ISOLATION AND SEQUENCING OF RESISTANCE GENE ANALOGS FROM THE NBS-LRR REGION OF COFFEA ARABICA GENOME

Coffee is one of the most economically important crops in India and also across the world. Apart from the abiotic stress, a USD 495.5 billion coffee industry suffers from the outbreak of various diseases caused by pathogenic fungus, bacteria and viruses. The presence of Resistance Gene Analogs (RGAs) in coffee plant is the most prominent marker of resistance against the pathogens. The current study aims to isolate resistance gene analogs from the nucleotide binding site – Leucine rich repeats (NBS-LRR) region of the Coffea arabica chromosome.

Impact of dietary leaf extracts of Black pepper Piper nigrum L. on the growth, hematological and immunological parameters of Labeo rohita (Hamilton, 1822) cultured in glass aquaria / Impacto de extratos de folhas da dieta de pimenta-do-reino Piper nigrum L. sobre o crescimento, parâmetros hematológicos e imunológicos de Labeo rohita (Hamilton, 1822) cultivado em aquários de vidro

Abstract A study was conducted to evaluate the effect of Piper nigrum (black pepper) leaf extract on on the growth performance, proximate composition, hematological parameters, and immune response of Labeo rohita fingerlings with an average weight of 22.14 ± 0.98g. Aftrer acclimation for two weeks, fish (n=25) were randomly selected and placed in four glass aquaria (T0, T1, T2 and T3) at constant water temperature (30.0 ± 1.0 °C), pH (7.50 ± 0.5) and total hardness (200 ± 2.0 mgL,-1) for a period of 12 weeks, with three replicates each. Fish were fed with P. nigrum leaf extract supplemented feed @ 0.0%, 1.0%, 2.0% and 3.0% in T0, T1,T2 and T3, respectively. At the end of experiment, five fish were randomly selected from each aquaria for proximate composition, gut and skin microbial load, hematological parameters. Total proteins, albumins, and globulins were also recorded to evaluate immunological memory. The result revealed that fish in T2 showed better growth performance with an average weight gain of 56.11 ± 0.51 g. Thus, it had been concluded that Piper nigrum, a medicinal plant, can also be used to enhance the growth performance and immune response of Labeo rohita as attractive alternatives against antibiotics and vaccines and has shown no negative side effects on fish health as well as on its environment.

Resumo Um estudo foi conduzido para avaliar o efeito do extrato da folha de Piper nigrum (pimenta-do-reino) sobre o desempenho de crescimento, composição centesimal, parâmetros hematológicos e resposta imune de alevinos de Labeo rohita com peso médio de 22,14 ± 0,98g. Após aclimatação por duas semanas, os peixes (n = 25) foram selecionados aleatoriamente e colocados em quatro aquários de vidro (T0, T1, T2 e T3) em temperatura constante da água (30,0 ± 1,0 °C), pH (7,50 ± 0,5) e dureza total (200 ± 2,0 mgL-1) por um período de 12 semanas, com três repetições cada. Os peixes foram alimentados com ração suplementada com extrato de folha de P. nigrum @ 0,0%, 1,0%, 2,0% e 3,0% em T0, T1, T2 e T3, respectivamente. Ao final do experimento, cinco peixes foram selecionados aleatoriamente de cada aquário para composição centesimal, carga microbiana intestinal e cutânea e parâmetros hematológicos. Proteínas totais, albuminas e globulinas também foram registradas para avaliar a memória imunológica. O resultado revelou que os peixes em T2 apresentaram melhor desempenho de crescimento com ganho de peso médio de 56,11 ± 0,51 g. Assim, concluiu-se que Piper nigrum, uma planta medicinal, também pode ser usado para melhorar o desempenho de crescimento e resposta imunológica de Labeo rohita como alternativas atraentes contra antibióticos e vacinas e não mostrou efeitos colaterais negativos na saúde dos peixes, bem como sobre seu ambiente.

Impact of dietary leaf extracts of Black pepper Piper nigrum L on the growth, hematological and immunological parameters of Labeo rohita (Hamilton, 1822) cultured in glass aquaria / Impacto de extratos de folhas da dieta de pimenta-do-reino Piper nigrum L sobre o crescimento, parâmetros hematológicos e imunológicos de Labeo rohita (Hamilton, 1822) cultivado em aquários de vidro

A study was conducted to evaluate the effect of Piper nigrum (black pepper) leaf extract on on the growth performance, proximate composition, hematological parameters, and immune response of Labeo rohita fingerlings with an average weight of 22.14 ± 0.98g. After acclimation for two weeks, fish (n=25) were randomly selected and placed in four glass aquaria (T0, T1, T2 and T3) at constant water temperature (30.0 ± 1.0 °C), pH (7.50 ± 0.5) and total hardness (200 ± 2.0 mgL,-¹) for a period of 12 weeks, with three replicates each. Fish were fed with P. nigrum leaf extract supplemented feed @ 0.0%, 1.0%, 2.0% and 3.0% in T0, T1, T2 and T3, respectively. At the end of experiment, five fish were randomly selected from each aquaria for proximate composition, gut and skin microbial load, hematological parameters. Total proteins, albumins, and globulins were also recorded to evaluate immunological memory. The result revealed that fish in T2 showed better growth performance with an average weight gain of 56.11 ± 0.51 g. Thus, it had been concluded that Piper nigrum, a medicinal plant, can also be used to enhance the growth performance and immune response of Labeo rohita as attractive alternatives against antibiotics and vaccines and has shown no negative side effects on fish health as well as on its environment.

Um estudo foi conduzido para avaliar o efeito do extrato da folha de Piper nigrum (pimenta-do-reino) sobre o desempenho de crescimento, composição centesimal, parâmetros hematológicos e resposta imune de alevinos de Labeo rohita com peso médio de 22,14 ± 0,98g. Após aclimatação por duas semanas, os peixes (n = 25) foram selecionados aleatoriamente e colocados em quatro aquários de vidro (T0, T1, T2 e T3) em temperatura constante da água (30,0 ± 1,0 °C), pH (7,50 ± 0,5) e dureza total (200 ± 2,0 mgL-¹) por um período de 12 semanas, com três repetições cada. Os peixes foram alimentados com ração suplementada com extrato de folha de P. nigrum @ 0,0%, 1,0%, 2,0% e 3,0% em T0, T1, T2 e T3, respectivamente. Ao final do experimento, cinco peixes foram selecionados aleatoriamente de cada aquário para composição centesimal, carga microbiana intestinal e cutânea e parâmetros hematológicos. Proteínas totais, albuminas e globulinas também foram registradas para avaliar a memória imunológica. O resultado revelou que os peixes em T2 apresentaram melhor desempenho de crescimento com ganho de peso médio de 56,11 ± 0,51 g. Assim, concluiu-se que Piper nigrum, uma planta medicinal, também pode ser usado para melhorar o desempenho de crescimento e resposta imunológica de Labeo rohita como alternativas atraentes contra antibióticos e vacinas e não mostrou efeitos colaterais negativos na saúde dos peixes, bem como sobre seu ambiente.

Impact of dietary leaf extracts of Black pepper Piper nigrum L. on the growth, hematological and immunological parameters of Labeo rohita (Hamilton, 1822) cultured in glass aquaria

Abstract A study was conducted to evaluate the effect of Piper nigrum (black pepper) leaf extract on on the growth performance, proximate composition, hematological parameters, and immune response of Labeo rohita fingerlings with an average weight of 22.14 ± 0.98g. Aftrer acclimation for two weeks, fish (n=25) were randomly selected and placed in four glass aquaria (T0, T1, T2 and T3) at constant water temperature (30.0 ± 1.0 °C), pH (7.50 ± 0.5) and total hardness (200 ± 2.0 mgL,-1) for a period of 12 weeks, with three replicates each. Fish were fed with P. nigrum leaf extract supplemented feed @ 0.0%, 1.0%, 2.0% and 3.0% in T0, T1,T2 and T3, respectively. At the end of experiment, five fish were randomly selected from each aquaria for proximate composition, gut and skin microbial load, hematological parameters. Total proteins, albumins, and globulins were also recorded to evaluate immunological memory. The result revealed that fish in T2 showed better growth performance with an average weight gain of 56.11 ± 0.51 g. Thus, it had been concluded that Piper nigrum, a medicinal plant, can also be used to enhance the growth performance and immune response of Labeo rohita as attractive alternatives against antibiotics and vaccines and has shown no negative side effects on fish health as well as on its environment.

Resumo Um estudo foi conduzido para avaliar o efeito do extrato da folha de Piper nigrum (pimenta-do-reino) sobre o desempenho de crescimento, composição centesimal, parâmetros hematológicos e resposta imune de alevinos de Labeo rohita com peso médio de 22,14 ± 0,98g. Após aclimatação por duas semanas, os peixes (n = 25) foram selecionados aleatoriamente e colocados em quatro aquários de vidro (T0, T1, T2 e T3) em temperatura constante da água (30,0 ± 1,0 °C), pH (7,50 ± 0,5) e dureza total (200 ± 2,0 mgL-1) por um período de 12 semanas, com três repetições cada. Os peixes foram alimentados com ração suplementada com extrato de folha de P. nigrum @ 0,0%, 1,0%, 2,0% e 3,0% em T0, T1, T2 e T3, respectivamente. Ao final do experimento, cinco peixes foram selecionados aleatoriamente de cada aquário para composição centesimal, carga microbiana intestinal e cutânea e parâmetros hematológicos. Proteínas totais, albuminas e globulinas também foram registradas para avaliar a memória imunológica. O resultado revelou que os peixes em T2 apresentaram melhor desempenho de crescimento com ganho de peso médio de 56,11 ± 0,51 g. Assim, concluiu-se que Piper nigrum, uma planta medicinal, também pode ser usado para melhorar o desempenho de crescimento e resposta imunológica de Labeo rohita como alternativas atraentes contra antibióticos e vacinas e não mostrou efeitos colaterais negativos na saúde dos peixes, bem como sobre seu ambiente.

Fructosan form Paenibacillus kribbensis PS04 enhance disease resistance against Rhizoctonia solani and tobacco mosaic virus

BACKGROUND: Rice sheath blight (caused by Rhizoctonia solani) and tobacco mosaic virus are very important plant diseases, causing a huge loss in global crop production. Paenibacillus kribbensis PS04 is a broad-spectrum biocontrol agent, used for controlling these diseases. Previously, extracellular polysaccharides (EPS) from P. kribbensis PS04 had been purified and their structure was inferred to be fructosan. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of exogenous EPS treatment on plant­pathogen interactions. RESULTS: Plant defense genes such as phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, catalase, chitinase, allene oxide synthase, and PR1a proteins were significantly induced by exogenous EPS treatment. Moreover, subsequent challenge of EPSpretreated plants with the pathogens (R. solani or tobacco mosaic virus) resulted in higher expression of defenseassociated genes. Increased activities of defense-associated enzymes, total phenols, and flavonoids were also observed in EPS pretreated plants. The contents of malondialdehyde in plants, which act as indicator of lipid peroxidation, were reduced by EPS treatment. CONCLUSIONS: This study comprehensively showed that EPS produced from P. kribbensis PS04 enhances disease resistance in plants by the activation of defense-associated genes as well as through the enhancement of activities of defense-related enzymes.

Efeitos do treinamento resistido na capacidade funcional de pacientes com DPOC hospitalizados: revisão sistemática / Effects of resistance training on the functional capacity of hospitalized COPD patients: systematic review

INTRODUÇÃO: A reabilitação pulmonar (RP) vem sido descrita como uma forma de tratamento para pacientes com doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica (DPOC), tendo o treino resistido como seu principal componente. Apesar de estar clara na literatura a importância e reais benefícios adquiridos com programa de reabilitação, este muitas vezes só é iniciado após a alta hospitalar, adiando os potenciais efeitos e intensificando o comprometimento funcional do paciente. OBJETIVO: Revisar sistematicamente as publicações presentes na literatura relacionados aos efeitos do treino resistido sobre a capacidade funcional de pacientes com DPOC, considerando a viabilidade, segurança e características da prescrição do exercício durante o processo de reabilitação. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Trata-se de um estudo de revisão sistemática (CRD42020158760) sobre os efeitos do treino resistido sobre a capacidade funcional de pacientes com DPOC. Foram selecionados artigos científicos no período de setembro de 2018 a fevereiro de 2019 que continham os seguintes descritores: "DPOC", "treinamento de resistência", "fraqueza muscular", "hospitalização" e "hospital". RESULTADOS: Foram incluídos dois estudos nesta revisão sistemática atendendo aos critérios de elegibilidade. Ambos utilizaram como forma de avaliação da capacidade funcional o teste de caminhada de 6 minutos e obtiveram resultados favoráveis ao treinamento iniciado em ambiente hospitalar. CONCLUSÃO: O treinamento resistido foi capaz de melhorar a capacidade funcional refletindo sobre a melhora na realização de atividades de vida diária e qualidade de vida. Demonstrou ser segura, de viável implementação e sem riscos para eventos adversos.

INTRODUCTION: Pulmonary rehabilitation (PR) has been described as a form of treatment for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, with resistance training as its main component. Although the importance and real benefits of a rehabilitation program are clear in the literature, it is often only started after hospital discharge, postponing the potential effects and intensifying the patient's functional impairment. OBJECTIVE: Systematically review publications in the literature regarding the effects of resistance training on the functional capacity of patients with COPD, considering the feasibility, safety and characteristics of exercise prescription during the rehabilitation process. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This is a systematic review study (CRD42020158760) of the effects of resistance training on the functional capacity of patients with COPD. Scientific articles were selected from september 2018 to february 2019 that contained the following descriptors: "COPD", "resistance training", "muscle weakness", "hospitalization" and "hospital". RESULTS: Two studies were included in this systematic review meeting the eligibility criteria. Both used the 6-minute walk test as a means of assessing functional capacity and had favorable effects on training initiated in a hospital setting. CONCLUSION: Resistance training was able to improve functional capacity reflecting on the improvement in the performance of activities of daily living and quality of life. It has been shown to be safe, feasible to implement and without risk for adverse events.

The utility of NBS-profiling for characterization of yellow rust resistance in an F6 durum wheat population

Seedling and adult plant (field) resistance to yellow rust in the durum wheat (Triticum turgidum ssp. durum) cross Kunduru-1149 x Cham-1 was characterized using a functionally-targeted DNA marker system, NBS-profiling. Chi-squared analysis indicated a four gene model conferring seedling yellow rust resistance against Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici isolate WYR85/22 (virulent on Yr2, Yr6, Yr7 and Yr9). Interval mapping located two QTL for yellow rust resistance on the long arm of chromosome 1B, while Kruskal–Wallis single marker regression identified a number of additional marker loci associated with seedling and/or adult plant, field resistance to yellow rust. These results suggested that much of the yellow rust resistance seen in the field may be due to seedling expressed resistance (R) genes. Characterization of the DNA sequence of three NBS marker loci indicated that all showed significant homology to functionally-characterized R-genes and resistance gene analogues (RGAs), with the greatest homology being NBS-LRR-type R-genes and RGAs from cereal species.

Statistics and Colonial Medicine: A Doubt and Controversy on Tuberculosis Statistics in Colonial Korea / 의사학

This paper focuses on the criticism of tuberculosis statistics published by the Japanese Government-general in colonial Korea and a research on the reality of tuberculosis prevalence by medical doctors from the Department of Hygiene and Preventive Medicine at Keijo Imperial University (DHPMK). Recent studies have shown that colonial statistics shape the image of colonial subjects and justify the control to them. Following this perspective, this paper explores the process of producing the statistical knowledge of tuberculosis by medical scientists from DHPMK. Their goal was to find out the resistance to tuberculosis as biological characteristics of Korean race/ethnicity. In order to do so, they demonstrated the existence of errors in tuberculosis statistics by the Korean colonial government and devised a statistical method to correct them based on the conviction that the Western modern medicine was superior than Korean traditional medicine as well as the racist bias against Korean. By analyzing how the statistical concepts reflected these prejudices, this paper argues that the statistical knowledge of tuberculosis created images that Japanese people was healthier and stronger than the Korean people and justified the colonial government's control over Korean.

Descifrando las moléculas ocultas en las sombras grises de la resistencia cuantitativa a patógenos / Unraveling the molecules hidden in the gray shadows of quantitative disease resistance to pathogens

ABSTRACT One of the most challenging questions in plant breeding and molecular plant pathology research is what are the genetic and molecular bases of quantitative disease resistance (QDR)?. The scarce knowledge of how this type of resistance works has hindered plant breeders to fully take advantage of it. To overcome these obstacles new methodologies for the study of quantitative traits have been developed. Approaches such as genetic mapping, identification of quantitative trait loci (QTL) and association mapping, including candidate gene approach and genome wide association studies, have been historically undertaken to dissect quantitative traits and therefore to study QDR. Additionally, great advances in quantitative phenotypic data collection have been provided to improve these analyses. Recently, genes associated to QDR have been cloned, leading to new hypothesis concerning the molecular bases of this type of resistance. In this review we present the more recent advances about QDR and corresponding application, which have allowed postulating new ideas that can help to construct new QDR models. Some of the hypotheses presented here as possible explanations for QDR are related to the expression level and alternative splicing of some defense-related genes expression, the action of "weak alleles" of R genes, the presence of allelic variants in genes involved in the defense response and a central role of kinases or pseudokinases. With the information recapitulated in this review it is possible to conclude that the conceptual distinction between qualitative and quantitative resistance may be questioned since both share important components.

RESUMEN Una de las preguntas más desafiantes del fitomejoramiento y de la fitopatología molecular es ¿cuáles son las bases genéticas y moleculares de la resistencia cuantitativa a enfermedades?. El escaso conocimiento de cómo este tipo de resistencia funciona ha obstaculizado que los fitomejoradores la aprovecharlo plenamente. Para superar estos obstáculos se han desarrollado nuevas metodologías para el estudio de rasgos cuantitativos. Los enfoques como el mapeo genético, la identificación de loci de rasgos cuantitativos (QTL) y el mapeo por asociaciones, incluyendo el enfoque de genes candidatos y los estudios de asociación amplia del genoma, se han llevado a cabo históricamente para describir rasgos cuantitativos y por lo tanto para estudiar QDR. Además, se han proporcionado grandes avances en la obtención de datos fenotípicos cuantitativos para mejorar estos análisis. Recientemente, algunos genes asociados a QDR han sido clonados, lo que conduce a nuevas hipótesis sobre las bases moleculares de este tipo de resistencia. En esta revisión presentamos los avances más recientes sobre QDR y la correspondiente aplicación, que han permitido postular nuevas ideas que pueden ayudar a construir nuevos modelos. Algunas de las hipótesis presentadas aquí como posibles explicaciones para QDR están relacionadas con el nivel de expresión y el splicing alternativo de algunos genes relacionados con la defensa, la acción de "alelos débiles" de genes R, la presencia de variantes alélicas en los genes implicados en la respuesta de defensa y un papel central de quinasas o pseudoqinasas. Con la información recapitulada en esta revisión es posible concluir que la distinción conceptual entre resistencia cualitativa y cuantitativa puede ser cuestionada ya que ambos comparten importantes componentes.

Growth, Body Composition and Resistance to Aeromonas hydrophila Challenge in Juvenile African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus) Fed Diets Supplemented with Spirulina (Arthrospira platensis)

This study evaluates the growth, body composition, and resistance to Aeromonas hydrophila challenge in juvenile African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) fed diets supplemented with spirulina (Arthrospira platensis). Five experimental diets containing different percentages of locally grown dried spirulina (0, 1, 3, 5 and 7%) were fed daily to catfish juveniles at 5% of their body weight. The growth and body composition of the catfish were determined up to 90 days of the study period. At day 91, the catfish were intraperitoneally injected with 107 CFU/ml of virulent A. hydrophila. Generally, the growth and body composition of the catfish in spirulina inclusion groups showed no significant difference with the control group. The survival rate following A. hydrophila challenge was significantly low in the control group compared to all of the other treatment groups. After the challenge trial, only the white blood cell count value was significantly higher in all of the groups supplemented with spirulina compared to the control group. We concluded that the locally grown spirulina do not improve growth and body composition, but it increased the catfish resistance towards A. hydrophila infection.

In silico analysis of disease resistance and defence-related genes for a major sheath blight qShb 9-2 QTL in rice

Aims@#Sheath blight disease (Rhizoctonia solani) is an important rice disease that causes heavy yield losses in rice annually. To date, no rice variety has been found to be completely resistant to this disease. The most desirable approach for the management of sheath blight disease is to introgress genes with major and durable resistance into the rice genome. Therefore, this study aims to identify disease resistance and defence genes within qShb 9-2, a major QTL found within moderately resistant rice population via in silico analysis. @*Methodology and results@#The sequences of tightly linked markers of qShb 9-2 from GRAMENE database was used to derive the 10.24 Mbp QTL region that contains 1581 genes according to MSU Rice Genome Annotation Project database. BLAST results showed that 11.4% of these genes were transposable elements which may be involved in gene duplication. Through Blast2GO, fifty-four (2.9%) defence-related genes were annotated within this QTL and can be classified into 5 major defence mechanisms. Further, fifty (2.7%) disease resistance genes were identified in qShb 9-2 based on the presence of NB-ARC, LRR-receptor kinase, Ser/Thr protein kinase and protein kinase domains. Lastly, directed acyclic graphs showing the interaction between all the disease resistance and defence-related genes were generated. @*Conclusion, significance and impact of study@#The presence of these genes indicates that qShb 9-2 region may contribute towards the defence against sheath blight disease. By deciphering the gene landscape within the QTL, it may be possible to further fine map the QTL into a smaller region for QTL pyramiding in breeding programmes. The resistance and defence genes are also a source for genetic engineering studies and a good source for marker development.

Evaluation of isolation and field effect of ginseng disease resistance and growth-promoting bacteria / 中国中药杂志

This study was aimed to isolate the strains with both disease resistance and growth-promoting, and clarify the field application effects of the strain for laying the further application foundation. The strains with good antagonistic effect were isolated from the 298 strains in Panax ginseng and the soil by plate confrontation method. The nitrogen fixation potential was verified by Ashby medium. The Salkowski method was used to determine the ability of producing IAA. Silicate medium screening and flame spectrophotometry was used to determine the ability of dissolving potassium. CAS method was applied to detect the ability of producing siderophores to determine its growth characteristics. The morphological, physiological and biochemical and 16S rRNA sequences were used to identify the species. The method of root irrigation was used to determine the effects of its disease control and growth-promoting on ginseng. A strain TY15 with broad spectrum of antimicrobial effect, nitrogen fixation, potassium-dissolving and the capacity of producing IAA and siderophores was obtained by screening. And the strain TY15 was identified as Pantoea agglomerans. The control effect of TY15 on the disease of ginseng in the field was 68.02%, which was equivalent to 68.94% of 30 billion per gram of beneficial microecological bacterium agent. The fresh weight of P. ginseng treated with TY15 strain was increased by 22.73% compared with the control group treated with water. And finally a strain TY15 with good application prospects was obtained.

Progress on Function and Biosynthesis of Benzoxazinoids / 中国生物工程杂志

Benzoxazinoids (BXs) are important secondary metabolites in plants.There has been a wide range of attention and research of them because of their role in defensive and allelopathy.With the development of genomics and molecular biology,the BXs biosynthesis and other molecular areas research has made great progress.The BXs profile,the function of BXs,the genetic basis of BXs biosynthesis and expression regulation were briefly introduced.

Resistência à mancha preta e qualidade agronômica de plantas rc1f2 de cruzamentos do híbrido anfidiplóide (Arachis ipaensis x A. duranensis) com o amendoim cultivado (A. hypogaea) / Resistance to late leafspot and agronomic quality of bc1f2 plants from crosses between the amphyploids hibrid (arachis ipaensis x a. duranensis) and the cultivated peanut (a. hypogaea)

A resistência à mancha preta (Cercosporidium personatum) e a condição agronômica de plantas de amendoim foram avaliadas em populações RC1F2 obtidas de cruzamentos do anfidiplóide (Arachis ipaensis x Arachis duranensis) com o genitor recorrente, cultivar Runner IAC 886. O experimento foi conduzido em condições de campo, em Pindorama, SP., sob condições naturais de ocorrência da doença. A doença foi avaliada em cada planta, em duas épocas, usando uma escala de notas visuais de 1 a 9, considerando o número de lesões nas folhas e a desfolha causada pela doença. Foi realizada após a colheita, em 90 plantas tomadas ao acaso, a avaliação da produção de vagens e grãos/planta, o rendimento de grãos após descascamento, massa média de grãos, número de vagens/planta, número e porcentagem de vagens com dois grãos. Os resultados mostraram ampla variabilidade para resistência à doença. Dependendo do genitor hypogaea utilizado nos cruzamentos iniciais com o anfidiplóide, 4,2 a 7,7% de plantas portadoras de resistência próxima a do parental silvestre resistente (A. ipaensis) foram resgatadas em F2. Observaram-se diferenças significativas entre plantas RC1F2 em função da planta F1 da qual descendem, tanto para resistência à doença como para caracteres agronômicos, tendo em vista a condição segregante das plantas F4 utilizadas nos cruzamentos com o genitor recorrente, cultivar Runner IAC 886. As correlações negativas observadas entre resistência à doença e caracteres agronômicos como produção de vagens e grãos/planta e massa média de grãos sugerem a necessidade de novo ciclo de retrocruzamentos para quebrar eventuais ligações indesejáveis e gerar indivíduos resistentes mais próximos do padrão comercial.

Resistance to late leafspot (Cercosporidium personatum) and agronomic condition of peanut plants were assessed in segregating RC1F2 populations obtained from crosses between the amphidiploid (A. ipaensis x A. duranensis) and the recurrent parent, cultivar Runner IAC 886. The experiment was carried out at Pindorama, SP, under natural field conditions of the disease. Disease was evaluated at two dates during the growing cycle, in 1,500 plants, using a scale of visual notes ranging from 1 to 9, and taking into consideration the number of lesions in leaves and the degree of defoliation caused by the disease. The data obtained were used to estimate the AUDPC (Area Under the Disease Progress Curve). Agronomic evaluations were performed after harvesting, in 90 randomly taken plants. The following agronomic characters were evaluated: pod and kernel production per plant, shelling percentage, number of pods per plant, number and percentage of two-seed pods. The results showed wide variability for resistance to the disease. Depending on the hypogaea parent used in the initial crosses with the amphidiploids, 4,2 to 7,7% of plants with disease resistance close to the wild resistant parent (A. ipaensis) could be rescued in the F2 generation. Significant differences were observed between RC1F2 plants descendent from the same F1 plant, in either disease resistance or in agronomic traits, due to the segregant condition of the F4 plants used in the crosses to the recurrent parent, cultivar Runner IAC 886. Some of the RC1F1:2 plant families exhibited agronomic condition close to the cultivar IAC Caiapó, especially in production of pods and kernels, shelling percentage and average kernel weight. However, the large majority of the segregants in this generation still showed high percentages of one-seed pods. This condition, and the negative correlations observed between resistance to the disease and agronomic traits such as pod and kernel production per plant and average kernel weight suggest that a new backcrossing cycle is needed to break eventual undesirable linkages and generate resistant individuals closer to the commercial standards.

Progresso temporal da ferrugem alaranjada em cultivares de cafeeiro no oeste de São Paulo / Temporal progress of orange rust in coffee cultivars in western Sao Paulo

A ferrugem é a doença mais comum das lavouras de café. O trabalho estudou nos cultivares de Coffea arabica L. Acaiá IAC 474-19, Catuaí Amarelo IAC 47, Icatu Amarelo IAC 2944, Icatu Vermelho IAC 4045, Obatã IAC 1669-20 e Apoatã IAC 2258 (Coffea canephora Pierre ex Fhroen) a incidência da ferrugem. O ensaio foi realizado em Adamantina, SP, onde os cafeeiros foram plantados no espaçamento de 4,0 x 2,0 m, com duas plantas por cova e dispostos em 6 linhas com 15 a 20 covas cada. No período entre junho de 2008 a dezembro de 2009, quinzenalmente, coletou-se ao acaso 30 folhas obtidas nos terços superior, médio e inferior dos cafeeiros e calculou-se a porcentagem das folhas com sintomas característicos da ferrugem. Calculou-se a área abaixo da curva de progresso da ferrugem para cada um dos cultivares. Constatou-se a doença na Icatu Amarelo IAC 2944 e Icatu Vermelho IAC 4045, cultivares descritos como resistentes/tolerantes à ferrugem. Concluiuse que a incidência diferiu entre os cultivares e diminuiu com o aumento da temperatura, mas não com a precipitação pluvial. A incidência da doença menor que 5% nos cafeeiros ocorreu com temperaturas máximas médias mensais maiores que 30º C

Rust is the most common disease in the coffee plantations. This work aimed to evaluate the incidence of coffee rust in the following cultivars of Coffea arabica L.: Acaiá IAC 474-19, Catuaí Amarelo IAC 47, Icatu Amarelo IAC 2944, Icatu Vermelho IAC 4045, Obatã IAC 1669-20 and Apoatã IAC 2258 (Coffea canephora Pierre ex Fhroen). The experiment was conducted in Adamantina, northwest region of the state of São Paulo, Brazil. The coffee trees were planted at a spacing of 4.0 x 2.0 m with two plants per hole. Each plot consisted of six lines with 15 to 20 holes each. From June 2008 to December 2009, 30 leaves were randomly collected from the upper, middle and bottom portions of the trees. The leaf rust was found in all cultivars, including on Catuai Amarelo IAC 2944 and Vermelho IAC 4045, although both cultivars are considered resistant to the disease in field conditions. The infections differed significantly among cultivars. The rust symptoms declined with increasing temperature, and the rainfall did not affect the incidence of disease. The less-than-5% infection rate coincided with the occurrence of maximum monthly mean temperatures greater than 30º C.

A genomic analysis of disease-resistance genes encoding nucleotide binding sites in Sorghum bicolor

A large set of candidate nucleotide-binding site (NBS)-encoding genes related to disease resistance was identified in the sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) genome. These resistance (R) genes were characterized based on their structural diversity, physical chromosomal location and phylogenetic relationships. Based on their N-terminal motifs and leucine-rich repeats (LRR), 50 non-regular NBS genes and 224 regular NBS genes were identified in 274 candidate NBS genes. The regular NBS genes were classified into ten types: CNL, CN, CNLX, CNX, CNXL, CXN, NX, N, NL and NLX. The vast majority (97 percent) of NBS genes occurred in gene clusters, indicating extensive gene duplication in the evolution of S. bicolor NBS genes. Analysis of the S. bicolor NBS phylogenetic tree revealed two major clades. Most NBS genes were located at the distal tip of the long arms of the ten sorghum chromosomes, a pattern significantly different from rice and Arabidopsis, the NBS genes of which have a random chromosomal distribution.

Effect of melatonin on the pancreatic cancer in mice subcutaneous xenograft / 中华胰腺病杂志

Objective To investigate the therapeutic effects of melatonin (MT) on human pancreatic cancer in Balb/c nude mice subcutaneous xenograft model. Methods Pancreatic cancer model was established high dose MT(20 mg· kg -1 · d-1 ) , gemcitabine( GEM,50 mg· kg -1 · d-1 ) and high dose MT combination with GEM. Tumor size was measured regularly. The tumor growth curve was drawn. The activity of mice spleen natural killer cell was determined by MTT. Results Compared with the controls [ ( 1. 476 ± 0.075) cm3 ], tumor volumes in low dose MT group[ (0.998 ±0.112)cm3], high dose MT group[ (0.756 ±0.128) cm3], GEM group [ (0. 746 ± 0. 115 ) cm3 ], combination group [ (0. 305 ± 0. 111 ) cm3 ] were significantly decreased ( P <0.01), and the tumor size in high dose MT group was smaller than that in low dose MT group, while the tumor size in combination group was the smallest. The activity of mice spleen natural killer cell was ( 18.07 ± 1.23) %in control group, and they were (44.27 ±3.19)% ,(45.16 ±3.20)% and (30.29 ±2.91)% in low dose MT group, high dose MT group, combination group, which were significantly higher than those in the control group;the activity of natural killer cell in GEM group was ( 14.24 ± 2.70) %, which was significantly lower than that in the control group (P <0.05), but the activity of natural killer cell in combination group was significantly higher than that in the GEM group (P < 0.01 ). Conclusions MT could improve the immune function of mice,inhibit the growth of tumor, and MT combination with GEM may have more potent antitumor effect.

Identificação de fontes de resistência e avaliação de métodos de inoculação de Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens pv. flaccumfaciens em feijão-de-vagem / Identification of resistance sources and evaluation of Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens pv. flacumfacceins inoculation methods in snap bean

A murcha-de-curtobacterium foi detectada no Brasil, pela primeira vez em 1995 no estado de São Paulo e, desde então, também tem sido identificada em outros Estados. Essa doença, cujo agente causal é a bactéria Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens pv. flaccumfaciens (Cff) tem-se apresentado como ameaça às lavouras de feijoeiro. Objetivou-se, neste trabalho, avaliar a resistência de genótipos de feijão-de-vagem em relação à murcha-de-curtobacterium e definir o método de inoculação mais adequado para discriminar os genótipos resistentes e suscetíveis a Cff. Dois experimentos foram realizados, sendo o experimento 1 no período de dezembro de 2005 a fevereiro de 2006, no delineamento de blocos casualizados, seis repetições e 39 tratamentos. O experimento 2 foi conduzido no período de maio a julho de 2006, no delineamento de blocos ao acaso, com cinco repetições, oriundos de um arranjo em fatorial (três métodos de inoculação x 11 genótipos), visando comparar três métodos de inoculação utilizados para Cff. Os genótipos utilizados neste experimento foram os mais resistentes e o mais suscetível, identificados no experimento 1. As notas das avaliações foram utilizadas para calcular a área abaixo da curva de progresso da doença (AACPD). Os genótipos 'Novirex', 'IAC Carioca Tybatã' e 'Amarelo Baixo' foram identificados como resistentes. O método de 'palito de dente', além da boa discriminação entre os genótipos resistentes e suscetíveis, apresenta rapidez e facilidade na execução, sendo o método de inoculação mais indicado.

The bacterial wilt of bean was first reported in Brazil in 1995, in São Paulo state and since then, this bacteria has also been identified in other states in Brazil. The disease is caused by Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens pv. flaccumfaciens (Cff) and has become a serious problem in bean crop. The aims of this study were to evaluate the resistance of snap bean genotypes considering bacterial wilt and also to define the most accurate method to distinguish resistant and susceptible genotypes to Cff. Two experiments were carried out, one of them from December 2005 to February 2006, in a randomized block design, six replications and 39 treatments. The second experiment was carried out from May to July, 2006, in a randomized block design, with five replications, in a factorial arrangement (three inoculation methods x 11 genotypes), in order to compare three inoculation methods for Cff. The genotypes used in this test were the most resistant and susceptible according to the first experiment. The rates of evaluation were used to determine the area under disease progress curve (AUDPC). The genotypes Novirex, IAC Carioca Tybatã and Amarelo Baixo were considered resistant. The toothpick inoculation method allowed an efficient discrimination among resistant and susceptible genotypes and it was also faster and easier to perform than the other methods.

New soybean (Glycine max Fabales, Fabaceae) sources of qualitative genetic resistance to Asian soybean rust caused by Phakopsora pachyrhizi (Uredinales, Phakopsoraceae)

Asian soybean rust (ASR), caused by the phytopathogenic fungi Phakopsora pachyrhizi, has caused large reductions in soybean (Glycine max) yield in most locations in Brazil where it has occurred since it was first reported in May 2001. Primary efforts to combat the disease involve the development of resistant cultivars, and four dominant major genes (Rpp1, Rpp2, Rpp3 and Rpp4) controlling resistance to ASR have been reported in the literature. To develop new long-lasting soybean ASR resistance genes, we used field experiments to assess ASR leaf lesion type in 11 soybean genotypes (BR01-18437, BRS 184, BRS 231, BRS 232, BRSGO Chapadões, DM 339, Embrapa 48, PI 200487, PI 230970, PI 459025-A and PI 200526) and the 55 F2 generations derived from their biparental diallel crosses. The results indicated that PI 200487 and PI 200526 carry different dominant resistance major genes which are both different from Rpp2 through Rpp4. Furthermore, resistance to ASR in BR01-18437 is controlled by a single recessive major gene, also different from Rpp1 through Rpp4 and different from the genes in PI 200487 and PI 200526.

An AFLP marker linked to the Pm-1 gene that confers resistance to Podosphaera xanthii race 1 in Cucumis melo

Brazil produced 330,000 metric tons of melons in 2005, principally in the Northeast region where one of the most important melon pathogens is the powdery mildew fungus Podosphaera xanthii. The disease is controlled mainly by incorporating single dominant resistance genes into commercial hybrids. We report on linkage analysis of the Pm-1 resistance gene, introgressed from the AF125Pm-1 Cantalupensis Charentais-type breeding line into the yellow-fleshed melon (Group Inodorus) breeding line AF426-S by backcrossing to produce the resistant line AF426-R, and the amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) marker M75/H35_155 reported to be polymorphic between AF426-S and AF426-R. Segregation analysis of M75/H35_155 using a backcross population of 143 plants derived from [AF426-R x AF426-S] x AF426-S and screened for resistance to P. xanthii race 1 produced a recombination frequency of 4.9 percent, indicating close linkage between M75/H35_155 and Pm-1. Using the same segregating population, the M75/H35_155 marker had previously been reported to be distantly linked to Prv¹, a gene conferring resistance to papaya ringspot virus-type W. Since M75/H35_155 is linked to Prv¹ at a distance of 40.9 cM it is possible that Pm-1 and Prv¹ are also linked.