Relación entre ingesta dietética y estado nutricional del hierro en mujeres chilenas en edad fértil de una comunidad universitaria

RESUMEN Propósito: Relacionar la ingesta dietaria de hierro con el estado nutricional de éste en una muestra de mujeres en edad fértil de Santiago de Chile. Método: A 51 mujeres entre 18 - 35 años se aplicó una Encuesta de Tendencia de Consumo para estimar el aporte de hierro dietario, junto con la medición de los biomarcadores bioquímicos a modo de determinar el estado de los depósitos de hierro. Mediante prueba estadística de Mann-Whitney se analizaron diferencias significativas entre los grupos según estado nutricional del hierro y sus parámetros sanguíneos. Resultados: Treinta y siete de las participantes (72,5%) no cumple con la ingesta recomendada de hierro diario. Dos de las mujeres presentaron anemia, 2 deficiencia de hierro sin anemia y 12 tenía los depósitos de hierro depletados. Tres de las mujeres que presentaron depósitos deficientes tuvieron una ingesta de hierro adecuada, mientras que el 71% de las mujeres con depósitos normales presentaron una ingesta de hierro insuficiente. Conclusiones: Hay un bajo cumplimiento de los requerimientos diarios de hierro y no se observan mejores valores hematológicos a mayor ingesta de hierro, a pesar de presentar un alto porcentaje con depósitos normales de hierro. Se requiere mayor análisis de la alimentación de este grupo de la población para identificar el tipo de hierro que se está aportando principalmente y si hay otros factores dietarios y no dietarios afectando los depósitos de hierro.

ABSTRACT Objectives: To relate dietary intake of iron with iron status in a sample of women of childbearing age from Santiago de Chile. Methods: A Food Frequency Survey was applied to 51 women between 18 - 35 years of age to estimate intake of dietary iron, together with the measurement of biochemical biomarkers to determine iron stores. Using the Mann-Whitney statistical test, significant differences were analyzed between the groups according to nutritional status of iron and its blood parameters. Results: Thirty seven of the participants (72.5%) do not meet the recommended daily iron intake. Two had anemia, 2 had iron deficiency without anemia, and twelve had depleted iron stores. Three women with deficient iron stores had an adequate iron intake, while 71% of women with normal iron stores showed an insufficient iron intake. Conclusions: We observed a low compliance with the daily iron requirements and no better hematological values were associated with higher iron intake, despite a high percentage of women with normal iron stores. To identify the type of iron mainly contributed by the diet and if there are other dietary and non-dietary factors affecting iron stores, further analysis of this population group is required.

Estado nutricional, hábitos de alimentación y de estilo de vida en vegetarianos de Asunción y Gran Asunción, Paraguay / Nutritional status, eating habits and lifestyle factors among vegetarians from Asunción and Great Asunción, Paraguay

RESUMEN Una dieta vegetariana se define por la exclusión total o parcial de alimentos de origen animal. Cuando es planificada adecuadamente puede prevenir y tratar enfermedades. Sin embargo, una dieta restrictiva en ciertos alimentos debe ser evaluada. El propósito de esta investigación fue describir parámetros antropométricos, hábitos de alimentación y de estilo de vida en ovo-lácteo-vegetarianos y veganos y explorar diferencias en la ingesta de nutrientes críticos entre ambos grupos. Estudio descriptivo de corte transversal, realizado en ovo-lácteo-vegetarianos y veganos de Asunción, Paraguay, durante el 2015. Se evaluaron parámetros antropométricos,, ingesta y hábitos de estilo de vida saludable. Participaron 17 ovo-lácteo-vegetarianos y 14 veganos. El 67,7 % (n= 21) se encontró normopeso, el 29 % (n= 9) presentó exceso de peso, y el 3,2% (n=1) bajo peso. Se presentó una ingesta inferior a los requerimientos en energía, carbohidratos, proteínas y grasas en ambos grupos de vegetarianos, e ingesta muy limitada de calcio y vitamina B12 en veganos. Las mujeres presentaron ingesta muy por debajo de las recomendaciones para hierro y calcio. Ninguna mujer vegana cumplió con la recomendación dietaria de vitamina B12. Al comparar grupos, se hallaron diferencias significativas en proteínas, calcio (menor consumo en veganos) y fibra (menor en ovo-lácteo-vegetarianos). La suplementación con vitaminas y suplementos también fue muy baja. Los resultados resaltan la importancia de una evaluación constante de la ingesta de nutrientes en una dieta vegetariana, a modo de evitar deficiencias o excesos, y la insoslayable tarea del nutricionista para el asesoramiento alimentario-nutricional a los individuos que expresen interés en adoptar este tipo de dieta.

ABSTRACT A vegetarian diet is defined by the total or partial exclusion of foods of animal origin. When properly planned it can prevent and treat disease. However, a restrictive diet in certain foods must be evaluated. The purpose of this research was to describe anthropometric parameters, eating and lifestyle habits of lacto-ovo-vegetarians and vegans, and to explore differences in critical nutrient intake between both groups. We conducted a descriptive cross-sectional study, carried out among lacto-ovo-vegetarians and vegans in the city of Asunción, Paraguay, during 2015. Anthropometric parameters,, intake and healthy lifestyle habits were evaluated. Seventeen lacto-ovo-vegetarians and 14 vegans participated. 67.7% (n= 21) were normal weight, 29.1% (n= 9) were overweight, and 3.2% (n= 1) were underweight. There was an intake lower than the requirements in terms of energy, carbohydrates, proteins and fats in both groups of vegetarians, and very limited intake of calcium and vitamin B12 in vegans. Women particularly had intake well below the recommendations for iron and calcium. No woman on a vegan diet met the dietary recommendation for vitamin B12. When comparing groups, significant differences were found in terms of protein and calcium, (lower consumption in vegans), fiber (lower in lacto-ovo-vegetarians). Vitamin supplementation was also very low. The results highlight the importance of constant evaluation of nutrient intake in a vegetarian diet in order to avoid deficiencies or excesses, and the very important work of the nutritionist for food and nutritional advice for individuals who express interest in adopting this type of diet.

The Association between Maternal Dietary Iron Intake during the First Trimester of Pregnancy with Pregnancy Outcomes and Pregnancy-Related Complications

Knowledge, attitude and practice towards dietary iron among patients with thalassemia and their caregivers in Peninsular Malaysia

@#Introduction: Thalassemias are the most common human monogenic disorders in the world. Regular blood transfusion and increased intestinal absorption of iron among thalassemia patients will lead to iron overload, which will not only markedly decrease their life expectancy but also pose a heavy burden to the healthcare system. The objective of this study was to evaluate the level of knowledge, attitude and practice towards dietary iron among thalassemia patients and their caregivers. Methods: An analytical cross-sectional study using purposive sampling method was conducted at eight thalassemia societies in Peninsular Malaysia. 260 respondents comprised of patients and caregivers were assessed with two separate sets of questionnaires. Results: Knowledge on dietary iron among the respondents was unsatisfactory, despite them having good knowledge on thalassemia disorder. Female patients were found to have better dietary knowledge, attitude and practice compared to males. The percentage of caregivers with good attitude and good practice were significantly higher compared to adult patients. Caregivers with children on iron chelators were noted to have better dietary attitude and practice. Thalassemia knowledge and children on vitamins were found to be the predictors of dietary knowledge among the patients and caregivers respectively. Conclusion: The level of knowledge on dietary iron among the patients and caregivers was unsatisfactory in spite of their attitude and practice towards dietary iron were good. Effective delivery of dietary information to the patients and caregivers is essential to enable them to choose a healthy diet for their condition.

Development and validation of a dietary iron score for screening populations at risk for inadequate iron intake

@#Introduction: Inadequate iron intake is a determinant of iron deficiency. A simplified tool for dietary assessment is needed. This study aimed to develop a dietary iron scoring system (DISS) and to determine the validity of the dietary iron score (DIS) for screening populations at risk for inadequate iron intake. Methods: A three-step process was undertaken to develop the DISS, namely (1) iron score (IS) for each food was constructed based on its iron content per 100 g, adjusted for heme content equivalence; (2) the predicted modifying effect (PME) was formulated based on either enhancing or inhibiting effects of dietary constituents; (3) the DIS of a meal was obtained by multiplying the total IS and the PME of that meal. The validity of the DIS for screening populations at risk for inadequate iron intake was determined against absorbable iron calculated by the Hallberg & Hulthen algorithm. A probability of adequacy of absorbable iron intake of 0.75 was used as a cutoff in defining the population at risk. Results: There was a significant correlation between the absorbable iron and DIS (r=0.34, p<0.001). Using the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve , three cutoffs of DIS, namely 5, 6 and 7, had comparable results. However, sensitivity (82.9%) and specificity (50.0%) was the best for DIS cutoff of 7. Conclusion: The proposed DISS is potentially a field-friendly tool for screening populations at risk for inadequate iron intake. Further verifications are needed, using more complete dietary data.

Hierro corporal en donantes habituales de un banco de sangre de Medellín-Colombia / Body iron in repetitive donors of a blood bank from Medellìn-Colombia

Introducción: en donantes de sangre es importante conocer el hierro circulante, almacenado y funcional; tradicionalmente solo se incluye la medición de hemoglobina. Objetivo: describir el comportamiento del estado del hierro en donantes habituales según las características demográficas e ingesta de hierro y su relación con la ferritina, la hemoglobina y la hemoglobina reticulocitaria. Métodos: estudio descriptivo transversal que incluyó 70 donantes habituales del Banco de Sangre de la Universidad de Antioquia, seleccionados al azar. Se evaluaron la ferritina, el eritrograma, la hemoglobina reticulocitaria, el estudio coprológico, la actividad física y el consumo de hierro. Se calcularon medidas de resumen, frecuencias y se utilizaron las siguientes pruebas estadísticas t Student, U de Mann Withney, H de Kruskal Wallis, Anova y correlaciones, con un nivel de significación de p<0.05. Resultados: el 60 % de los donantes fueron mujeres y la edad promedio fue 33 años. El promedio de los parámetros eritrocitarios evaluados estuvo dentro de los valores de referencia; 14,3 % (n=10) presentaron ferropenia y 76,9 % (n=50) bajo consumo de hierro/día. Los hombres evidenciaron valores más altos para recuento de eritrocitos, hemoglobina, hematocrito, constantes corpusculares y ferritina. Los adolescentes (18-20 años) tuvieron valores más bajos de ingesta, reticulocitos y ancho de distribución eritrocitaria. La ferritina se correlacionó con la hemoglobina, hemoglobina corpuscular media, concentración de hemoglobina corpuscular media, ancho de distribución eritrocitaria y hemoglobina reticulocitaria. Conclusiones : se evidenciaron adecuados mecanismos reguladores del metabolismo del hierro con eritropoyesis eficiente y se sugieren estudios para evaluar aspectos nutricionales en los donantes y factibilidad de la determinación de ferritina en donantes habituales para verificar reservas adecuadas que compensen las pérdidas de sangre por la donación.

Introduction: in blood donors it is important to determine circulated, stored and functional iron; traditionally hemoglobin is the unique measurement included. Objective: we intended to describe the behavior of iron in repetitive donors according to demographic characteristics as well as iron intake, and its relation to ferritin, hemoglobin and reticulocyte hemoglobin. Methods: cross-sectional study of 70 repetitive donors at the University of Antioquía Blood Bank, selected at random. Ferritin, eritrogram, reticulocyte hemoglobin, stool, physical activity and iron dietary were evaluated. Summary measures and frequencies were calculated and the following tests were used: T Student, U of Mann Whitney, H of Kruskal Wallis, Anova and correlations in SPSS. Results: 60% of donors were women and the mean age was 33 years old. The median of the erythrocyte parameters evaluated was within reference values; 14,3 % (n = 10) showed iron deficiency and 76,9 % (n = 50) had low iron intake/day. Men got higher values for erythrocyte count, hemoglobin, hematocrit, corpuscular constants and ferritin. Teenagers (18 - 20 years old) had lower values in intake, reticulocytes and red blood cell distribution width. Ferritin correlated to hemoglobin, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, red blood cell distribution width and reticulocyte hemoglobin. Conclusion: adequate regulatory mechanisms of iron metabolism with efficient erythropoiesis were evident and we suggest further studies to evaluate nutritional aspects of the blood donors and the feasibility of ferritin determination in regular donors in order to verify adequate reserves to compensate blood caused by donation.

Consumo de hierro en adultos de Medellín, según aspectos sociodemográficos, 2012 / Iron Intake in Adults from Medellin According to Demographics, 2012 / Consumo de ferro em adultos de Medellín, segundo aspectos sócio-demográficos, 2012

Objetivos: Analizar el consumo de hierro en adultos sanos de Medellín según aspectos demográficos y su correlación con la hemoglobina. Materiales y métodos: Estudio transversal correlativo en 109 sujetos. Se aplicó una encuesta semicuantitativa de frecuencia de consumo de alimentos fuente de hierro teniendo en cuenta la frecuencia del consumo y la porción. Se calcularon medidas de resumen y frecuencias, U de Mann Withney, H de Kruskal Wallis, Anova y correlación de Spearman, empleando SPSS versión 20.0 y se consideró un nivel de significación estadística de 0,05. Resultados: La edad promedio fue 32 años, 64,2% eran del sexo femenino, 81,6% con estudios técnicos o universitarios, 29,3% estudiantes y 43,9% de estrato social bajo. Se halló un consumo diario de 12,3 mg/día en promedio, 61% proveniente de hierro no hem. El hierro total consumido fue estadísticamente más alto en desempleados que en trabajadores, estudiantes y amas de casa. Al igual que el consumo de hierro hem en individuos con posgrado. No se observaron diferencias significativas al comparar el consumo de hierro por sexo, estrato, grupo etario y cuantificación de hemoglobina. Conclusiones: La baja ingesta del hierro no se ve influenciada por el sexo ni por el grupo etario, pero sí por ocupación y escolaridad, y es un factor que no permite disminuir las prevalencias de deficiencia de hierro y otros micronutrientes. Se requiere implementar más y mejores estrategias de educación nutricional y de aumento de la disponibilidad, la producción y el consumo de alimentos seguros.

Objectives: To analyze the iron intake in healthy adults of Medellín according to demographics, and to determine the association between the consumption of iron and hemoglobin in this population. Materials and methods: Cross-sectional study in 109 subjects. We applied a semiquantitative survey of food consumption frequency source of iron given the frequency of consumption and portion. Summary measures, frequencies, Mann Whitney, Kruskal Wallis ANOVA and Spearman correlation were calculated. We used SPSS version 20.0, considering a significance level of 0.05. Results: The mean age subjects was 32, 64.2% were female, 81.6% with technical or university studies, 29.3% students and 43.9% of low socioeconomic status. We found a daily intake of 12.3 mg/day on average, 61% from non-heme iron. The total iron consumed was statistically higher in unemployed subjects than in workers, students and housewives. The heme iron intake was statistically higher in individuals with graduate. No statistically significant differences were observed when comparing iron consumption by sex, age group and hemoglobin. Conclusions: The low intake of iron is not influenced by sex or age group, but by occupation and education, and is a factor that cannot reduce the prevalence of iron and other micronutrients deficiencies. It requires to implement more and better strategies for nutrition education and increased availability, production and consumption of safe food.

Objetivos: analisar o consumo de ferro em adultos sãos de Medellín segundo aspectos demográficos e sua correlação com a hemoglobina. Materiais e métodos: estudo transversal correlativo em 109 sujeitos. Aplicou-se uma enquete semiquantitativa de frequência de consumo de alimentos fonte de ferro tendo em conta a frequência do consumo e a porção. Calcularam-se medidas de resumo e frequências, U de Mann Withney, H de Kruskal Wallis, Anova y correlação de Spearman. O anterior empregando SPSS versão 20.0, considerando um nível de significação estadística de 0,05. Resultados: a idade média foi 32 anos, 64,2% eram de gênero feminino, 81,6% com estudos técnicos ou universitários, 29,3% estudantes e 43,9 de estrato social baixo. Achou-se um consumo diário de 12,3mg/dia em média, 61% proveniente de ferro não-heme. O ferro total consumido foi estadisticamente maior em desempregados que em trabalhadores, estudantes e donas de casa. O consumo de ferro heme foi estadisticamente superior em indivíduos com pós-graduação. Não se observaram diferenças estadisticamente significativas ao comparar o consumo de ferro por gênero, estrato, grupo etário e quantificação de hemoglobina. Conclusões: a baixa ingestão do ferro não está influenciada pelo gênero nem o grupo etário, mas sim por ocupação e escolaridade, e é um fator que não permite diminuir as prevalências de deficiência de ferro e outros micronutrientes. Requere-se implementar mais e melhores estratégias de educação nutricional e de aumento da disponibilidade, a produção e o consumo de alimentos seguros.

Efecto del consumo de casabe venezolano sobre la absorción de minerales en un modelo experimental con ratas / Effect of consumption of Venezuelan casabe on mineral absorption in a experimental model with rats

El principal producto derivado de la yuca en Venezuela es el casabe, el cual es valorado por su contenido calórico, riqueza en Fibra Dietética (FD) y minerales. En este estudio se determinó el efecto del consumo de diferentes variedades de casabe venezolano sobre la absorción de hierro, cobre y zinc, en un modelo experimental, con 20 ratas machos adultas, cepa Sprague Dawley, las cuales fueron divididas en 4 grupos: un control sin fibra y tres grupos experimentales en los que se sustituyó el almidón de maíz por una variedad de casabe, identificados por su procedencia como: “Casabe Miranda”, “Casabe Sucre” y “Casabe Amazonas”. Las dietas con inclusión de casabe tuvieron un mayor contenido mineral, en comparación con la dieta control. El contenido de FD total y su fracción soluble fueron significativamente mayores en las variedades de casabe Sucre y Amazonas (p<0,05). La inclusión de casabe a las dietas produjo un incremento significativo en la excreción fecal de hierro y cobre(p<0,05). La absorción de los minerales se incrementó para el hierro en las variedades Miranda (3,5%) y Sucre (6%); para el cobre en el grupo Amazonas (32%); mientras que el Zinc fue menos afectado en su absorción a lo largo del ensayo. Los resultados de este estudio señalan que el efecto de la adición de casabe a las dietas sobre la absorción de hierro, cobre y zinc, fue diferente para cada mineral y estuvo relacionado con la dieta que consumieron los animales, dependiendo de la variedad de casabe utilizada.

The main product from cassava in Venezuela is the Casabe, which is valued for its caloric content, and rich in dietary fiber (DF) and minerals. This study determined the effect of consumption of different varieties of Venezuelan cassava on absorption of iron, cooper and zinc, in an experimental model, with 20 adult males rats, strain Sprague Dawley, which were divided into 4 groups: a control without fiber and three experimental groups with substitution of cornstarch by a variety of casabe, identified by their origin as:“ Casabe Miranda”, “Casabe Sucre” y “Casabe Amazonas”. Casabe diets had a higher mineral content, compared to the control diet. Total and soluble dietary fiber content were significantly higher in Sucre and Amazonas casabe varieties(p<0,05). The inclusion of casabe to diets resulted in a significant increase in the fecal excretion of iron and copper (p<0,05).The mineral absorption increased for iron in Miranda (3.5%) and Sucre (6%) varieties; for copper in the Amazonas group (32%); while the zinc absorption was less affected throughout the trial. The results of this study indicates that the effect of adding casabe to diets on absorption of iron, copper and zinc, was different for each mineral and was related to the diet consumed by the animals, depending of casabe variety used.

Absorção do ferro da fórmula para lactentes e do leite de vaca fortificado: modelo experimental em ratos recém-desmamados / Iron absorption from infant formula and iron-fortified cow's milk: experimental model in weanling rats

OBJETIVO: Comparar a absorção do ferro da fórmula de partida e do leite de vaca integral fortificado. MÉTODOS: Foram utilizados 24 ratos machos Wistar recém-desmamados, mantidos em gaiolas metabólicas durante todo o período do experimento (10 dias). No primeiro dia, os animais foram distribuídos em três grupos semelhantes quanto ao peso, comprimento, hematócrito e hemoglobina: 1) fórmula de partida para lactentes; 2) leite de vaca integral em pó fortificado com a mesma quantidade e tipo de sal de ferro da fórmula; e 3) controle - leite de vaca integral em pó não fortificado com ferro. Água e dieta foram oferecidas ad libitum com mensuração do volume consumido. Peso, hematócrito e hemoglobina foram mensurados no quinto e no 10º dia do experimento, quando foram analisados também comprimento, sangue oculto nas fezes e teor de ferro hepático. RESULTADOS: O grupo 1 ingeriu menor volume de dieta (450,5±26,50 mL) que os grupos 2 (658,8±53,73 mL) e controle (532,7±19,06 mL; p < 0,001). As concentrações de hemoglobina foram maiores (p < 0,001) no grupo 1 (12,1±1,13 g/dL) que nos grupos 2 (9,6±1,59 g/dL) e controle (6,2±0,97 g/dL). O teor de ferro hepático apresentou o mesmo comportamento da hemoglobina (p < 0,001). Não foi observada diferença de peso e comprimento nos três grupos (p = 0,342). Não foi detectado sangue oculto nas fezes de nenhum dos animais. CONCLUSÕES: Apesar do menor volume ingerido, o grupo que recebeu fórmula apresentou maior absorção de ferro e concentração de hemoglobina que o grupo que recebeu leite de vaca integral fortificado. O crescimento foi semelhante nos três grupos.

OBJECTIVE: To compare iron absorption from infant formula and iron-fortified cow's milk. METHODS: Twenty-four weanling Wistar rats were maintained in metabolic cages during the whole experiment (10 days). On the first day, the animals were divided into three similar groups according to their weight, length, hematocrit and hemoglobin levels: 1) infant formula; 2) powdered whole cow's milk fortified with iron in the same quantity and type as the formula; 3) control - powdered whole cow's milk not fortified with iron. Deionized water and diet were offered ad libitum, and the volume consumed was measured. Weight, hematocrit, and hemoglobin levels were measured on the fifth and 10th days when length, fecal occult blood, and hepatic iron levels were also analyzed. RESULTS: Group 1 consumed less diet (450.5±26.50 mL) than group 2 (658.8±53.73 mL) and control group (532.7±19.06 mL, p < 0.001). Hemoglobin levels were higher (p < 0.001) in group 1 (12.1±1.13 g/dL) than in group 2 (9.6±1.59 g/dL) and in control group (6.2±0.97 g/dL). Hepatic iron level showed the same pattern as hemoglobin (p < 0.001). There was no difference in weight and length between the three groups (p = 0.342). There was no fecal occult blood in the any of the animals. CONCLUSIONS: Despite the lower volume consumed, the group that received formula presented higher iron absorption and hemoglobin levels than the group fed with fortified whole cow's milk. Growth was similar in the three groups.

Pigmentaciones negras extrínsecas y su asociación con caries dental en niños con dentición mixta / Extrinsic black pigmentation and its association with dental caries in children with mixed dentition

El presente estudio tuvo como propósito conocer la asociación entre la presencia de pigmentaciones negras extrínsecas en superficies dentarias y la frecuencia de caries dental en niños con dentición mixta del Servicio de Odontopediatría del Hospital Central Fuerza Aérea del Perú (n=185), de los cuales el 6,49% (12 niños) presentaban dichas pigmentaciones. Para el análisis de los datos se emplearon frecuencias, porcentajes, medidas de tendencia central, medidas de dispersión, Chi-cuadrado y para conocer la asociación se empleó la prueba U de Mann Whitney. Al analizar la asociación entre las pigmentaciones negras extrínsecas y la frecuencia de caries dental, los resultados mostraron en los niños que presentaban dichas pigmentaciones un CEO+CPO de 1,33±1,07; mientras que los niños que no presentaban dichas pigmentaciones negras extrínseca sun CEO+CPO de 3,39±2,39. Sobre la base del análisis estadístico se concluye que el CEO+CPO en los niños con pigmentaciones negras extrínsecas fue menor que el CEO+CPO en los niños que no tenían dichas pigmentaciones siendo esta diferencia estadísticamente significativa con un p=0,001. Cabe resaltar que se encontró asociación entre la presencia de estas pigmentaciones y el consumo de suplementos dietéticos a base de fierro siendo estadísticamente significativa con un p=0,027.

The aim of the present study was to explore the association between the presence of extrinsic black stains on tooth surfaces and ithe frequency of dental caries in children from the Pediatric Clinic of the Peruvian Air Force Central Hospital (n=185). Among the children studied, 6,49% (12 children) presented those pigmentations. For the analysis of the data, frequencies, percentages, measures of central tendency, measures of dispersion and Chi-square were used and to explore the association Mann-Whitney U test was used, processed and analyzed using SPSS version 12 program. After the analysis of the relationship between the extrinsic black stains and the frequency of dental caries, the results showed that in children presenting such pigmentations the DMF+def index was of 1.33±1.07, while in children who did not present such black extrinsic pigmentations a DMF+def of 3.39±2.39 was found. Based on the statistical analysis it is concluded that the DMF+def in children with extrinsic black stains was lower than the DMF+def on children who had not such pigmentations and this difference was statistically significant with p=0.001. It is worth mentioning that an association found between the presence of these pigmentations and consumption of dietary supplements based on iron was statistically significant with p=0.027.

Efetividade da suplementação semanal com ferro sobre a concentração de hemoglobina, estado nutricional e o desenvolvimento de lactentes em creches do Recife, Pernambuco, Brasil / Effectiveness of weekly iron supplementation on hemoglobin concentration, nutritional status and development of infants of public daycare centers in Recife, Pernambuco State, Brazil

Esse estudo teve como objetivo investigar a efetividade da suplementação semanal de ferro na concentração de hemoglobina, no estado nutricional e no desenvolvimento mental e motor de lactentes em quatro creches municipais do Recife, Pernambuco, Brasil. O estudo consistiu de uma intervenção do tipo antes-depois realizada com suplementação semanal com ferro por seis meses, em uma amostra de 76 crianças com idade entre 4 e 24 meses, no período de fevereiro a dezembro de 2005. Os desenvolvimentos mental e motor foram avaliados pela Escala de Desenvolvimento Infantil de Bayley II. Após a suplementação observou-se um aumento significante na concentração de hemoglobina, apenas no grupo de lactentes com hemoglobina inicial < 9,5g/dL (p = 0,001). Para o índice peso/comprimento também se verificou um incremento significante da média de escore z, no entanto, ocorreu o oposto para o índice comprimento/idade. Não se observou diferença nos índices de desenvolvimento. Conclui-se que a suplementação semanal de ferro foi efetiva elevando a hemoglobina nos lactentes com níveis iniciais mais baixos, não se observando impacto no desenvolvimento infantil.

This study analyzed the effectiveness of weekly iron supplementation on hemoglobin concentration, nutritional status, and mental and motor development of infants at four public daycare centers in Recife, Pernambuco State, Brazil. This was a before-after intervention study conducted with weekly iron supplementation for six months in a sample of 76 infants in the 4 to 24 month age group, from February to December 2005. Mental and motor development was assessed through the Bayley Scale of Infant Development II. After supplementation, a significant increase was observed in hemoglobin concentration in the group of infants with initial hemoglobin level < 9.5g/dL (p = 0.001). There was also a significant increase in the mean weight-for-length z-score, but the opposite was found for length-for-age. No difference was observed in the developmental indices. We conclude that weekly iron supplementation was effective for increasing hemoglobin concentration in infants with lower initial levels, but no impact on infant development was observed.

A Study on Nutrient Intake Status and Food Sources of Iron by Dietary Iron Density of High School Girls in Seoul

This study was conducted to examine nutrient intake status and iron food sources by dietary iron density of high school girls in Seoul. The subjects of 226 girls were divided into High group (> or = 6 mg/1,000 kcal, N = 115) and Low group (< 6 mg/1,000 kcal, N = 111) by dietary iron density. The nutrient intake data obtained by 24-hour recall method were analyzed by Can pro 3.0 software. Mean age of all subjects was 16.4 years old, heights and weights of High group and Low group were 164.5 cm, 53.4 kg and 161.7 cm, 51.7 kg, respectively. The body mass index (BMI) of High group and Low group was 20.5 kg/m2 and 19.8 kg/m2, respectively. Most nutrient intakes except energy and lipid intakes of High group were higher than those of Low group. High group showed significantly higher intakes of total iron, vegetable iron and animal iron than Low group. Ca and folate intakes of High group were under 75% of the recommended intake (RI) and Ca, iron, folate and vitamin C intakes of Low group were under 65% of RI. The percentage of subjects who consumed iron less than estimated average requirements (EAR) were 40.0% in High group and 77.5% in Low group. Total food intakes of High group showed higher than that of Low group. Total animal food intakes were significantly higher and total vegetable food intakes were significantly lower in Low group than those of High group. Iron intake from meats, fishes, shell fishes and seasonings were significantly higher in High group than Low group. Iron intake from milk and dairy products were significantly lower in High group than Low group. Major food sources of iron were rice, bean curd, pork, and egg in order among both groups.

Relationship between Serum pro-hepcidin Concentration and Body Iron Status in Female College Students

Hepcidin, a peptide hormone synthesized mainly by the liver, has been implicated as a key regulator of iron homeostasis. Results from studies with experimental animal models suggested that hepcidin levels are related with body iron status, but little data is available in human subjects. This study was conducted to determine the relationship between serum pro-hepcidin levels, blood indexes of anemia, and dietary iron intake in female college students. Serum pro-hepcidin concentrations were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in eighty-two women with 22.1 +/- 0.2 years old. Dietary intake data were collected by using the 24-hour recall method for 3 days. Mean concentrations of serum prohepcidin were 85.1 ng/ml +/- 6.1 (s.d.) with the range of 13.6 - 295.7 ng/ml. The median value of serum pro-hepcidin in the study subjects was 70.3 ng/ml. Serum pro-hepcidin concentrations were positively correlated with hemoglobin concentrations(r = 0.273, p = 0.013), and also with hematocrit (r = 0.291, p = 0.008). To examine whether the level of dietary iron intake affects serum pro-hepcidin levels, study subjects were divided into two groups according to the amounts of daily iron intake. Serum pro-hepcidin concentrations were 22% lower in groups with low iron intake ( 10.1 mg/day). In conclusion, these data, as in agreement with findings in mice, suggest that hepcidin plays an important role in regulating iron metabolism in the human body.

Nutritional Status of Iron of Elderly in Jeon-Ju Area / 대한지역사회영양학회지

The purpose of this study was to assess the nutritional status of iron of the elderly residing in the Jeonju area. The anthropometric parameters, nutrient intake and biochemical status of iron, were measured for 60 Korean elderly(23 elderly men and 37 elderly women aged 60 - 79 years old). The level of hemoglobin(Hb), hematocrint(Hct), serum iron(Fe), total iron binding capacity(TIBC) and serum ferritin(Ferritin) were measured and transferrin saturation(TFsaturation) was calculated. Mean values of Hb, Hct, Fe, TIBC, TFsaturation and Ferritin were 14.49+/-0.93g/dl, 42.47+/-2.59%, 125.48+/-52,.46 microgram/dl, 338.13+/-45.92 microgram/dl, 193.00+/-125.03 microgram/l in elderly men and 12.82+/-0.99 microgram/dl, 37.66+/-2.90%, 100.08+/-42.82 microgram/dl, 356.41+/-54.65 microgram/dl, and 99.35+/-117.22 microgram/l in elderly women, respectively. Prevalence of iron deficiency varied greatly with biochemical indices of iron. It was 13.0% when judged by Fe(60 microgram/dl) and TFsaturation(15%) whereas 34.78% by Hct(41%) in elderly men. However 13.5% of the elderly women showed iron depletion(Ferritin360 microgram/dl). The anemic subjects assessed with TFsaturation(<15%) represented 13.5% of the elderly women, whereas 18.9% of the subjects possessed less than 12g/dl of Hb. The Hb concentration was positively correlated with Hct(r=0.980, p<0.001), Fe(r=0.384, p<0.01) and TFsaturation(r=0.349, p<0.01). On the other hand, Ferritin concentration showed a significantly negative correlation with TIBC(r=0.349, p<0.05) and a positive correlation with TFsaturation(r=0.362, p<0.01). Major food groups of iron intake in the elderly were vegetables, cereals, and fish. The mean daily intake of iron was not significantly different between elderly men and women(12.82mg vs 10.35mg). Intake of heme iron however, was significantly higher(p<0.01) in elderly men(1.03mg) than women(0.42mg). Total absorbable iron caculated by the method of Monsen was 0.55mg, 0.40mg in elderly men and women, respectively and bioavailability of dietary iron 4.29% and 3.87%.

Nutritional Status of Iron of Elderly in Jeon-Ju Area / 대한지역사회영양학회지

The purpose of this study was to assess the nutritional status of iron of the elderly residing in the Jeonju area. The anthropometric parameters, nutrient intake and biochemical status of iron, were measured for 60 Korean elderly(23 elderly men and 37 elderly women aged 60 - 79 years old). The level of hemoglobin(Hb), hematocrint(Hct), serum iron(Fe), total iron binding capacity(TIBC) and serum ferritin(Ferritin) were measured and transferrin saturation(TFsaturation) was calculated. Mean values of Hb, Hct, Fe, TIBC, TFsaturation and Ferritin were 14.49+/-0.93g/dl, 42.47+/-2.59%, 125.48+/-52,.46 microgram/dl, 338.13+/-45.92 microgram/dl, 193.00+/-125.03 microgram/l in elderly men and 12.82+/-0.99 microgram/dl, 37.66+/-2.90%, 100.08+/-42.82 microgram/dl, 356.41+/-54.65 microgram/dl, and 99.35+/-117.22 microgram/l in elderly women, respectively. Prevalence of iron deficiency varied greatly with biochemical indices of iron. It was 13.0% when judged by Fe(60 microgram/dl) and TFsaturation(15%) whereas 34.78% by Hct(41%) in elderly men. However 13.5% of the elderly women showed iron depletion(Ferritin360 microgram/dl). The anemic subjects assessed with TFsaturation(<15%) represented 13.5% of the elderly women, whereas 18.9% of the subjects possessed less than 12g/dl of Hb. The Hb concentration was positively correlated with Hct(r=0.980, p<0.001), Fe(r=0.384, p<0.01) and TFsaturation(r=0.349, p<0.01). On the other hand, Ferritin concentration showed a significantly negative correlation with TIBC(r=0.349, p<0.05) and a positive correlation with TFsaturation(r=0.362, p<0.01). Major food groups of iron intake in the elderly were vegetables, cereals, and fish. The mean daily intake of iron was not significantly different between elderly men and women(12.82mg vs 10.35mg). Intake of heme iron however, was significantly higher(p<0.01) in elderly men(1.03mg) than women(0.42mg). Total absorbable iron caculated by the method of Monsen was 0.55mg, 0.40mg in elderly men and women, respectively and bioavailability of dietary iron 4.29% and 3.87%.