Conhecimento dos enfermeiros recém-formados sobre Precauções Específicas na pré-pandemia da COVID-19 / Newly graduated nurses' knowledge about Specific Precautions in the pre-pandemic of COVID-19 / Conocimiento de los enfermeros recién licenciados sobre las Precauciones Específicas en la prepandemia de COVID-19

Objetivo: Avaliar o conhecimento dos enfermeiros recém-formados sobre as medidas das Precauções Específicas (PE). Método: Estudo transversal descritivo-exploratório, com abordagem quantitativa, realizado em um hospital privado de São Paulo, em fevereiro de 2019. Os enfermeiros foram abordados para participar da pesquisa enquanto aguardavam o início do processo seletivo para "Enfermeiro Junior". Para avaliar o conhecimento, foi utilizado um instrumento validado, contendo 29 questões de múltipla escolha, divididas em cinco eixos temáticos, sendo definida como ponto de corte a média 7,0 (de zero a 10). Para análise dos dados, foi usado o pacote estatístico R Core, e o lme4 para os modelos mistos generalizados, sendo adotado nível de significância de 5%. Resultados: Participaram do estudo 190 enfermeiros recém-formados com nota geral de 5,82, sendo a maior média (7,9) no eixo "Equipamento de Proteção Individual". Nos demais eixos, as médias foram abaixo de 7,0, tendo a menor pontuação (4,35) no eixo "Cuidados com o Ambiente". Conclusão e Implicações para a prática: O estudo evidenciou déficit de conhecimento sobre as PE entre os enfermeiros recém-formados, com implicações para a segurança dos pacientes e dos profissionais de saúde, desde a prática assistencial na graduação (estágios) ao início da carreira profissional

Objective: To assess the knowledge of newly graduated nurses about Specific Precautions/Isolation measures. Method: A cross-sectional descriptive-exploratory study with a quantitative approach was conducted in a private hospital in São Paulo in February 2019. The researcher approached the nurses waiting for the "Junior Nurse" position selection process to participate in the survey. The participants answered a validated instrument with 29 multiple-choice questions, divided into five thematic categories. A score of 7.0 (from zero to 10) was defined as the cut-off point. The R Core statistical package and the lme4 for generalized mixed models were used for data analysis, with a significance level of 5%. Results: 190 newly graduated nurses participated in the study, with an overall knowledge of Specific Precautions score of 5.82, with the highest mean (7.9) in the "Personal Protective Equipment" category. In the other four categories, the nurses scored below 7.0, with the lowest score (4.35) in the "Care for the environment". Conclusion and Implications for the practice: The study showed a deficiency of Specific Precautions knowledge among newly graduated nurses, with implications for the patients' and healthcare professionals' safety from graduation practice (internship) to the beginning of their professional career

Objetivo: Evaluar los conocimientos de los enfermeros recién graduados sobre las medidas de Precauciones Específicas/aislamiento. Método: Se realizó un estudio transversal descriptivo-exploratorio con enfoque cuantitativo en un hospital privado de São Paulo en febrero/2019. El investigador abordó a los enfermeros que esperaban el proceso de selección del puesto de "Enfermero Junior" para que respondieran a la encuesta. Se utilizó un instrumento validado con 29 preguntas de opción múltiple, divididas en cinco categorías temáticas, y definió como punto de corte 7,0 (de cero a 10). Se utilizó el paquete estadístico R Core y el lme4 para modelos mixtos generalizados, y nivel de significación del 5%. Resultados: Participaron 190 enfermeros recién graduados con una puntuación global de 5,82, con la media más alta (7,9) en "Equipos de protección personal". En las demás categorías, las puntuaciones fueron inferiores a 7,0, siendo la más baja (4,35) la de "Cuidado del ambiente". Conclusión e implicaciones para la práctica: El estudio mostró una deficiencia de conocimientos sobre Precauciones Específicas entre los enfermeros recién graduados, lo que tiene implicaciones para la seguridad de los pacientes y de los profesionales de la salud desde la práctica de graduación (pasantía) hasta el inicio de la carrera profesional

Construction of risk assessment index system of epidemic infectious diseases in primary and middle schools / 中国学校卫生

Objective@#To establish a risk assessment index system for epidemic infectious diseases in primary and secondary schools, for early warning and prevention of school infectious diseases accurately and timely.@*Methods@#Through literature review, the indicators pool was established by consulting relevant experts and referring to practical experience. Then two rounds of expert consultation using the Delphi method were conducted(13 experts of round 1, and 20 experts of round 2). The concentration of expert opinions (the average, the percentage of full marks) and the coordination of expert opinions (the coefficient of variation, the coordination coefficient W ) were calculated and analyzed. The coordination coefficient W was obtained by nonparametric Kendall s W test of multiple samples. According to the experts feedback, necessary addition, reduction and modification of the indicators were carried out to determine the evaluation index system, and the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) was used to calculate the weight of each indicator.@*Results@#The expert authority coefficients of the two rounds of consultation were 0.89 and 0.88, respectively, and the form recovery rate was 100%. The range of the variation coefficient of each three level indicator was 0.07-0.31 and 0.06-0.19, and the coordination coefficient W was 0.25 and 0.47, respectively, indicating that the consistency and credibility of expert opinions were good. Finally, the risk assessment index system of infectious diseases in primary and secondary schools was established, which was composed of 5 first level indexes, 23 second level indexes and 86 third level indexes. The AHP was used to calculate the intra level weight of the index. The variation coefficient of five first level indicators of school health management and security system, school health personnel facilities, health monitoring and cognition level, severity and coping measures were 0.09, 0.06, 0.08, 0.12 and 0.06 , respectively, and the weight coefficients were 20.42%, 21.19%, 19.87%, 17.45% and 21.08%, respectively.@*Conclusion@#The risk assessment index system of school infectious diseases is applicable to primary and secondary schools. The initiative, coordination and authority of experts in this system are all high. It is of practical guiding significance for the early warning of infectious diseases in primary and secondary schools.

Discussion on advantages and disadvantages in prevention and control of emerging infectious disease in Wuhan / 上海预防医学

On the basis of systematic evaluation of 32 provincial capital cities and municipalities in their capacity for preventing and controlling emerging infectious diseases, focus analysis is made on Wuhan in relation to its advantages and disadvantages as follows:There has been a legal basis for epidemic prevention according to law, but it has not translated into effective action.There has been an organizational basis for responding to epidemic, but coordination mechanism has not been effectively established.The management mechanism has been complete, but the division of responsibilities among different departments has not been clear.The monitoring network has been set up, but its role of "predictive warning" has not been played.Insufficiency of public health service delivery was observed owing to lack of financial investment.In cities of China, advantages and disadvantages have been both existent in their capacity to prevent and control of emerging infectious disease.We should be vigilant in this regard. It is imperative to "fill defects, stop leaks and strengthen weakness".There is a Chinese saying:"It is not too late to mend a fold after the sheep have been stolen".

La peste bubónica en Cuba. Apuntes históricos / Bubonic plague in Cuba. Historical notes

Introducción: La peste bubónica afectó a gran parte del mundo en la primera mitad del siglo xx, causando desde pequeños brotes a grandes epidemias. En Cuba se presentó en dos oportunidades, en 1912 y en 1914, causando alguna morbimortalidad. Objetivo: Rescatar la historia de las epidemias de peste bubónica en Cuba. Metodología: Cualitativa, utilizando como métodos teóricos el histórico-lógico y el análisis documental. Se revisaron estadísticas en el Departamento de Estadísticas y Registros Médicos del Ministerio de Salud Pública, artículos de la época, directrices y planes de enfrentamiento a la epidemia orientados por el Departamento Nacional de Sanidad, de la Secretearía de Sanidad y Beneficencia, e informes redactados por los sanitaristas que trabajaron en su control. Resultados: En 1912 existieron brotes en La Habana, Santiago de Cuba y Pinar del Río, importada de las Islas Canarias. Durante la segunda epidemia en 1914, erradicada al año siguiente, se produjeron 68 casos y 23 fallecidos. Se diseñó una estrategia de lucha que incluyó, desde el ingreso y aislamiento de los sospechosos, vigilancia de los residentes en la zona, recogida de ratas, hasta desinfección, saneamiento y desratización de la zona afectada. Conclusiones: Las medidas tomadas fueron oportunas y eficientes, controlando la epidemia. No se produjeron más casos desde julio de 1915(AU)

Introduction: The bubonic plague affected much of the world in the first half of the twentieth century, causing from small outbreaks to large epidemics. In Cuba, it appeared twice in 1912 and in 1914 causing some morbidity and mortality. Objective: To rescue the history of bubonic plague's epidemics in Cuba. Methodology: Qualitative, using as theoretical methods the historical- logic and the documentary analysis. Statistics were reviewed in the Department of Statistics and Medical Records of the Ministry of Public Health, in articles of the time, in guidelines and plans to confront the epidemic established by the National Department of Health of the Secretariat of Health and Charity, and also reports written by the health workers who participated in the control strategies of this disease. Results: In 1912, there were outbreaks in Havana, Santiago de Cuba and Pinar del Rio imported from the Canary Islands. In the second epidemic in 1914 that was eradicated in 1915, there were 68 cases and 23 deaths. A control strategy was designed, which included the entry and isolation of the suspects, surveillance of the residents in the area, collection of rats, disinfection, sanitation and deratization of the affected area. Conclusions: The measures taken were timely and efficient for controlling the epidemic. No more cases have occurred since July, 1915(AU)

Estrés, afrontamiento y control del asma en niños / Stress, coping and asthma control in children

La enfermedad crónica representa una cadena de acontecimientos y resultados en la vida de quien la afronta y su familia; el asma es una enfermedad que afecta en mayor proporción a la población infantil. "Quizás no se pueda considerar el asma una enfermedad única, sino la expresión común de una serie de factores genéticos y ambientales que en su conjunto producen una reacción inflamatoria, que origina la disminución del calibre bronquial y una respuesta exagerada frente a estímulos de carácter diverso (SEPAR, 1998)" (Fernández, 1997, p. 11). Existen factores tangibles e intangibles que se deben contemplar e indagar, con el fin de generar un cuidado holístico para los niños que viven con asma. Desde esta perspectiva y con esta meta, se busca un acercamiento desde la visión integrativa del mundo para conocer de manera objetiva un contexto específico de determinar cómo se relacionan el nivel de estrés, el estilo de afrontamiento y el control de la enfermedad. Objetivo: Describir la relación entre el estrés, el afrontamiento y el control de la enfermedad en el niño con asma entre los 6 y los 12 años, quien se encuentra asistiendo a consulta externa o está hospitalizado en el Hospital Infantil Universitario San José Infantil. Método: La investigación es un estudio cuantitativo de tipo correlacional. La población considerada para el presente estudio estuvo constituida por 280 niños con asma del Hospital Infantil Universitario de San José, en la ciudad de Bogotá, y se contemplaron dos grupos: el primero integrado por niños que ingresaron a consulta externa y el segundo, con niños que se encontraban hospitalizados, ambos grupos con diagnóstico de asma. De esta manera se logró describir y comparar el comportamiento y relación de las variables en cada grupo. Resultados y conclusiones: En conclusión, se evidenciaron las relaciones de las tres variables de interés y, desde la perspectiva de los niños, se puede decir que hay una correlación inversa entre estrés y afrontamiento (r=-.581), entre estrés y control del asma (r=-.545) y una relación directa entre afrontamiento y control del asma (r=.759). De manera general, se puede inferir que los niños con bajos niveles de estrés tienen un mayor control de su enfermedad y asumen un afrontamiento funcional frente a su estado de salud. De otro lado, se concluye que algunas características sociodemográficas y de salud de la población estudiada pueden constituir un factor determinante y están presentes en el niño con asma, se destacan el bajo peso al nacer, el consumo de cigarrillo en el hogar, el grado escolar que cursa el niño y el tiempo de la enfermedad.

Chronic disease represents a chain of events and outcomes in the life of those who face it and their families; Asthma is a disease that affects the child population in greater proportion. "Asthma may not be considered a unique disease, but the common expression of a series of genetic and environmental factors that together produce an inflammatory reaction, which causes the reduction of the bronchial caliber and an exaggerated response to Stimuli of diverse character (Separ, 1998) "(Fernandez, 1997, p. 11). There are tangible and intangible factors that must be considered and investigated to generate a holistic care for children living with asthma. From this perspective and with this goal, an approach is sought from the integrative vision of the world to know in an objective way a specific context, how the level of stress, the style of coping and the control of the disease are related. Objective: To describe the relationship between stress, coping and control of the disease in the child with asthma between 6 and 12 years of age, who is attending external consultation or is hospitalized in the children's Hospital Universitario San Jose Infantil. Method: Research is a quantitative study of correlational type. The population considered for the present study consisted of 280 children with asthma from the University children's Hospital of San José, in the city of Bogotá, and two groups were contemplated: the first composed of children who entered the external consultation and the second, with children who were hospitalized, both groups diagnosed with asthma. In this way, it was possible to describe and compare the behavior and relation of the variables in each group. Results and conclusions: In conclusion, the relationships of the three variables of interest were evident and, from the perspective of the children, one can say that there is a reverse correlation between stress and coping (r =-. 581), between stress and asthma control (r =-. 545) and a direct relationship between coping and asthma control (r =. 759). In general, it can be inferred that children with low levels of stress have greater control of their disease and assume a functional coping with their health status. It is concluded that some sociodemographic and health characteristics of the population studied can be a determining factor and are present in the child with asthma. It highlights the low birth weight, the consumption of cigarette by a family member, the school degree that the child and the time of the disease.

Investigation of avian diseases eradication in parent breeding flocks in China in 2015 / 中国兽医学报

In order to understand the management measures,technique abilities and difficulties in controlling and eradicating avian diseases in parent breeding flocks,the current situation of avian disease eradication in breeding flocks was investigated by China Animal Disease Control Centre in 19 provinces in July 2015.Questionnaires investigation was conducted and the feedbacks were received from 214 parent breeding flocks.This study summarized and analyzed the information of farm management,breeding resources,avian disease surveillance and disease eradication in these flocks,which will provide the basic data to promote the avian diseases control and eradication in China.

Allocation of resources for diseases control and prevention in Beijing, from 2010 to 2015 / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective To explore the allocation of resources for diseases control and prevention in Beijing CDC and to put forward related scientific evidence for improvement.Methods To gather and comparatively analyze the human,financial and material resources of Beijing CDC reported by China Information System,from 2010 to 2015.Results Research findings showed that on average,1.43 CDC members served ten thousand people in Beijing in 2015,which was below the set national standard.The proportion of staff with either master/doctor degrees or senior professional titles showed an annual upward trend from 2010 to 2015 (P＜0.05),the proportion was higher in the municipal CDC than that in the District CDCs,in 2015 (P＜0.05).Fiscal deficit had existed for many years.The average capability for different kinds of testings did not reach the national standard.Numbers of instruments and equipment were higher than that of the national standard.The average space of Beijing CDC was 55.9 square meters/person,again had not met the nationally recommended criteria.Conclusions The allocation of CDC human resources was significantly imbalanced in Beijing.The structure of CDC human resources should be improved.We suggested that the Full Funding Security Model'should be unified.And the average space of the Beijing CDC should meet the national standard in the years to come.

Allocation of resources for diseases control and prevention in Beijing, from 2010 to 2015 / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective To explore the allocation of resources for diseases control and prevention in Beijing CDC and to put forward related scientific evidence for improvement.Methods To gather and comparatively analyze the human,financial and material resources of Beijing CDC reported by China Information System,from 2010 to 2015.Results Research findings showed that on average,1.43 CDC members served ten thousand people in Beijing in 2015,which was below the set national standard.The proportion of staff with either master/doctor degrees or senior professional titles showed an annual upward trend from 2010 to 2015 (P＜0.05),the proportion was higher in the municipal CDC than that in the District CDCs,in 2015 (P＜0.05).Fiscal deficit had existed for many years.The average capability for different kinds of testings did not reach the national standard.Numbers of instruments and equipment were higher than that of the national standard.The average space of Beijing CDC was 55.9 square meters/person,again had not met the nationally recommended criteria.Conclusions The allocation of CDC human resources was significantly imbalanced in Beijing.The structure of CDC human resources should be improved.We suggested that the Full Funding Security Model'should be unified.And the average space of the Beijing CDC should meet the national standard in the years to come.

Health development in Africa: Accelerated improvement of health status and recommendations for Japan's development assistance / 国際保健医療

Recent studies reveal that Sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries are now experiencing rapid scaling up of health services and improvement of health status. It is reported that services related to HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis and malaria are rapidly expanding especially after 2005. According to the latest household surveys (such as Demographic and Health Surveys and Malaria Indicator Surveys) conducted after 2000, annual rate of reduction in under five mortality rate of 5% or more is observed in more than 10 countries. This revolutionary change in SSA was triggered at least partly by development assistance for health (DAH), which increased 5 folds after 2000. On the other hand, DAH to SSA by the Japanese government (bilateral basis only and excluding contributions to multi-lateral organizations and global health partnerships such as GFATM) represents merely 1% of the total, which is equivalent to $0.1 per person living in Africa. The impact, therefore, may be limited. Increase in quantity of DAH including partial support for recurrent expenditures, contribution to rule making and monitoring of DAH use within the partner coordination framework, better targeting on selected number of countries, focus on health systems strengthening, and scientific and multi-sectoral analysis of success factors of high-performing countries, are recommended as future directions of Japanese DAH to SSA.

Infecções emergentes e reemergentes / Emerging and reemerging infectious

Doenças emergentes são aquelas novas que promovem significativo impacto sobre o ser humano, devido à sua gravidade e à potencialidade de deixar sequelas limitadoras e morte ou pelas repercussões sociais relacionadas com a sua prevalência, reveladoras de degradação ambiental. As doenças reemergentes ou resistentes às drogas são as que reaparecem após período de declínio significativo ou com risco de aumento no futuro próximo.

New emerging diseases are diseases that promote significant impact on human beings, due to its seriousness and potential consequences of allowing limiting and death or the social implications related to its prevalence, indicative of environmental degradation. The reemerging diseases resistant to drugs are those that reapper after a period of significant decline, or at risk of increasing in the near future.

Disease control programmes and health system strengthening in developing countries: Current relation and possible future collaboration / 国際保健医療

<b>Introduction</b><br> On 8 March 2009, the Workshop on Infectious Diseases Control Programmes and Health System Strengthening (HSS) was conducted in the 24th East Japan Regional Conference of the Japan Association for International Health. This article reports the discussion in the Workshop and the internet-based open forum that followed. <br><b>Method</b><br>  After four presentations reflecting on the field-based experiences regarding the relation between disease-specific programmes and HSS, following three aspects were discussed: 1) health system-wide barriers perceived through the implementation of disease-specific programmes; 2) shortcomings of the disease-specific initiatives in light of the HSS; and 3) how the disease-specific initiatives can contribute to the HSS. <br><b>Results</b><br> As the system-wide barriers, insufficient quantity and quality of health human resources, lack of health infrastructure and material resources and limitation of the technology applicable to community level of developing countries were commonly perceived. Shortfall of disease-specific programmes in light of the HSS included the lacked coordination between different programmes and donors, duplicated heavy workload put on community health workers especially in recording and reporting, dissociation between local health needs and programme priorities, lack of contributions to strengthening mid-level health administration, deviation of resources to the priority programmes and lack of sharing of potentially sharable material resources. It was proposed that the disease-specific initiatives should contribute to resource mobilization, programme management models, capacity building of mid-level health administration, supplementing personnel cost and presenting hardware and software outcome resources to the HSS. <br><b>Conclusions</b><br> The disease-specific initiatives need to pursue the above mentioned practical contributions to the HSS. At the same time, a wider scope addressing political and policy-wise justifications of the form of the overall health system needs to be further discussed with developing countries stakeholders.