Physiological and biochemical changes in 'Fuyu' persimmon buds during dormancy / Alterações fisiológicas e bioquímicas em gemas de caquizeiro 'Fuyu' durante a dormência

ABSTRACT: This study identified physiological and biochemical changes in 'Fuyu' persimmon buds during dormancy. Branches were collected between March and August 2015. Dormancy was evaluated by biological testing of isolated node cuttings at 25 °C and a photoperiod of 16 h. The variables analyzed were water content; reducing sugar content; respiratory activity; activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), guaiacol peroxidase (POD) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) enzymes; hydrogen peroxide content (H2O2) and lipid peroxidation. At the end of March 2015, the plants were already dormant, and the leaves and fruits present indicated a paradormancy effect. Induction of endodormancy may have occurred in June 2015, when chilling hours (CH) below 7.2 °C and higher CH below 12 °C began to accumulate, which coincided with the period in which there was a decrease in water content and respiratory activity, an increase in reducing sugars, a decrease in SOD, CAT, APX and PPO and an increase in H2O2. After an accumulation of 553 CH below 12 °C, the budburst capacity increased, and the buds presented increased water content, decreased reducing sugars content, increased respiratory activity, low activity in SOD, CAT, APX and POD and high levels of H2O2.

RESUMO: O objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar alterações fisiológicas e bioquímicas em gemas de caquizeiro 'Fuyu' durante a dormência. Ramos foram coletados entre março e agosto de 2015. A dormência foi avaliada pelo teste biológico de estacas de nós isolados, a 25 °C e fotoperíodo de 16 h. As variáveis analisadas foram umidade ponderal, teor de açúcares solúveis, atividade respiratória, atividade das enzimas superóxido dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), ascorbato peroxidase (APX), guaiacol peroxidase (POD) e polifenoloxidase (PPO), teor de peróxido de hidrogênio (H2O2) e peroxidação lipídica. No final de março de 2015 as plantas já estavam dormentes, as folhas e frutos presentes indicam efeito de paradormência. A indução da endodormência pode ter ocorrido em junho de 2015, quando iniciou acúmulo de horas de frio (HF) abaixo de 7,2 °C e maiores HF abaixo de 12 °C, que coincidiu com o período que houve diminuição da umidade e da atividade respiratória, aumento dos açúcares redutores, diminuição da atividade da SOD, CAT, APX e PPO e aumento de H2O2. Após acúmulo de 553 HF abaixo de 12 °C, a capacidade de brotação aumentou e as gemas apresentaram aumento da umidade, diminuição do teor de açúcares redutores, aumento da atividade respiratória, baixa atividade da SOD, CAT, APX e POD e elevados teores de H2O2.

Effective temperature for overcoming dormancy of 'Fuyu' persimmon tree buds

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effective temperature for overcoming the dormancy of 'Fuyu' persimmon tree buds. Stem samples were collected three times between 2013 and 2014. Stems were maintained in a climate incubator chamber at 3, 6, 9, and 12 °C. For each temperature, five numbers of additional chilling hours (CH) (0, 240, 384, 528, and 672 CH) were studied. The experimental design was completely randomized in a 5 × 4 factorial design (chilling hours × temperatures) with four replications with 10 cuttings. The maintenance of branches at cold temperatures from 3 to 12 °C intensified endodormancy of the buds when the plants were at the beginning of endodormancy. The most effective temperatures for overcome dormancy when the buds were in transition from paradormancy to endodormancy were from 3 to 6 °C. When the buds were already in endodormancy, temperatures of 3, 6, 9, and 12 °C were effective for the accumulation of cold and overcoming dormancy. The increase in the number of chilling hours from 3 to 12 °C induced budburst and the temperature of 12 °C was able to slowly induce and overcome bud dormancy.

Phyto- and Bio-Chemical evaluation of Diospyros kaki L. cultivated in Egypt and its biological activities / Avaliação fito e bioquímica de Diospyros kaki L. cultivado no Egito e suas atividades biológicas

Abstract Diospyros kaki L. or Costata cultivar is the main persimmon variety progressively consumed in the Egyptian market and exportation. The objective of this study was to investigate the bioprotective effects of the alcoholic extract of fruits as well as leaves of D. kaki using in-vivo rat models. Petroleum ether extracts of fruits and leaves were analytically characterized for saponifiable and unsaponifiable compounds by GC/MS. Main flavonoids were chromatographically isolated from 80% aqueous methanol extract of leaves. Chemical evaluation for fruits and leaves namely, content of moisture, ash, proteins, fatty acids, amino acids, fat and water soluble vitamins, minerals, carotenoids was carried out. Total antioxidant activity was determined by radical scavenging effects using DPPH assay. The effect on biochemical parameters and its biological activity were also performed. Results revealed the identification of the major compounds of saponifiable and unsaponifiable matters of fruits and leaves. Scopoletin, as well as, kaempferol, luteolin, rutin and apigenin 7-O-glucoside were isolated and identified. It showed that this plant can provide a good nutritional value and it is safe regarding the kidney and liver functions, good source that help in enhancing the antioxidant defense against free radicals. No abnormal effects were found in lipids profile on experimental animals and there were good results in the ratio of HDL and LDL cholesterol. Also, this plant can help in optimizing blood sugar, enhancing the level of blood haemoglobin. It is concluded that D. kaki displays a good source of nutrients and bioactive compounds that may contribute to its therapeutic benefits against the risk of disease complications.

Resumo Diospyros kaki L. ou Costata é a principal variedade de caqui progressivamente consumida no mercado e exportação egípcia. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar os efeitos bioprotetores do extrato alcoólico de frutos e folhas de D. kaki utilizando modelos de ratos "in vivo". Extratos de éter de petróleo provenientes de frutos e folhas foram caracterizados analiticamente para compostos saponificáveis ​​e insaponificáveis ​​por GC/MS. Os principais flavonoides foram isolados cromatograficamente, a partir de 80% de extrato aquoso de folhas de metanol. Foi realizada avaliação química de frutos e folhas, ou seja, de teor de umidade, cinzas, proteínas, ácidos graxos, aminoácidos, vitaminas lipossolúveis e solúveis em água, minerais, carotenoides. Foi caracterizada a atividade antioxidante, utilizando ensaio (DPPH). O efeito nos parâmetros bioquímicos e sua atividade biológica também foram analisados. Os resultados revelaram a identificação dos principais compostos saponificáveis e insaponificáveis de frutos e folhas. Escopoletina, bem como kaempferol, luteolina, rutina e apigenina 7-O-glicosídeo foram isolados e identificados. Também demonstraram que esta planta pode proporcionar um bom valor nutricional e é segura em relação às funções renais e hepáticas, boa fonte que ajuda a melhorar a defesa antioxidante contra os radicais livres. Não foram encontrados efeitos anormais no perfil lipídico em testes em animais, e houve um efeito satisfatório na relação de colesterol HDL e LDL. Além disso, esta planta pode ajudar na otimização do açúcar no sangue, aumentando o nível de hemoglobina. Conclui-se que o D. kaki apresenta uma boa fonte de nutrientes e de compostos bioativos que contribuem para seus benefícios terapêuticos e contra o risco de complicações de doenças.

Persimmon anthracnose: a comparative study of aggressiveness on shoot and fruit among Colletotrichum horii isolates in southern Brazil / Antracnose do caquizeiro: um estudo comparativo da agressividade em ramos jovens e frutos entre isolados de Colletotrichum horii no sul do Brasil

ABSTRACT: The persimmon tree is known for its rusticity and productivity and was first introduced to Brazil in the late 19th century. However, anthracnose disease is causing immature fruit drop and severe disease symptoms in persimmon fruit, shoots, flowers, and twigs. The causal agent was first described as the fungal species, Colletotrichum horii, which was first confirmed using only the ITS region. In this study, we compared the aggressiveness of 13 isolates of Colletotrichum spp. obtained from fruit and shoots of persimmon grown in the Metropolitan Region of Curitiba, Paraná State, Brazil. A multilocus molecular analysis was carried out based on ITS, GPDH, and EF genes, and we confirmed that the isolates were confirmed as C. horii. All isolates were pathogenic for unwounded and wounded persimmon fruit but differed in aggressiveness. Only one isolate was non-pathogenic when inoculated into unwounded persimmon shoots. Most isolates caused cankers and shoot death whether shoots were wounded or unwounded. In this study, we emphasized the importance of shoots as a source of primary inoculum. In future studies, it will be critical to further elucidate the epidemiological basis of anthracnose disease by conducting field studies to establish a more effective strategy for disease control.

RESUMO: O caquizeiro foi introduzido no Brasil no final do século XIX. Esta planta é conhecida por sua rusticidade e produtividade. No entanto, a doença antracnose está causando queda e sintomas em frutos imaturos, ramos, flores e galhos no campo. O agente causal foi descrito inicialmente como Colletotrichum hori (confirmado usando apenas a região ITS) causando cancro de galho e sintomas de folhas. Neste estudo, comparamos a agressividade em caqui utilizando uma coleção de 13 isolados de Colletotrichum spp. obtidos de frutos e ramos de caqui da região metropolitana de Curitiba, Paraná, Brasil. Uma análise molecular multilocus foi realizada com base nos genes ITS, GPDH e EF, e os isolados foram confirmados como pertencentes a C. horii. Todos os isolados foram patogênicos em frutos não feridos e feridos, mas diferiram na agressividade. Apenas um isolado não foi patogênico quando inoculado sem ferimento em ramos. A maioria dos isolados foi capaz de causar cancro e morte de ramo, independentemente do ferimento. Neste estudo, enfatizamos a importância das novas brotações como fonte de inóculo primário. Para um próximo estudo, ainda é necessário ampliar as bases epidemiológicas com estudos em campo para estabelecer uma correta estratégia de controle desta doença.

Effects of Diospyros kaki peel, Momordica charantia, and Canavalia gladiata extracts on the cariogenic traits of Streptococcus mutans / 대한구강보건학회지

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study is to determine methods of dental caries prevention by investigating the use of compounds of Diospyros kaki (D. kaki) peel, Momordica charantia (M. charantia), and Canavalia gladiata (C. gladiata) extracts to limit the cariogenic traits of Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans), such as their ability to proliferate and adhere to the tooth surface. METHODS: Broth microdilution and the agar spreading assay were used to determine the antimicrobial effect and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of S. mutans extracts. In order to identify the adhesive ability of S. mutans at varying concentrations, culture plates were first stained with 1 ml of 0.01% crystal violet for 15 minutes at room temperature, and then eluted with 1 ml of EtOH:Acetone (8:2) solution for 15 minutes in a 37℃ incubator. Eluted solutions were then evaluated by use of a spectrophotometer at 575 nm. RESULTS: Experiments were conducted in order to investigate the effectiveness of D. kaki peel, M. charantia, and C. gladiata extracts on limiting the proliferation of S. mutans. The MIC was measured as an indication of whether the antibacterial activity of D. kaki peel, M. charantia, and C. gladiata extracts had a significant bacteriostatic effect on S. mutans. M. charantia extract was effective for growth inhibition on S. mutans at a minimum concentration of 0.25%. From the adhesion ability assay, M. charantia extract had an anti-adhesive effect. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that M. charantia extract demonstrates antibacterial activity and has an anti-adhesive effect on S. mutans. Due to these properties, M. charantia extract may be used to prevent dental caries.

Metabolites profiling and hypolipidemic/hypocholesterolemic effects of persimmon (Diosyros kaki Thumb.) by different processing procedures: in vitro and in vivo studies / 한국영양학회지

PURPOSE: Our previous study demonstrated that persimmon (Diospyros kaki Thumb.) at different stages of ripening provided different protective effects against high-fat/cholesterol diet (HFD)-induced dyslipidemia in rats. In this study, we compared the metabolites profile and gene expressions related to triglyceride (TG)/cholesterol metabolism in vitro and in vivo after treating with persimmon water extracts (PWE) or tannin-enriched persimmon concentrate (TEP). METHODS: Primary and secondary metabolites in test materials were determined by GC-TOF/MS, UHPLC-LTQ-ESI-IT-MS/MS, and UPLC-Q-TOF-MS. The expression of genes related to TG and cholesterol metabolism were determined by RT-PCR both in HepG2 cells stimulated by oleic acid/palmitic acid and in liver tissues obtained from Wistar rats fed with HFD and PWE at 0, 150, 300, and 600 mg/d (experiment I) or TEP at 0, 7, 14, and 28 mg/d (experiment II) by oral gavage for 9 weeks. RESULTS: PLS-DA analysis and heatmap analysis demonstrated significantly differential profiling of metabolites of PWE and TEP according to processing of persimmon powder. In vitro, TEP showed similar hypolipidemic effects as PWE, but significantly enhanced hypocholesterolemic effects compared to PWE in sterol regulatory element-binding protein 2 (SREBP2), HMG-CoA reductase (HMGCR), proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9), cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase (CYP7A1), and low density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) gene expression. Consistently, TEP and PWE showed similar hypolipidemic capacity in vivo, but significantly enhanced hypocholesterolemic capacity in terms of SREBP2, HMGCR, and bile salt export pump (BSEP) gene expression. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that column extraction after hot water extraction may be a good strategy to enhance tannins and long-chain fatty acid amides, which might cause stimulation of hypocholesterolemic actions through downregulation of cholesterol biosynthesis gene expression and upregulation of LDL receptor gene expression.

Study on quality of Diospyros kaki leaves based on chemical fingerprint and multi index determination / 中草药

Objective: To establish the HPLC fingerprint and to determine multiple components of leaves of Diospyros kaki, in order to provide a scientific basis for quality control for the D. kaki leaves and related products. Methods: The chromatographic separate was achieved on a Diamonsil C18 (250 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 μm) column with acetonitrile and 0.2% formic acid in water as the mobile phase for gradient elution; Volume flow rate was 1.0 mL/min; Column temperature was 35 oC; Detection wavelength was 360 nm; And injection was 10 μL; On 22 batches of persimmon leaf medicinal materials of fingerprint study, was evaluated with a chromatographic fingerprint similarity evaluation system (version 2004A), the 22 batches of persimmon leaf are divided into two categories by system cluster analysis and PCA analysis. And the determination method of hyperoside, isoquercitrin, quercetin, and kaempferol was also investigated at the same time. Results: The fingerprint of D. kaki leaves was established. There were 12 common peaks in the fingerprint of D. kaki leaves. Hyperoside, isoquercitrin, quercetin and kaempferol were baseline seperated with good linearity relationships between concentration and peak areas over the linear ranges, within 0.044-0.880, 0.078-1.560, 0.040-0.800 and 0.035-0.700 μg(r > 0.999 8). The average recoverys of the investigated compounds were 97.59%, 98.97%, 100.55%, 99.96%. Conclusion: HPLC fingerprint binding index component determination can provide a reference for the quality of D. kaki leaves and related products control.

Phyto- and Bio-Chemical evaluation of Diospyros kaki L. cultivated in Egypt and its biological activities

Abstract Diospyros kaki L. or Costata cultivar is the main persimmon variety progressively consumed in the Egyptian market and exportation. The objective of this study was to investigate the bioprotective effects of the alcoholic extract of fruits as well as leaves of D. kaki using in-vivo rat models. Petroleum ether extracts of fruits and leaves were analytically characterized for saponifiable and unsaponifiable compounds by GC/MS. Main flavonoids were chromatographically isolated from 80% aqueous methanol extract of leaves. Chemical evaluation for fruits and leaves namely, content of moisture, ash, proteins, fatty acids, amino acids, fat and water soluble vitamins, minerals, carotenoids was carried out. Total antioxidant activity was determined by radical scavenging effects using DPPH assay. The effect on biochemical parameters and its biological activity were also performed. Results revealed the identification of the major compounds of saponifiable and unsaponifiable matters of fruits and leaves. Scopoletin, as well as, kaempferol, luteolin, rutin and apigenin 7-O-glucoside were isolated and identified. It showed that this plant can provide a good nutritional value and it is safe regarding the kidney and liver functions, good source that help in enhancing the antioxidant defense against free radicals. No abnormal effects were found in lipids profile on experimental animals and there were good results in the ratio of HDL and LDL cholesterol. Also, this plant can help in optimizing blood sugar, enhancing the level of blood haemoglobin. It is concluded that D. kaki displays a good source of nutrients and bioactive compounds that may contribute to its therapeutic benefits against the risk of disease complications.

Resumo Diospyros kaki L. ou Costata é a principal variedade de caqui progressivamente consumida no mercado e exportação egípcia. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar os efeitos bioprotetores do extrato alcoólico de frutos e folhas de D. kaki utilizando modelos de ratos in vivo. Extratos de éter de petróleo provenientes de frutos e folhas foram caracterizados analiticamente para compostos saponificáveis e insaponificáveis por GC/MS. Os principais flavonoides foram isolados cromatograficamente, a partir de 80% de extrato aquoso de folhas de metanol. Foi realizada avaliação química de frutos e folhas, ou seja, de teor de umidade, cinzas, proteínas, ácidos graxos, aminoácidos, vitaminas lipossolúveis e solúveis em água, minerais, carotenoides. Foi caracterizada a atividade antioxidante, utilizando ensaio (DPPH). O efeito nos parâmetros bioquímicos e sua atividade biológica também foram analisados. Os resultados revelaram a identificação dos principais compostos saponificáveis e insaponificáveis de frutos e folhas. Escopoletina, bem como kaempferol, luteolina, rutina e apigenina 7-O-glicosídeo foram isolados e identificados. Também demonstraram que esta planta pode proporcionar um bom valor nutricional e é segura em relação às funções renais e hepáticas, boa fonte que ajuda a melhorar a defesa antioxidante contra os radicais livres. Não foram encontrados efeitos anormais no perfil lipídico em testes em animais, e houve um efeito satisfatório na relação de colesterol HDL e LDL. Além disso, esta planta pode ajudar na otimização do açúcar no sangue, aumentando o nível de hemoglobina. Conclui-se que o D. kaki apresenta uma boa fonte de nutrientes e de compostos bioativos que contribuem para seus benefícios terapêuticos e contra o risco de complicações de doenças.

Optimization of the Extraction and Purification Technologies of Total Flavonoids from Diospyros kaki Thunb. Leaves and Comparison of the Contents of Total Flavonoids in Fresh and Dried Diospyros kaki Thunb. Leaves / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE:To optimize the parameters of the extraction and purification technologies of total flavonoids from Di-ospyros kaki Thunb. leaves,and then to compare the contents of flavonoids in fresh and dried D. kaki Thunb. leaves. METHODS:Taking the yield of total flavonoids as the investigated index,the influences of liquid-solid ratio,the volume fraction of ethanol and ultrasonic extraction time on the extraction effect were discussed by single-factor and orthogonal test. With the purity of total flavo-noids as the investigated index,the purification effects of such three kinds of methods as ethyl acetate extraction method,alcohol deposition method and macroreticular resin purification method combined with petroleum ether degreasing on the extracted solution were compared. The optimal extraction technology was adopted to extract the total flavonoids from fresh and dried D. kaki Thunb. leaves and their contents were compared. RESULTS:The optimal extraction technology was as follows as liquid-solid ratio of 25∶1 (ml/g),volume fraction of ethanol of 70%,ultrasonic extraction time of 30 min,extraction temperature of 30 ℃. The results of the verification tests showed the average content of total flavonoids was 1.75%(RSD=2.00%,n=3). The total flavonoids in the extracted solution purified by the above-mentioned three purification methods had a purity of 24.92%,15.94% and 35.52% respec-tively,in which the macroreticular resin purification method with petroleum ether degreasing combined with AB-8 resin purification was optimal. The content of flavonoids in fresh D. kaki Thunb. leaves(1.75%) was about twice as much as that in dried leaves (0.87%). CONCLUSIONS:The optimal extraction and purification technologies are simple with good effect,and suitable for large-scale production. Fresh D. kaki Thunb. leaves should be used as raw materials for extracting flavonoids.

Aplicação do 1-metilciclopropeno e sua influência no processo de remoção da adstringência com etanol em caqui 'Giombo' refrigerado / Application of 1-methylcyclopropene and its influence in the process of astringency removal of 'Giombo' persimmon by using ethanol

Este trabalho tem como objetivo verificar a possibilidade de aplicação de vapor de etanol para a destanização, associado ao 1-metilciclopropeno (1-MCP) para prolongar o armazenamento de caquis 'Giombo' em ambiente refrigerado, evitando rápido amolecimento de polpa, decorrente do processo de destanização. Os seguintes tratamentos foram realizados: T1) controle: frutos sem tratamento, apenas colocados sob armazenamento refrigerado (AR); T2) aplicação de etanol (3,50mL kg-1 durante 12h) + AR; T3) aplicação de 1-MCP (1000nL L-1 durante 12h) + AR; T4) aplicação de 1-MCP e posterior aplicação de etanol + AR; T5) aplicação de 1-MCP + AR + aplicação de etanol após o AR. O AR consistiu no armazenamento dos frutos por 30 dias a 5ºC e 90% UR. Posteriormente, os frutos foram mantidos a 25oC durante 15 dias. Frutos não tratados (controle) e os tratados com 1-MCP apresentaram maior firmeza de polpa que os demais tratamentos, mas não alcançaram a destanização. Frutos submetidos ao etanol apresentaram rápida perda de adstringência, acompanhado de elevada perda de firmeza. O 1-MCP, quando aplicado antes do armazenamento, em frutos que posteriormente à refrigeração foram tratados com etanol, manteve mais alta a firmeza de polpa em relação aos frutos que foram submetidos ao etanol imediatamente à aplicação do 1-MCP e aqueles tratados apenas com etanol. Esse tratamento pode ser utilizado nessa cultivar para manter a qualidade durante a comercialização.

This study is carried out with the objective to verify the ethanol vapor application possibility for astringency removal, associated with 1-methylcylopropene (1-MCP) to increase 'Giombo' persimmons shelf life under cold storage, avoiding quick flesh softening by astringency removal process. The following treatments were performed: T1) control: fruit without treatment, only cold stored (CS); T2) application of ethanol (3.50mL kg-1 for 12 hours) + CS; T3) application of 1-MCP (1000nL L-1 for 12 hours) + CS; T4) application of 1-MCP and later application of ethanol + CS; T5) application of 1-MCP + CS + application of ethanol after cold storage. Fruit were cold stored (CS) for 30 days at 5°C and 90% RH. After CS, fruit were exposure to 25oC during 15 days. The untreated fruits (control) and the ones treated with 1-MCP showed higher flesh firmness than the rest of the treatments, but did not reach detannization. Fruit treated with ethanol showed fast loss of astringency and firmness. The 1-MCP, when applied before CS, to fruits which after CS were treated to ethanol, kept higher flesh firmness as compared to the fruits which were treated with ethanol immediately after the application of 1-MCP and those treated only with ethanol. This treatment might be used in Giombo persimmon in order to maintain the fruit quality during marketing.

Research progress on chemical constituents and pharmacological effects of Diospyros kaki leaves / 中草药

The leaves of Diospyros kaki (Ebenaceae) mainly contain chemical constituents belonging to flavonoids, terpenes, naphthoquinones, naphthols, coumarins, sterols, organic acids, fatty acids, volatile components, and other ingredients, which have several pharmacological effects such as hypoglycemic, antioxidation, antibacterial, antitumor, the roles on cardiovascular system, hemostasis, hypolipidemic, and so on. In this paper, the chemical constituents and pharmacological effects are reviewed, which can provide references for further study.

Caqui cv. 'Mikado': análise de compostos voláteis em frutos adstringentes e destanizados / Persimmon cv. 'Mikado': analysis of volatile compounds in astringent and astringency removal

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi determinar os compostos voláteis em frutos de caqui Mikado adstringentes e destanizados, em dois períodos de armazenamento, utilizando microextração em fase sólida (MEFS, fibra DVB/CAR/PDMS) por cromatografia gasosa acoplada à espectrometria de massas (CG-EM). A partir dos resultados foi possível observar diferenças na composição volátil em frutos adstringentes e destanizados de caqui Mikado, com perdas em ambas as amostras. A remoção da adstringência com exposição ao álcool promoveu aumento dos voláteis no 1o dia após a destanização. Os compostos voláteis de caqui Mikado são representados, majoritariamente, por hidrocarbonetos terpênicos, seguidos de ésteres de cadeia linear.

The objective of this study was to determine the volatile compounds in persimmon (Diospyros kaki) Mikado variety, astringent and astringency removal in two periods of storage, using solid phase microextraction (SPME, fiber DVB/CAR/PDMS) by gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The results showed differences in the volatile composition of astringent and astringency removal, with losses in both analyses. The removal of astringency with alcohol exposure increased the volatiles on day 1 after astringency removal. The volatiles from persimmon Mikado are mainly represented by terpene hydrocarbons, followed by straight-chain esters.

Preparation technology for phospholipids complex of total flavonoids from leaves of Diospyros kaki / 中草药

Objective: To study the influence factors in the preparation process for phospholipids complex of total flavonoids from the leaves of Diospyros kaki (PC-TF-LDK) and to optimize the conditions for the formation. Methods: The solvent method was used to prepare the PC-TF-LDK, and the optimized conditions were obtained by means of single factor test and orthogonal design test with the complex ratio as evaluation criterion. The formation of the complex was analyzed by the X-ray diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry. Results: The formation of the PC-TF-LDK was greatly influenced by the ratio of solvents, TF-LDK, and soybean phospholipid. The optimized preparation conditions for the PC-TF-LDK were obtained as follows: the solvent was anhydrous ethanol, the ratio of TF-LDK to soybean phospholipid was 1:2, the mass of reaction concentration was 30 mg/mL, temperature was 30°C, and reaction time was 1 h. Under this condition, 96.95% complex ratio was achieved. Conclusion: The preparation technology for PC-TF-LDK is reliable, stable, and available for industrial production.

In situ absorption of self-microemulsifying drug delivery system of Diospyros kaki L. f. extract in rats' intestine / 中国药学杂志

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the intestinal absorption behaviors of Diospyros kaki L.f. extract (PLE) in self-microemulsifying drug delivery system (SMEDDS). METHODS: The concentration of quercetin, kaempferol and phenol red in rat intestinal perfusion solution was determined by HPLC. Rat single-pass intestinal perfusion technique was employed to assay the effects of concentrations of PLE in perfusion solution, intestinal segments and different formulations on the drug percentage absorbed (P) and the absorption rate constant (Ka). RESULTS: No significant changes of Ka and P were observed in different PLE concentrations. The main absorption segments of SMEDDS in rat intestines were the duodenum and ileum. The values of Ka and P of SMEDDS were significantly higher than the PLE solution (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: The absorption mechanism of PLE conforms to passive diffusion. The PLE SMEDDS presented the high absorption rate than conventional solution in rat intestine, which illustrates the potential use of SMEDDS for the delivery o f PLE by the oral route.

Obtenção de padrões de cis-licopeno e beta-criptoxantina para cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência a partir de melão-de-São-Caetano e caqui / Obtaining cis-lycopene and beta-cryptoxanthin standards for high performance liquid chromatography from bitter melon and persimmon

A detecção e quantificação de carotenóides em alimentos por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (CLAE) demanda de padrões analíticos com alto grau de pureza. A aquisição comercial destes padrões é morosa e dispendiosa. Além disso, determinados diasteroisômeros não estão disponíveis no mercado e alterações dos compostos podem ocorrer durante seu transporte. Desta forma, o objetivo deste trabalho foi obter isômeros cis-licopeno a partir de licopeno todo-trans de melão-de-São-Caetano (Momordica charantia L.) e beta-criptoxantina a partir de caqui (Diospyros kaki L.) para utilização como padrões analíticos na análise de alimentos. Licopeno todo-trans extraído do arilo de sementes de melão-de-São-Caetano foi convertido a cis-licopeno. A isomerização e separação das frações contendo isômeros do licopeno foram realizadas em coluna cromatográfica aberta de sílica ativada e a verificação da isomerização e o isolamento foram realizados por CLAE. Foram detectados 94,2% de licopeno todo-trans entre os carotenóides totais dos arilos de sementes. A isomerização em coluna de sílica aberta ativada produziu 29 isômeros ¬cis-licopeno em três frações coletadas. Nas primeiras frações de melão-de-São-Caetano e de caqui foram isolados um isômero cis-licopeno e beta-criptoxantina com pureza de 91,3% e 92,8%, respectivamente, o que permite seu uso como padrões analíticos para análises. Após 1 ano conservados à -18 oC em ampola de borossilicato selada à vácuo, em ambiente escuro, não houve alteração significativa nas concentrações do cis-licopeno e da beta-criptoxantina, permitindo ainda seu uso como padrões analíticos. A metodologia empregada mostrou-se viável para a conversão de licopeno todo-trans em cis-licopenos e para o isolamento e purificação de padrões analíticos para CLAE.

Detection and quantification of carotenoids in foods can be carried out by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), but analytical standards must be employed. However, these analytical standards are expensive, some isomers are not available for trade, time consuming between purchase and reception and chemical changes may occur during long transportation. Therefore, the objective of this study was to obtain cis-lycopene isomers from all-trans lycopene present in bitter melon (Momordica charantia L.) and beta-cryptoxanthin from persimmon (Diospyros kaki L.), for use as analytical standards in foods analysis. All-trans lycopene extracted from bitter melon seed arils was converted to cis-lycopene. The isomerization and separation of the fractions containing cis-isomers were done in silica column. Confirmation of isomerization and isolation of cis-lycopene were performed by HPLC. A total of 94.2% of all-trans lycopene were detected in the seed arils. Isomerization in silica column produced 29 cis-lycopene isomers in 3 fractions collected. In the first fraction, a cis-lycopene with a purity of 91.3% was isolated which allows its use as analytical standard for analysis using HPLC. After sample preparation, ?-cryptoxanthin was isolated by silica column. Analysis by HPLC revelead ?-cryptoxanthin with purity of 92.8%. After one year stored at -18 °C in sealed borosilicate glass ampoule under vacuum, in the dark,, no significant change in concentration of cis-lycopene and ?-cryptoxanthin occured, still allowing them use as analytical standards. The methodology was feasible for the conversion of all-trans lycopene to cis-lycopene and for the isolation and purification of analytical standards by HPLC.

Qualidade pós-colheita de caqui 'fuyu' com utilização de diferentes concentrações de cobertura comestível / Postharvest quality of 'fuyu' persimmon using different concentrations of edible coatings

Ao aplicar cera em frutas, tem-se o objetivo de criar uma película de proteção com a função de reduzir a perda de massa por evaporação e transpiração, e ainda diminuir a possibilidade de contaminação dos frutos por agentes causadores de podridão, melhorando assim o aspecto visual do produto. Dessa forma, é possível aumentar o tempo de conservação, diminuindo consequentemente os prejuízos por perdas na pós-colheita. O caqui é uma fruta muito apreciada, com alto potencial de exportação, porém sensível ao manuseio e armazenamento. Objetivou-se, neste trabalho, avaliar o efeito da aplicação da cera comestível Megh Wax ECF-124 (18 por cento de ativos, composta por emulsão de cera de carnaúba, tensoativo aniônico, preservante e água), produzida por Megh Indústria e Comércio Ltda em três diferentes concentrações (25, 50 e 100 por cento), na qualidade pós-colheita do caqui 'Fuyu' armazenado por 14 dias. Os atributos avaliados para qualidade foram: firmeza, pH, acidez titulável, sólidos solúveis, perda de massa e coloração. Os resultados demonstraram que a aplicação da cera nas diferentes concentrações foi efetiva, principalmente na conservação da massa do caqui cv. Fuyu e manutenção da coloração externa. A aplicação de cera não causou diferenças significativas nas propriedades químicas avaliadas. O tratamento na concentração de 25 por cento apresentou menor índice de descarte durante armazenamento, todavia maiores concentrações demonstraram menores valores de perda de massa. Aplicação de cera de carnaúba em caqui apresenta um grande potencial de uso para melhoria na conservação pós-colheita, podendo ser aplicado juntamente com outras tecnologias, auxiliando na manutenção da qualidade para exportação.

One of the main objectives of applying edible coatings on fruits surface is to create a protective film to reduce weight loss due to evaporation and transpiration and also to decrease the risk of fruit rot caused by environmental contamination, in order to improve the visual aspect. Therefore, it is possible to increase shelf life, and decrease post harvest losses. Persimmon is a much appreciated fruit, with high potential for export, but sensitive to handling and storage. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of applying the edible coating Megh Wax ECF-124 (18 percent of active composts, consisting of emulsion of carnauba wax, anionic surfactant, preservative and water) produced by Megh Industry and Commerce Ltda in three different concentrations (25, 50 and 100 percent) on post harvest quality of 'Fuyu' persimmon stored for 14 days. The attributes evaluated for quality were: firmness, pH, acidity, soluble solids, weight loss and color. The results showed that application of carnauba wax in different concentrations was effective on decreasing weight loss of persimmon cv. Fuyu and maintenance of color aspects. Treatment at lower concentration, 25 percent, showed lower rate of discharge, but high concentrations showed lower values of mass loss. Carnauba wax application showed a high potential for use on postharvest conservation, and can be applied together with other technologies, helping to maintain quality for export.

Remoção da adstringência de caquis 'Giombo' com subdosagens de etanol / Astringency removal of 'Giombo' persimmon with ethanol sub-doses

O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a eficácia da aplicação de subdosagens de etanol na remoção da adstringência de caqui 'Giombo'. Além disso, foi avaliada a influência da temperatura e do tempo de exposição ao etanol no processo de destanização dos frutos. Assim, foram testadas diferentes doses de etanol (1,75; 3,5 e 7mL kg-1 ou 0,3 e 0,6mL L-1 de câmara-1), tempos de exposição (6, 12, 24 e 36h) e temperaturas de aplicação dos tratamentos e de armazenamento após a aplicação (5, 20 e 24°C). A exposição dos frutos à concentração de 1,75mL de etanol, durante 12 horas, foi suficiente para destanizar completamente os frutos. Após a aplicação dos tratamentos, os frutos levaram quatro dias para estarem aptos ao consumo. A refrigeração de caquis 'Giombo', após o tratamento com etanol, não influenciou o posterior processo de polimerização dos taninos solúveis.

The objective of this research was to evaluate ethanol sub-doses efficacy on the astringency removal of 'Giombo'. Additionally, it was evaluated the influence of temperature and ethanol exposure time on fruit deastringency. Thus, experiments were carried out with different exposition times (6, 12, 24 and 36h) and ethyl alcohol concentrations (1.75; 3.5 e 7mL kg-1 or 0.3 and 0.6mL L-1 of chamber). Fruit exposition to ethanol concentration of 1.75mL during 12 h was sufficient to remove completely the persimmon fruit astringency. After the treatment application, the fruits needed 4 days to become suitable to consumption. The process of tannin polymerization is not influenced by cold storage.

Enrichment of flavonoids from leave of Diospryros kaki Linn (Thunb) by macroreticular resin's absorption / 中成药

AIM: To screen macroreticular resins for isolation and purification of flavonoids from the leaves of Diospyros kaki Linn (FLDK). METHODS: 8 kinds of macroreticular resins were assayed for their adsorbability and deadsorbability as well as the adsorption kinetics to FLDK. RESULTS: Polyamide and AB-8 resin were found with good adsorbability and deadsorbability as well as adsorption kinetics to FLDK. CONCLUSION: AB-8 resin and polyamide could be used for preparing high contents of FLDK. FLDK-P70, a flavonoid extract contained more than 77% of flavonoids was prepared from the extract of leaves of Diospyros kaki by polyamide adsorption column isolation.