Gender Determination in Pakhtun Pakistani Population Using Dental Arch Dimensions: A Digital Model Study

@#Introduction: In circumstances where the ante mortem list is unknown, gender determination would exclude onehalf of the population, aid in a more precise search of the ante mortem records. This study aims to formulate gender prediction models in the Pakhtun Pakistani population using digital dental arch dimensions. Methods: Data collection and analysis of the dental casts were conducted on 128 subjects, 64 males and 64 females from the Pakistani population. The mean age of the subjects was 19.2 years old. Several linear dental arch dimensions were measured and recorded for both upper and lower arches. Results: It was found that gender differences in linear arch dimensions were statistically significant for both males and females (p<0.05); in which the arch dimensions for the males were larger than the arch dimensions for the females. Stepwise discriminant function analysis found that the highest discriminant power of the variables was present within the inter-second premolar width for the upper arch and inter-molar width for the lower arch. These variables significantly contributed to gender variance. Moreover, the prediction of 67.2% of original grouped cases for the upper arch and 66.4% of cross-validated group cases was correct. Similarly, the correct prediction was made on 64.8% of original grouped cases for the lower arch and 64.1% of cross-validated group cases. Conclusion: The dental arch dimensions were larger among the males compared to the females. Prediction models obtained in this study were moderately strong predictors which may be used as an adjunct to predict gender.

Calculated parameters for the diagnosis of Wilson disease

INTRODUCTION@#The diagnosis of Wilson disease (WD) is plagued by biochemical and clinical uncertainties. Thus, calculated parameters have been proposed. This study aimed to: (a) compare the diagnostic values of non-caeruloplasmin copper (NCC), NCC percentage (NCC%), copper-caeruloplasmin ratio (CCR) and adjusted copper in WD; and (b) derive and evaluate a discriminant function in diagnosing WD.@*METHODS@#A total of 213 subjects across all ages who were investigated for WD were recruited. WD was confirmed in 55 patients, and the rest were WD free. Based on serum copper and caeruloplasmin values, NCC, NCC%, CCR and adjusted copper were calculated for each subject. A function was derived using discriminant analysis, and the cut-off value was determined through receiver operating characteristic analysis. Classification accuracy was found by cross-tabulation.@*RESULTS@#Caeruloplasmin, total copper, NCC, NCC%, CCR, adjusted copper and discriminant function were significantly lower in WD compared to non-WD. Discriminant function showed the best diagnostic specificity (99.4%), sensitivity (98.2%) and classification accuracy (99.1%). Caeruloplasmin levels <0.14 g/L showed higher accuracy than the recommended 0.20 g/L cut-off value (97.7% vs. 87.8%). Similarly, molar NCC below the European cut-off of 1.6 umol/L showed higher accuracy than the American cut-off of 3.9 umol/L (80.3% vs. 59.6%) (P < 0.001). NCC%, mass NCC, CCR and adjusted copper showed poorer performances.@*CONCLUSION@#Discriminant function differentiates WD from non-WD with excellent specificity, sensitivity and accuracy. Performance of serum caeruloplasmin <0.14 g/L was better than that of <0.20 g/L. NCC, NCC%, CCR and adjusted copper are not helpful in diagnosing WD.

Morphometric assessment methods for estimation of sexual dimorphism from cranial occipital condyles / Métodos de evaluación morfométrica para la estimación del dimorfismo sexual de los cóndilos occipitales craneales

SUMMARY: Identification of fragmentary human remains is an integral par of medico legal investigations. Occipital region is commonly not affected in traumatic injuries and accidents due to its secluded position which makes it the integral part in determination of sex in the absence of entire skeleton. Occipital condylar region is also the most common area for degenerative and neoplastic diseases. So thorough knowledge of anatomy of occipital condyle is very essential during surgical interventions. 86 skulls were studied from osteological collections of Department of Anatomy, Yenepoya Medical College. Maximum length and breadth of the occipital condyle, anterior intercondylar distance and posterior intercondylar distance was measured with the help of vernier callipers. Descriptive statistics was calculated for the parameters considered. Metric data of right and left sides were compared with student t test and p value was calculated.All data obtained was subjected for discriminant function analysis to derive the statistical model. All the measurements were significantly high in males compared to females. Condylar length and width, anterior and posterior intercondylar distance can be used to derive formula for determination of sex in south Indian population with an accuracy of 66.3 %.

RESUMEN: La identificación de restos humanos fragmentarios es una parte integral de las investigaciones médico legales. La región occipital comúnmente no se ve afectada en lesiones traumáticas y accidentes debido a su posición apartada que la convierte en parte integral en la determinación del sexo en ausencia de un esqueleto completo. La región condilar occipital es también el área más común de enfermedades degenerativas y neoplásicas. Por lo tanto, el conocimiento integral de la anatomía del cóndilo occipital es esencial durante las intervenciones quirúrgicas. Se estudiaron 86 cráneos de colecciones osteológicas del Departamento de Anatomía, Facultad de Medicina de Yenepoya. Se midió el largo y ancho máximo del cóndilo occipital, la distancia intercondilar anterior y la distancia intercondilar posterior con la ayuda de un calibrador vernier. Se calculó la estadística descriptiva para los parámetros considerados. Los datos métricos de los lados derecho e izquierdo se compararon con la prueba t de Student y se calculó el valor de p. Todos los datos obtenidos se sometieron a análisis de función discriminante para derivar el modelo estadístico. Todas las medidas fueron significativamente altas en los hombres en comparación con las mujeres. La longitud y el ancho del cóndilo, la distancia intercondilar anterior y posterior se pueden utilizar para derivar la fórmula para determinar el sexo en la población del sur de la India con una precisión del 66,3 %.

Sex estimation using ulna in a Thai population / Estimación del sexo utilizando la ulna en una población tailandesa

SUMMARY: Sex estimation from fragmentary bone remain is still challenge for forensic pathologist. Ulna has been reported useful for sex estimation by metric analysis. This study generated sex estimation function for fragment and complete of ulnar bone in a Thai population. The function was generated from 200 pairs of ulnar bone, and others 20 pair of ulnar bone were used for test the accuracy of the functions. Olecranon width was the best single variable for sex predicting of proximal part of ulna, which right olecranon width could be classified the sex 90.5 %. While distal end width of ulna was the variable for predicting the sex of distal part, which left distal end width could be classified the sex with 83.0 %. Stepwise discriminant function analysis was applied to proximal part. For proximal part of right ulna 4 measurements were selected (inferior-medial trochlear notch length, olecranon width, olecranon-coronoid process length, and maximum proximal ulnar width), while the left side, superior trochlear notch width, olecranon width, and maximum proximal ulnar width were chosen, and their functions could be predicted the sex with 91.0 % and 90.0 %, respectively. Our results indicated the ulnar bone had high ability for estimating the sex in a Thai population.

RESUMEN: La estimación del sexo a partir de restos óseos fragmentarios sigue siendo un desafío para el patólogo forense. Se ha informado de la utilidad de la ulna para la estimación del sexo mediante análisis métrico. En este estudio se analizó la estimación del sexo para un fragmento y de la ulna completa en una población tailandesa. La función se generó a partir de 200 pares de ulnas y se utilizaron otras 20 pares de ulnas estimando la precisión de las funciones. El ancho del olécranon fue la mejor variable individual para predecir el sexo en la parte proximal de la ulna (90, 5 %). Si bien el ancho del extremo distal de la ulna fue la variable para predecir el sexo, el ancho del extremo distal izquierdo podría clasificarse por sexo con un 83,0 % de certeza. Se aplicó un análisis de función discriminante escalonada a la parte proximal. Para la parte proximal de la ulna derecha se seleccionaron 4 medidas (longitud de la incisura troclear inferior-medial, ancho del olécranon, longitud del proceso olecraneano-proceso coronoides y ancho ulnar proximal máximo), mientras que en el lado izquierdo, fue determinado el ancho de la incisura superior troclear, ancho del olécranon y ancho ulnar proximal máximo. Se eligió el ancho, y se pudo predecir el sexo en el 91,0 % y 90,0 % de los casos, respectivamente. Nuestros resultados indicaron que la ulna tenía una alta capacidad para estimar el sexo en una población tailandesa.

Discriminant function models for determination of sex using anthropometric foot dimensions in an adult nigerian population

Background: Sex, age, race and stature are evaluated to determine the identity in forensic investigations. Themost important stages in identity determination are stature and sex estimations which are easily done withprimary anatomic structures in intact corpses. determination of sex from skeletal or dismembered body remainsis one of the most critical aspects of forensic analysis which is crucial to medico-legal investigations.Aim: This study is aimed at testing the validity of sex classification using anthropometric foot dimensions anddiscriminant function test in an adult Nigerian population.Methods: 222 subjects (115 males and 107 females) of Nigerian parentage, aged 18–65 years who volunteeredand satisfied the inclusion criteria were involved. Following institutional approval, anthropometric measurementsof Foot Length (FL), Foot width (FW), Bimalleolar width (BB), Navicular height (NH), Medial malleolar height(MMH), Lateral malleolar height (LMH), Heel Width (HB) were measured. The data was analyzed for descriptiveand inferential statistics using the SPSS statistical package version 25 and Microsoft excel 2016.Results: Independent t test exhibited statistically significant sex differences (P < 0.05) for all the parameters,with the males having consistently higher values than the females. Linear discriminant functions were createdfor predicting sex.Conclusion: The prediction models established from this study will be useful in disaster victim identificationfrom mutilated or dismembered human remains to aid medico-legal practice in Nigeria. The normative datadeveloped from this study will be referenced and be used as baseline data for comparing the variations of footstructure of this population and that of other populations.

The Ganges basin fish Cirrhinus mrigala (Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae): detection of wild populations stock structure with landmark morphometry

Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton, 1822) is an Indian major carp originally inhabitant of the Ganga river system in Northern India. No information is available on morphometric variation in natural populations of C. mrigala from Ganga river basin. Therefore, to promote management optimization, this study was undertaken to evaluate the population structure on landmark-based morphometric variations of this commercially important species in Ganges. A total of 381 fish samples of C. mrigala were collected from 10 locations of 10 rivers belonging to Ganges basin. A 12-landmark truss network system was used to generate 66 morphometric variables were transformed (standard length was excluded from the final analysis retaining 65 variables). Transformed measurements were employed to univariate analysis of variance, principal component analysis (PCA) and discriminant function analysis (DFA). Univariate analysis of variance showed significant differences in all the 65 transformed morphometric characters studied. Eight principal components were extracted from 65 significant characters accounting for 94.1 % of the variation. Forward stepwise discriminant function analysis of the 65 significant variables produced eight discriminating variables. DFA extracted eight discriminating functions contributed overall to the variance. The first discriminant function (DF) accounted for 37.9 % while second DF accounted for 23.5% of the among-group variability. In DFA, 45.7 % original while 39.1 % of cross-validated grouped cases were correctly classified in the overall assignment of individuals, indicating low distinction among the stocks of all the species i.e. low isolation of the stocks for the morphometric measurements. Common ancestry in the prehistoric period and migration of individuals between the rivers could be the possible reason for the observed low level of morphometric differentiation among wild mrigal populations. In future, the application of molecular genetic markers along with morphometric studies would be an effective method to examine the genetic component of phenotypic relatedness between geographic regions and to facilitate the development of management recommendations.

Cirrhinus mrigala es una carpa originaria del sistema fluvial del río Ganges al norte de India, de cual no hay información sobre la variación morfométrica de sus poblaciones naturales en esta cuenca. Por lo tanto, para promover la optimización de su manejo, se evaluó la estructura poblacional usando morfometría basada en puntos de referencia de C. mrigala. En total se midieron 381 individuos de C. mrigala, recolectados en 10 puntos de 10 ríos de la cuenca del Ganges. Se utilizaron 12-puntos de referencia de sistema de redes truss para generar 66 variables morfométricas, de donde se excluyó la longitud estándar y se utilizaron 65 variables. Las medidas transformadas se utilizaron para un análisis de varianza univariado, análisis de componentes principales y análisis de función discriminante. El análisis de varianza mostró diferencias en todos los 65 caracteres morfométricos estudiados. Se extrajeron ocho componentes principales de los 65 caracteres, que suman el 94.1 % de la variación. El análisis de función discriminante de las 65 variables produjo ocho variables discriminantes que contribuyeron en la varianza a nivel general. La primera función discriminante representó 37.9 %, mientras que la segunda 23.5 % de la variación entre grupos. En el análisis de función discriminante, 39.1 % de lo agrupado por validación cruzada fue correctamente clasificado en la asignación general de individuos, lo que indica baja diferenciación entre las poblaciones, lo que puede ser un bajo aislamiento de las poblaciones para las medidas morfométricas. Otra posible razón para la baja diferenciación morfométrica es la existencia de un ancestro común en el periodo prehistórico y la migración de individuos entre ríos. En el futuro, la aplicación de marcadores genéticos moleculares junto con estudios morfométricos será un método efectivo para examinar el componente genético de la relación fenotípica entre áreas geográficas y facilitar el desarrollo de recomendaciones de manejo.

The Clavicle As A Forensic Tool: Sex-discriminatory Characteristics In Cadaveric Samples Of Nigeria Origin

One of the simplest values that can be determined from the skeleton is sex; the accuracy is greater if essentialparts are intact. Discriminant functional analysis is the most popular statistical method implored in sexdetermination and this has encouraged the accurate assessment of anthropometric data. This study was carriedout to evaluate the sex-discriminatory characteristics of the clavicle of Nigerian origin. 45 clavicles (comprisingof 25 males and 20 females) of both sides were macerated from dissected cadavers from the Anatomy Departmentsof the University of Port Harcourt Rivers State, Igbinedion University Okada, Ambrose Ali University Ekpoma bothin Edo State and Nnamdi Azikiwe University Enugu State. Clavicles with signs of deformity and/or fracture wereexcluded. Parameters obtained from the clavicle included; length, weight mid-shaft circumference, robustnessindex, angles, and volume. The measurements obtained were subjected to SPSS (IBM version 23.0, Armonk, USA)paired sample t-test and Pearson’s correlation analysis to evaluate side difference and level of correlatesrespectively while Discriminant Function Analysis (DFA) was used to evaluate the accuracy of the parameters inestimating sex. Confidence level was set at 95%, and P-value <0.05 was taken to be significant. The result showedhigh sex differences in the measurement (P<0.01) as well as sex-differentiated correlation in the left and rightclavicular measurement (r2; 79 – 98%; P<0.01), The parameters of the right and left clavicle were highly significantwith positive correlation at varying degree for total population studied. The extent of correlation (80-99%)between the L & R clavicular measurements informed the need for side-specific DFA. The R & L clavicles producedcentroid values of 1.522 and 1.290 for males and –2.537 and -2.150 for females respectively. The accuracy inpredicting group membership using the right clavicular parameters was 91.5% while the left was 87.0%, with abetter prediction for females. The estimation of sex from the clavicle of Nigerian origin is at least 87% possibleusing the studied clavicular characteristics.

Linear discriminant score for differentiating early primary open angle glaucoma from glaucoma suspects

Purpose: To determine the diagnostic accuracy of a linear discriminant function (LDF) based on macular ganglion cell complex (GCC), optic nerve head (ONH) and retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL) for differentiating early primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) from glaucoma suspects. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, data from consecutive 127 glaucoma suspects and 74 early POAG eyes were analysed. Each patient underwent detailed ocular examination, standard automated perimetry, GCC and ONH and RNFL analysis. After adjusting for age, gender and signal strength using the analysis of covariance; Benjamin–Hochberg multiple testing correction was performed to detect truly significant parameters to calculate the LDF. Subsequently, diagnostic accuracy of GCC and ONH and RNFL were determined. The obtained LDF score was evaluated for diagnostic accuracy in another test set of 32 suspect and 19 glaucomatous eyes. Data were analysed with the R-3.2.1 (R Core Team 2015), analysis of variance, t-test, Chi-square test and receiver operating curve. Results: Among all GCC parameters, infero temporal had the best discriminating power and average RNFL thickness and vertical CDR among ONH and RNFL parameters. LDF scores for GCC had AUROC of 0.809 for a cut-off value 0.07, while scores for ONH and RNFL had AUROC of 0.903 for a cut-off value ? 0.24. Analysis on combined parametric space resulted in avg RNFL thickness, vertical CDR, min GCC + IPL and superior GCC + IPL as key parameters. LDF scores obtained had AUROC of 0.924 for a cut-off value 0.1. The LDF was applied to a test set with an accuracy of 84.31%. Conclusion: The LDF had a better accuracy than individual GCC and ONH and RNFL parameters and can be used for diagnosis of glaucoma.

Phenotypic differentiation of Barilius bendelisis (Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae) in four rivers from Central Indian Himalaya / Diferenciación fenotípica de Barilius bendelisis (Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae) en cuatro ríos del Himalaya central de la India

Barilius bendelisis, commonly known as Indian Hill Trout is an upland water fish of South East Asia. It belongs to the family Cyprinidae and dwells in shallow, clear and cold water. In this study, the intraspecific variation of Barilius bendelisis, on the basis of morphometric characters, was investigated. Altogether, 402 specimens were collected from four rivers in the Central Indian Himalaya. A truss network was constructed by interconnecting 12 landmarks to yield 30 distance variables that were extracted from digital images of specimens using tpsDig2 and PAST software. Allometric transformed truss measurements were subjected to univariate analysis of variance, factor analysis and discriminant analysis. All variables exhibited significant differences between the populations. Altogether 88% of the specimens were classified into their original populations (81.98% under a ‘leave-one-out’ procedure). With factor analysis measurements of the head region, the middle portion and the caudal region had high loadings on the first and second axis. The results indicated that B. bendelisis has significant phenotypic heterogeneity between the geographically isolated regions of Central Indian Himalaya. We hypothesize that the marked interspecific variation in B. bendelisis is the result of local ecological conditions.

Barilius bendelisis, comúnmente conocido como trucha “Indian Hill”, es un pez de tierras altas del sudeste de Asia. Pertenece a la familia de los ciprínidos y habita en aguas poco profundas, claras y frías. En este estudio se investigó la variación intraespecífica de Barilius bendelisis basado en caracteres morfométricos. En total se obtuvieron 402 muestras de cuatro ríos en el centro del Himalaya hindú. Se construyó una red “truss” mediante la interconexión de 12 puntos de referencia para producir 30 variables de distancia que fueron extraídas de las imágenes digitales de las muestras, utilizando el software tpsDig2 y PAST. Las mediciones alométricas de la red truss se transformaron mediante un análisis univariado de varianza, análisis factorial y discriminante. Todas las variables mostraron diferencias significativas entre las poblaciones. En total, el 88% de los especímenes se clasificaron en sus poblaciones originales (81.98% con el procedimiento “leave-one-out”). Las mediciones del análisis factorial de la región de la cabeza, la parte media y la región caudal mostraron altas concentraciones en el primer y segundo eje. Los resultados indicaron que B. bendelisis tiene heterogeneidad fenotípica significativa entre las regiones geográficamente aisladas del centro del Himalaya hindú. Nuestra hipótesis es que hay una marcada variación interespecífica de B. bendelisis como resultado de las condiciones ecológicas locales.

Sex Determination Using Three-dimensional Image of Skull in Korean: Metric Study by Discriminant Function Analysis / 체질인류학회지

Sex determination is considered the first and most important process in the identification of unknown skeletal remains. The skull is one of bones with high accuracy to discriminate sexes, but there is no dimorphic studies of Korean skull by discriminant function analysis. The aim of this study was to build and provide an easy and accurate discriminant equation to sex determination by using three-dimensional skull images of Korean. Computed tomography images from 102 cadavers were reconstructed three-dimensional images by computer program. We measured 44 variables using the template in computer program and variables were sorted out items with high accuracy and reliability by intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), Cohen's d value, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. The equation with the highest accuracy had 82.7% in males, 82.2% in females, it was constituted bizygomatic diameter, cranial base length, biauricular breadth, upper facial breadth, frontal chord, foramen magnum breadth, and right mastoid length. The cross-validated accuracy had 76.5%~86.7% using 3D skull images in Koreans. The value of variables that matches the other population group study, most of variables had a statistically significant difference among population groups. Male skulls in Koreans were smaller than those in European and female skulls were bigger than in Asian. This result should be helpful to determine sex in Koreans.

Prevalence and early signs of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) among 18-36 month-old children of Tianjin in China / 生物医学与环境科学（英文）

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>The aim of this study is to estimate the prevalence of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) among 18-36 month old children in the Tianjin Municipality of China, and to identify early signs of autistic children and the predictability of each individual symptom.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A total of 8 000 children were screened to do a questionnaire based on CHAT modified to include more early signs of autism at the age of 18-36 months. Then the at-risk children were reexamined 1.5 years later and ASD children were identified based on DSM-IV. Early signs of autism were analyzed retrospectively by using discriminant function analysis performed among ASD children, children not followed up and children followed up but failing to meet ASD criteria.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Three hundred and sixty seven children were screened as being at-risk to ASD, and 22 of them were identified as having ASD in the subsequent diagnosis. The prevalence of ASD was 27.5 per 10 000 in Tianjin of China with a male to female ratio of 4:1. Items addressing social interactions and communications had higher predictability than other items to distinguish autistic children from non-autistic ones. Pretend play, functional play, showing and reading parents' facial expressions distinguished autistic children from those not followed up, nevertheless those followed up but failing to meet ASD criteria were not included.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The prevalence of ASD found in our study was lower than that reported in some studies by western researchers. Autism has its specific symptoms, such as deficits in social awareness, social relatedness, and social referencing.</p>

Metric assessment of femur using discriminant function analysis in South Indian population.

Introduction: Sex determination from unidentified human skeletal elements is a challenge for forensic investigators and anthropologists. This study aims to detect the best variable for sex determination from different parameters of femur. Materials and Methods: Study was conducted with 75 (40 males and 35 females) femora of known sex from the Department of Anatomy. Eight parameters were measured and subjected to univariate statistics, multivariate analysis such as discriminant analysis and logistic regression analysis employing SPSS 13.00 version program. Results: The epicondylar breadth, antero-posterior diameter of lateral condyle, proximal breadth, vertical diameter of head and neck are statistically significant for dimorphism (p<0.05). Discriminant analysis shows an overall accuracy of 62.7% and stepwise discriminant analysis shows an accuracy of 65.3%.Under stepwise analysis epicondylar breadth was selected as the best discriminant variable for sex prediction. Discussion: Results implies that epicondylar breadth of femur is the best parameter for sex determination which agrees with available literature in different population. It can be correlated to delayed ossification of growing lower end in males giving higher value. Due to early maturity dimorphism is less in the upper end of the bone. Conclusion: The results of present study confirm that epicondylar breadth is one of the good parameters in femur for sexing in unidentified skeleton.

Sex determination from sternal end of 4th rib in Western U.P. population: An autopsy study.

There have been several studies on the human skull, long bones, pelvis, sacrum and manubrium to establish the sex of skeletal remains. If small segment of the bone or small bone is found then it will be very difficult to identify the sex. The present study showed the sternal extremity of the fourth rib can be used in determining the sex by direct metrical analysis of an isolated 4th rib. The samples (55 males, 39 females) were obtained from individual of known age and sex and three measurements (SI, APW and PD) were taken from each rib. The sample was divided into five groups from less than 15 years to more than 60 years and was analysed by stepwise discriminant function analysis. It was found the specificity of sex determination varied from 50 % to 88.89 % and overall correct classification varied from 60% to 94%. SI was the most reliable followed by APW and APW measurement is most useful criteria for more than 60 year of age. It was therefore concluded that sexual dimorphism can be detected by direct measurement of fourth rib and this dimorphism increases with age.

Determination of sex from fragment of hip bone in Indian Bengali.

The present study was designed to derive a model for determination of sex from fragment of adult hip bone (distal ischio-pubic portion) in a population specific sample using Discriminant function analysis. The following discriminant function was obtained: DF = .76*SYL +1.60*SYW + 4.36. *DOF – 24.88 Overall 90.0 % of the cases could be correctly classified in to the two sexes from the three predictors [maximum vertical length of symphyseal surface (SYL), maximum width of symphyseal surface of pubis (SYW) and maximum diameter of the obturator foramen (DOF).] in the model. Cross-validated results showed correct classification in 86.7% cases. The results of this preliminary study show that these three variables contribute to discrimination between the two sexes in the study population. This investigation also reiterates that discriminant functions are population specific. Sexing of the adult human hipbone is thus possible with reasonable accuracy using the discriminant function on a sample obtained from the Indian Bengali population. This metric analysis can be used for fragmentary remains of hipbones of the population under study.

Application of Factor Analysis to Identify Dietary Patterns and Use of Factor Scores to Study Their Relationship with Nutritional Status of Adult Rural Populations.

The prevalence of chronic energy deficiency (CED) among one-third of the Indian population is attributed to inadequacy of consumption of nutrients. However, considering the complexity of diets among Indians, the relationship between a particular dietary pattern and the nutritional status of the population has not been established so far. A community-based cross-sectional study was undertaken to assess estimates, at district level, of diet and nutritional status in Orissa State, India. Factor analysis was used for exploring the existence of consumption pattern of food and nutrients and their relationship with the nutritional status of rural adult population. Data on 2,864 adult men and 3,525 adult women in Orissa state revealed that there exists six patterns among food-groups explaining 59% of the total variation and three patterns among nutrients that explain 73% of the total variation among both adult men and women. The discriminant function analysis revealed that, overall, 53% of the men were correctly classified as either with chronic energy deficiency (CED) or without CED. Similarly, overall, 54% of the women were correctly classified as either with CED or without CED. The sensitivity of the model was 65% for both men and women, and the specificity was 46% and 41% respectively for men and women. In the case of classification of overweight/ obesity, the prediction of the model was about 75% among both men and women, along with high sensitivity. Using factor analysis, the dietary patterns were identified from the food and nutrient intake data. There exists a strong relationship between the dietary patterns and the nutritional status of rural adults. These results will help identify the community people with CED and help planners formulate nutritional interventions accordingly.

Determination of sex from adult sternum by discriminant function analysis on autopsy sample of indian bengali population: A new approach.

Sex determination from skeletal remains is well studied and extensively documented subject. The sternum has drawn considerable attention in Forensic and anthropological studies. Morphological variants of sternum are well documented The present study was designed to examine the sexual dimorphism of adult sternum in a population specific autopsy sample using discriminant function analysis on 70 adult bones (35 male and 35 female). It was observed that the sternum exhibited sexual dimorphism in the study population (Indian Bengali). The following discriminant function was obtained: DF = .86*Ws +1.04 * WM4 +. 77 *PCL 25.03. Overall 100 % of the cases could be correctly classified in to the two sexes from the three predictors [width of supra sternal notch (Ws), Width of sternum at level of 4th rib (WM4) and posterior curved length of sternum (PCL)] in the model. Cross-validated results showed correct classification in 100% cases. The results of this preliminary study show that sternum exhibit considerable sexual dimorphism and these variables contribute to discrimination between the two sexes in the study population. This investigation also reiterates that discriminant functions are population specific. Sexing of adult human sternum is thus possible with reasonable accuracy using the discriminant function on a sample obtained from the said population by this approach using a linear combination of new parameters.

CLASSIFICATION OF STROKE TYPES IN RELATION TO STROKE RATE AND STROKE LENGTH IN 100M FRONT-CRAWL RACE / 体力科学

The purposes of this study were as follows: 1) to classify competitive swimmers on the basis of their stroke rate (SR) and stroke length (SL) by applying a factor analysis and a cluster analysis, 2) to derive discriminant functions by applying a multiple discriminant analysis of the stroke characteristics, and 3) to compare the race patterns of groups classified according to the results of the cluster analysis. 94 male swimmers who had participated in 100-m freestyle events held at the All Japan Swimming Championship from 2000 to 2004 were selected as subjects. The average value of their swimming velocity, SR, and SL in four swimming phases (15-25 m, 25-45 m, 57.5-75 m, and 75-95 m) were measured from videos captured. The subjects were classified according to their SR and SL by applying a factor analysis and a cluster analysis. Results showed that the competitive swimmers could be classified into Type1-4. Type1 showed high values of SR throughout the race, Type2 showed high values of SR in the first half and high values of SL in the second half, Type3 showed high values of SL in the first half and high values of SR in the second half, and Type4 showed high values of SL throughout the race. Although there was no difference in swimming records among the four groups, each group had different race patterns. These results suggest that the knowledge of race patterns might be useful to swimmers or coaches for planning race strategies.

Sexual dimorphism in the foramen magnum dimensions / Dimorfismo sexual en las dimensiones del foramen magno

The purpose of this study is to assess the presence of sexual dimorphism in the foramen magnum size. We analyzed 211 human skulls from the collection of the Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo, with a record of sex and age determined using anteroposterior and transverse diameters of foramen magnum, and their differences by gender (p<0.05) were ascertained. Fischer linear discriminant function was calculated and the value for the classification of these variables was determined. All the dimensions were found to be higher, and in men's skulls, the foramen magnum size had low discriminating power and were accurately classified only in 66.5 percent skulls. Our results show that this quantitative indicator is of limited practical value and should be supplemented with qualitative indicators of sexual dimorphism in the occipital bone to improve the accuracy in the sex diagnosis.

El propósito de este estudio fue evaluar la presencia de dimorfismo sexual en las dimensiones del foramen magno. Se analizaron 211 cráneos humanos de la colección de la Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo, con registro de sexo y edad, se determinaron los diámetros anteroposterior y transverso máximo del foramen magno y se establecieron las diferencias por sexo (p<0,05), se determinaron las funciones lineales discriminantes de Fischer y se calculó la utilidad para la clasificación de estas variables. Todas las dimensiones resultaron mayores y significativas en cráneos de hombres, las dimensiones del foramen magno presentaron un bajo poder discriminante y clasificaron correctamente el 66,5 por ciento de los cráneos. Nuestros resultados muestran que este indicador cuantitativo es de limitada utilidad práctica y debe ser complementado con los indicadores cualitativos de dimorfismo sexual en el hueso occipital para mejorar la exactitud en el diagnóstico del sexo.

Sexual dimorphism determination from the lineal dimensions of skulls / Determinación del dimorfismo sexual utilizando las dimensiones lineales del cráneo

The sex determination from human skulls can be made by means of morphologic and morphometric methods have been broadly studied. These methods contribute with objective data; however, they present interpopulational variability. The purpose of this article is to determine sexual dimorphism using lineal dimensions in a sample of human skulls collection belonging to the Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), calculating the discriminant function. To complete the selection approaches, 226 skulls were analyzed. Mensurements were carried out among the following reference points of the skull: right Eurion- left Eurion (Eu - Eu), Glabella-Opisthocranion (Gla - Op), Basion - Bregma (Ba-Br), Nasion - Prosthion (Na-Pr), Bizigomatic (Zi-Zi), Maximal width of the piriform aperture (MWPA), and Nasion - Spinal (Na-ANS). Descriptive and inferential statistics (student's t-test proved p <0.05, analysis of discriminant function) for sex were calculated. Statistically significant differences were seen in the following dimensions: Gla - Op, Na - Pro, Zi - Zi, and Na - ANS. Only for the distances Zi - Zi and Na-ANS, a discriminant function with a yield of 82 percent was identified for the correct classification for sex. The authors conclude that the lineal dimensions present a limited utility for sexual dimorphism in this sample.

La determinación del sexo a partir de cráneos humanos por métodos morfológicos cualitativos y morfométricos ha sido ampliamente estudiada. Éstos últimos se destacan por aportar datos objetivos; sin embargo, presentan variabilidad inter-poblacional. Los objetivos de este trabajo fueron: a) evaluar el dimorfismo sexual por medio de las dimensiones lineales, en una muestra de cráneos adultos pertenecientes a la Universidade F ederal de Sao Paulo (UNIFESP); b) construir una función discriminante y c) evaluar su rendimiento. Se analizaron 226 cráneos que cumplieron los criterios de selección. Se realizaron las mediciones entre los siguientes puntos craneométricos: Eurion derecho- eurion izquierdo (Eu - Eu), Glabella- Opistocráneo (Gla - Op), Basion - Bregma (Ba-Br), Nasion - Prostion (Na-Pr), Bicigomática (Zi-Zi), Ancho máximo de la Apertura Piriforme (AMAP), Nasion - Espinal (Na-Es). Se calcularon estadísticos descriptivos e inferenciales (prueba t student p< 0.05, análisis de función discriminante) por sexo. Se establecieron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en las dimensiones Gla - Op, Na - Pro, Zi - Zi, Na - Es. Sólo las distancias Zi - Zi y Na-Es fueron capaces de componer una función discriminante con un rendimiento del 82 por ciento, para la correcta clasificación por sexo. Concluimos que las dimensiones lineales presenta una limitada utilidad para dimorfismo sexual en nuestra muestra.

Sex Determination of the Mandible Focusing on the Ramus / 체질인류학회지

The mandible is the largest and strongest bone in the face. The mandible retains its structure better than other skeletons in the forensic and physical anthropologic field. It can be used to distinguish the ethnic groups, genders and ages. However, it is often discovered as a part, not complete form. Therefore, it would be needed that sex determination must be performed using a part of mandible. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the possibility for sex determination of the mandible focusing on the ramus in Korean. We examined 92 Korean mandibles (68 males and 24 females). The range of age was 16~92 years (mean 60 years). The mandibles were photographed from the both lateral sides at standard position. Nine angular and fifteen linear items were measured by the computer-based image analyzer. Statistical analyses were performed using the Microsoft Excel and SPSS 12.0 software. The vertical height of the coronoid process was greater than that of the condylar process in almost cases (81.6%) regardless of sex. Three angular (gonion-condylion posterior, coronion-condylion, coronion-condylion but passing gonion) and two linear (gonion-condylion, gonion-coronion) items had statistically significant difference between both sexes. Five variables were used in making a series of discriminant functions for which an accuracy of 86.6% was attained.