne Diseases.

Doenças diarreicas agudas relacionadas ao saneamento básico no Estado de Pernambuco no período de 2008 a 2014 / Acute diarrheal diseases related to basic sanitation in the state of Pernambuco from 2008 to 2014

A doença diarreica aguda (DDA) é a doença que mais aflige a humanidade, ocorrendo anualmente mais de quatro bilhões de casos em todo o mundo: cerca de 1,8 milhões de crianças morrem em decorrência desta doença ou outras provocadas por água inadequada para o consumo humano e por más condições de saneamento. Este estudo analisa a correlação entre número de casos, internações e óbitos por doenças diarreicas agudas com as condições de saneamento básico, além de outras variáveis socioeconômicas, para o Estado de Pernambuco. Foi aplicado o teste de correlação de Spearman ao nível de 5% e 1%. Os dados são provenientes de: i) saneamento - Sistema de Informação de Atenção Básica (SIAB), ii) número e o custo das internações hospitalares - Sistema de Informação Hospitalar (SIH), iii) DDA por município - Sistema de Vigilância Epidemiológica das Doenças Diarreicas Agudas (SIVEP/DDA), e iv) dados populacionais e renda per capita - Instituto de Bibliografia e Estatística (IBGE). Observa-se que houve declínio no número de internações, gastos e óbitos por DDA, e que há correlação significativa e negativa entre o número de internações e de óbitos por DDA e fatores como renda, taxa de analfabetismo, serviço de coleta e lixo, esgotamento sanitário e energia elétrica. Em relação ao percentual de cobertura de atenção básica e de abastecimento de água, notouse uma correlação pouco significativa e positiva. Conclui-se que algumas características socioeconômicas dos municípios, em especial, o saneamento básico tem grande relevância com a DDA e suas consequências.(AU)

Acute diarrheal disease (ADD) is a disease that afflicts more humanity, occurring annually over four billion cases worldwide: about 1.8 million children die from this disease or other caused by inadequate water for human consumption and poor sanitation. This study examines the correlation between number of cases, hospitalizations and deaths from acute diarrheal diseases with basic sanitation, and other socioeconomic variables, for the state of Pernambuco. Spearman correlation test was used at 5% and 1%. The data are derived from: i) sanitation - Primary Care Information System (SIAB), ii) number and cost of hospital admissions - Hospital Information System (SIH), iii) DDA by municipality - Epidemiological Surveillance System Disease diarrheal Agudas (SIVEP / DDA), and iv) population data and per capita income - Institute of Bibliography and Statistics (IBGE). It is observed that there was a decline in the number of admissions, expenses and deaths by DDA, and that there is a significant negative correlation between the number of hospitalizations and deaths by DDA and factors such as income, literacy rate, collection service and waste, sewage health and electricity. Regarding the primary care coverage percentage and water supply, it was noted only a slight positive correlation. We conclude that some socioeconomic characteristics of municipalities, in particular sanitation has great relevance to the DDA and its consequences.(AU)

Molecular Detection of Group A Rotavirus in Children under Five in Urban and Peri-urban Arusha, Tanzania.

Background: Rotavirus gastroenteritis is the leading cause of severe diarrhea in children under the age of five years worldwide. However, very little information is available on Rotavirus status in Tanzania. Aims: The project aimed at investigating Rotavirus infection in Tanzanian children to reflect prevalence post introduction of the Rotarix® virus, which occurred in late 2012. Methods: The study considered prevalence in an urban and peri-urban context in Arusha, Tanzania for children under five. The study involved molecular detection of rotavirus in stool samples using PCR targeting Group A Rotavirus as well as a questionnaire to determine possible contributing factors, such as vaccination status, age, and exclusive breastfeeding to infection. Results: Out of a total of 100 stool samples collected, 37% were positive for Rotavirus. The Fisher’s Exact Test was used to relate conventional PCR test results and various factors associated with Rotavirus positive samples. Household practices of boiling water, as well as parents’/guardians’ knowledge on the Rotavirus vaccine and child vaccination status were significantly (p<0.05) associated with Rotavirus infection. Conclusion: The findings of this study should inform further studies to address the molecular epidemiology of the disease and associated risk factors. In this study we undertook surveillance for molecular detection and characterization of Rotavirus while considering the impact of prevention and control measures, such as vaccinations and uptake of safe practices (i.e., boiling water) on prevalence.

Evaluation of Microbial Load in Oropharyngeal Mucosa from Tannery Workers

BACKGROUND: Animal skin provides an ideal medium for the propagation of microorganisms and it is used like raw material in the tannery and footware industry. The aim of this study was to evaluate and identify the microbial load in oropharyngeal mucosa of tannery employees. METHODS: The health risk was estimated based on the identification of microorganisms found in the oropharyngeal mucosa samples. The study was conducted in a tanners group and a control group. Samples were taken from oropharyngeal mucosa and inoculated on plates with selective medium. In the samples, bacteria were identified by 16S ribosomal DNA analysis and the yeasts through a presumptive method. In addition, the sensitivity of these microorganisms to antibiotics/antifungals was evaluated. RESULTS: The identified bacteria belonged to the families Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonadaceae, Neisseriaceae, Alcaligenaceae, Moraxellaceae, and Xanthomonadaceae, of which some species are considered as pathogenic or opportunistic microorganisms; these bacteria were not present in the control group. Forty-two percent of bacteria identified in the tanners group are correlated with respiratory diseases. Yeasts were also identified, including the following species: Candida glabrata, Candida tropicalis, Candida albicans, and Candida krusei. Regarding the sensitivity test of bacteria identified in the tanners group, 90% showed sensitivity to piperacillin/tazobactam, 87% showed sensitivity to ticarcillin/clavulanic acid, 74% showed sensitivity to ampicillin/sulbactam, and 58% showed sensitivity to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid. CONCLUSION: Several of the bacteria and yeast identified in the oropharyngeal mucosa of tanners have been correlated with infections in humans and have already been reported as airborne microorganisms in this working environment, representing a health risk for workers.

Factores epidemiológicos en lactantes hospitalizados por diarrea aguda / Epidemiological factors in hospitalized infants suffering from acute diarrhea

Se realizó un estudio descriptivo y longitudinal con el propósito de describir la presencia de algunos factores epidemiológicos asociados a las Enfermedades Diarreicas Agudas. Se estudiaron 250 niños menores de 12 meses ingresados por esta causa en el Servicio de Gastroenterología Aguda del Hospital Docente Pediátrico Provincial "Pepe Portilla" de Pinar del Río, durante el período comprendido de Enero a Diciembre del año 2005, utilizando como fuente de información las encuestas realizadas a las madres, además de revisar las historias clínicas de estos casos. Los resultados obtenidos demostraron que la edad menor de 6 meses constituyó un factor de riesgo, no viéndose diferencias importantes en cuanto al sexo. La malnutrición proteico - energética no representó un problema. La escasa administración de Lactancia Materna Exclusiva y las condiciones de la vivienda deficientes fueron otro factor asociado a las diarreas. Para el análisis estadístico utilizamos media porcentual y prueba de hipótesis Chí Cuadrado.

A descriptive and longitudinal study was carried out, aimed at describing the presence of some epidemiological factors associated with acute diarrhoea deseases. A sample of 250 infants under 12 months of age were admitted to Gastroenterology Service a "Pepe Portilla" Provinicial Pediatric Teaching Hospital in inar del Río during January to December 2005, using the surveys done on mothers. The clinical charts of those cases were also reviewed. According to the results obtained it was demostrated that age under 6 months represented a risk factor, no important difference according to sex were observed. The protein-energy malnutrition was not a problem. The poor administration of Exclusive Breast Feeding as well as the poor home conditions were another factor associated to diarrhoea diseases. For the statistical analysis the percentage mean and the Chi square hypothesis test were used.

Enfermedades diarreicas agudas asociadas a rotavirus / Rotavirus associated acute gastroenteritis

Un total de 1163 muestras de heces, fueron recolectadas de niños con enfermedades diarreicas agudas (EDA) menores a 5 años del Hospital Albina Patiño y otros centros de salud de la ciudad de Cochabamba en el período 2001-2002. La infección por rotavirus presentó una prevalencia general del 19 % (220) presentándose en un 24% en pacientes hospitalizados y en el 17% (143) en ambulatorios. Las infecciones por rotavirus se presentaron a lo largo de todo el período de estudio, las frecuencias mas altas de infección se observaron en los meses de invierno: abril (24%), mayo (34%) y junio (28%) y las más bajas (8-15%) en los meses de febrero, agosto y septiembre. El análisis de asociación de la infección por rotavirus. con parámetros climáticos, mostró que los picos más altos de infección. correlacionan con la época mas seca y fría. El mayor número de casos de infección por rotavirus se presentó en niños entre 7-12 meses de edad (36,3%). Los síntomas clínicos más comúnmente asociados a la diarrea rotaviral fueron: la deshidratación moderada. seguida de vómitos, y fiebre, siendo la primera más frecuente en pacientes hospitalizados que ambulatorios. El análisis de la distribución de genotipos G y P mediante el ensayo de reverso trascripción (RT-PCR), reveló la presencia de los genotipos G1 (44%), G2(6%) y P[8] (24%), P[6] (IS%). Se observó una coinfección P[8]P[6] en tres muestras (4%) y asociación del genotipo P[6] con los casos de procedencia ambulatoria. En conjunto estos hallazgos resaltan la importancia del rotavirus como causa de las EDA y permiten inferir que las vacunas anti-rotavirales actualmente vigentes, brindarían protección contra las cepas circulantes encontradas en la ciudad de Cochabamba.

In the period of 2001-2002, a total of 1163 fecal samples were collected from children less than five years of age with diarrhea, at the Hospital Albina Patiño and other health centers in Cochabamba city. Rotavirus infection general prevalence was 19 % (220), distributed among hospitalized children 24% (77) and outpatients 17% (143). Rotavirus infections were observed along the whole study period, with highest prevalence in coldest months: April (24 %), May (34%) and June (28%) and lowest frequencies (8-15%) in February, August, and September. Major rotavirus outbreak was significantly associated with the driest and colder season. The highest percentage of rotavirus infections (36,3%) was found among children between 7-12 months of age. Moderate dehydration, vomits and fever were the clinical symptoms more frequently associated with rotavirus acute gastroenteritis, being dehydration more cornmon in hospitalized patients. The distribution of' P and G genotypes analyzed by RT-PCR was: G1 (44%), G2 (6%), P[8] (24%) and P4 (15%). A co-infection P[8]P[6] was observed in 3 samples (4%). Genotype P[6] was found associated to outpatients. These findings, highlight that rotavirus is an important cause of acute gastroenteritis and that any of the currently available vaccines would potentially be protective against circulating strains found in the city of Cochabamba.