Cultura urbana y acompañamiento psico-socioeducativo en Medellín: de pandilleros a líderes comunitarios / Urban culture and psycho-socio-educational accompaniment in Medellín: from gang members to community leaders / Cultura urbana e acompanhamento psico-sócio-educativo em Medellín: de membros

Resumen (analítico) Este artículo tiene como objetivo analizar las trayectorias de vida de jóvenes desplazados en una comuna de Medellín. A través del acompañamiento psico-socioeducativo, especialmente brindado desde la infancia, y mediante la cultura urbana, los jóvenes evolucionan desde «el muchacho pandillero¼ hasta convertirse en referentes comunitarios. El trabajo de campo se realizó empleando la metodología cualitativa mediante la técnica biográfico-narrativa, recogiendo información a través de cinco entrevistas en profundidad, líneas de tiempo y observación al participante. Las conclusiones muestran a un grupo de jóvenes perdidos en contexto de barrio, cuyo cambio comienza con el acompañamiento psico-socioeducativo que les permite movilizar sus potencialidades a través del baile y tomar el control de su vida, logrando que sus individualidades trasciendan y posibilitando su influencia en la comunidad.

Abstract (analytical) The aim of this article is to analyse the life trajectories of displaced young people in a community in Medellin. Through psycho-socio-educational accompaniment, the stories go from "being a kid in a gang" to becoming community reference points, especially in the area of childhood safety, through participating in and generating urban culture. Fieldwork was carried out using a qualitative methodology through the biographical-narrative technique, collecting information through five in-depth interviews, timelines and participant observation. The conclusions identify a group of young people who were "lost" in the context of their neighborhood and whose changes began with psycho-socio-educational accompaniment. This allowed them to discover their potential through dance and take control of their lives, resulting in them transcending the individual sphere and trying to influence their community.

Resumo (analítico) O objetivo deste artigo é analisar as trajetórias de vida dos jovens deslocados numa comunidade em Medellín. Através do acompanhamento psico-sócio-educativo, as histórias evoluem de "o miúdo da gangue" para referências comunitárias, especialmente na segurança infantil, através da cultura urbana. O trabalho de campo foi realizado utilizando metodologia qualitativa através da técnica biográfico-narrativa, recolhendo informação através de cinco entrevistas aprofundadas, cronogramas e observação dos participantes. As conclusões mostram um grupo de jovens perdidos num contexto de vizinhança, cuja mudança começa com o acompanhamento psico-sócio-educativo, que lhes permite mobilizar o seu potencial através da dança e assumir o controlo das suas vidas para transcender o indivíduo e tentar influenciar a comunidade.

Economic analysis of an educational human security model in southwestern bateyes of the Dominican Republic / Análisis económico de un modelo educativo de seguridad humana en los bateyes del suroeste de la República Dominicana

Objetivos: realizar un análisis económico para evaluar los costos de una intervención educativa, utilizando los principios de un modelo de seguridad humana en Bateyes del suroeste de la República Dominicana. Métodos: se consideraron cuatro recursos de intervención, incluyendo la capacitación del personal, los incentivos mensuales, la supervisión de las actividades de campo y el costo total asociado al tratamiento anual de la diarrea aguda. El gasto se comparó entre el programa estándar de atención (Batey Control) y la intervención con el modelo de seguridad humana (Batey Caso). Resultados: el ahorro del costo total anual para el Ministerio de Salud de República Dominicana asociado con la reducción de la incidencia de episodios de diarrea aguda fue de US$252,399. Si se extrapolan a los 300 Bateyes de República Dominicana, se podría ahorrar aproximadamente US$75 millones en prevención de enfermedades infecciosas. Conclusiones: el modelo de seguridad humana luce ser un método eficaz para mejorar el conocimiento sobre la prevención de enfermedades y aumentar el empoderamiento de la comunidad para la movilización de recursos. Aplicada a otros entornos, la intervención podría tener una incidencia beneficiosa en las poblaciones de refugiados e indocumentados bajo el impacto de la violencia estructural.

Objectives: To conduct an economic analysis to evaluate the costs of an educational intervention, using the human security model, and potential sources of economic benefits, in Southwestern Bateyes in the Dominican Republic. Methods: Four intervention resources were considered, including staff training, monthly incentives, supervision of field activities, and total cost associated with annual treatment for acute diarrhea. The expenditure was compared between the standard program of care and the intervention using the human security model. Results: The total annual cost saving to the Dominican Republic Ministry of Health, associated with reducing the incidence of acute diarrhea episodes, was US$252,399. If this is extrapolated to the 300 Bateyes of the Dominican Republic, the Ministry of Health could save approximately US$75 million in infectious disease prevention by implementing this intervention model in these isolated rural communities. Conclusions: The educational intervention, which incorporated a human security approach, appeared to be an effective method to enhance knowledge about disease prevention and to increase empathy among community members for resource mobilization and local empowerment. Applied to other settings, the intervention could have a beneficial impact on refugee and undocumented populations under the

Regime stretching para proteger migrantes forçados no Brasil / Regime stretching to protect forced migrants in Brazil

O Brasil é membro do Regime Internacional dos Refugiados, tendo incorporado a Convenção Relativa para o Estatuto dos Refugiados de 1951 ao seu ordenamento jurídico com a Lei n. 9474/97. Ademais, avança na proteção humanitária baseada nos direitos humanos aos deslocados ambientais internacionais, a refugiados em massa e a migrantes econômicos (Lei de Migração n. 13.445/2017). Este artigo analisa a forma como a teoria de regime stretching proposta por Betts (2010) pode ser utilizada para explicar como o regime internacional de refugiados é alargado em nível de implementação local para se adequar e suprir as necessidades locais, sendo aplicado hibridamente no Brasil com regras, normas, instituições e políticas públicas divergentes para os diferentes tipos de deslocados no Brasil

Brazil is an International refugee Regime member, having incorporated the 1951 convention related to refugee Status into its Legal Order with the Act 9474/97. Additionally, it advances in humanitarian protection based on human rights to international environmentally Displaced Persons, to huge flux of refugees and to economic migrants (Migration Act n. 13.445.2017). This article evaluates the way how the regime stretching theory proposed by Betts (2010) may be used to explain how the International Refugee Regime is enlarged in local implementation level to be adjusted and to supply local needs, being hybridly implemented in Brazil, with different rules, norms, institutions, and public policies to different types of displaced people in Brazil

Misconceptions and associated factors of COVID-19 infection among internally displaced persons in Sudan

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a global public health threat that has spread rapidly and caused morbidity and mortality worldwide. Reducing the myths about infectious diseases is vital for controlling transmission. This study explored the level of misconceptions and associated factors of COVID-19 among internally displaced persons in Sudan. This study is a cross-sectional, descriptive design and community-based study. We collected the data using a self-administered questionnaire via the convenience sampling technique among internally displaced persons in the camps of Zalingei town in the central Darfur region of Sudan. The total mean score of the respondents' misconception was 3.1725 (SD=0.59) with 63.2%, indicating moderate misunderstanding of COVID-19. Multiple linear regression revealed the independent variables together had a significant impact on a misconception, F(14,116)=2.429, p<0.005. The regression model explains 22.7% of the variance in misunderstanding. Analysis of the influence of single factors on the dependent variable showed that people aged 31­40 years had significantly higher levels of misconception, 0.381 (t=2.116, p<0.037), than those aged over 60 years, and university graduates had considerably lower levels of misunderstanding, −0.061 (t=−2.091, p<0.03) than non-graduates. This study found a moderate level of misconception of COVID-19. Non-graduates had higher levels of misunderstanding than graduates. The results suggest that an education campaign should focus on people with low levels of education to correct their misconceptions regarding the prevention of COVID-19 infection

Gender Inequalities in Academic Achievement among Internally Displaced children in Colombia / Desigualdades de género en el desempeño académico de los niños desplazados forzados en Colombia / Desigualdades de gênero no desempenho acadêmico de crianças deslocadas forçadas na Colômbia

Abstract Using 2015 data of the Colombia Demographic and Health Survey, we investigated the incidence of belonging to a household with an Internally Displaced Person (IDP) on the likelihood of grade retention by sex. Particularly, a bivariate logistic regression was used to identify the correlation between families with IDP and children's gender on the probability of repeating a school year. Boys' were negatively affected when they live in an IDP household. Also, boys had a higher like-lihood of repeating a grade. We need to know how to act upon the social determinants that create social gaps and disadvantages across IDP, but also, to align with Sustainable Development Goals to eliminate gender inequalities.

Resumen (analítico) Utilizando datos de 2015 de la Encuesta de Demografía y de Salud de Colombia investigamos la incidencia de pertenecer a un hogar con una persona desplazada forzada por el conflicto armado interno (IDP) sobre la probabilidad de repetición de grado por sexo. En particular, se utilizó una regresión logística bivariada para identificar la correlación entre familias con desplazados internos y el género de los niños en la probabilidad de repetir un año escolar. Los niños se vieron afectados negativamente cuando vivieron en un hogar desplazado forzado. Además, los varones tuvieron una mayor probabilidad de repetir una asignatura. Necesitamos saber cómo actuar sobre los determinantes sociales que crean brechas sociales y desventajas entre los desplazados internos, pero también para alinearnos con los objetivos de desarrollo sostenible en busca de eliminar las desigualdades de género.

Resumo (analítico) Utilizando dados de 2015 da Pesquisa Demográfica e de Saúde da Colômbia (DHS), investigamos a incidência de pertencer a uma família com uma Pessoa Deslocada Interna (IDP) sobre a probabilidade de retenção de notas por sexo. Particularmente, uma regressão logística bivariada foi usada para identificar a correlação entre famílias com PID e sexo das crianças sobre a probabilidade de repetir um ano escolar. Os meninos foram afetados negativamente quando vivem em uma casa de deslocados internos. Além disso, os meninos tinham maior probabilidade de repetir uma nota. Precisamos saber como agir de acordo com os determinantes sociais que criam lacunas e desvantagens sociais entre os deslocados internos, mas também alinhar com os ODS para eliminar as desigualdades de gênero.

PMTCT Service Uptake among Pregnant Women in 3 Internally Displace Persons Camps in Borno State Northeast Nigeria

Background: Humanitarian emergencies upset and wreck existing healthcare services and systems. Pregnant women and infant are incredibly defenseless, as these infants are exposed to the risk of preventable childhood disease which includes HIV that is transmitted from their HIV positive mother. In the absence of any intervention, the risk of HIV transmission increases to about 40% among infant born to HIV positive mothers.Objectives: To examine the prevalence and uptake of HIV services among pregnant women and to assess the level of Early Infant Diagnosis (EID) by PCR uptake for children under 2 months born to HIV positive mothers.Methods: A sentinel case study approach conducted in 3 internally displaced people (IDP) camps in 3 LGAs (Banki, Dikwa and Ngala) of Borno state Nigeria, from January 2018 to May 2019. Data collected using standard tools and DHIS 2.0 used for data extraction and MS Excel used for analysis.Results: Prevalence of HIV among pregnant women (1st ANC Visits) in the 3 IDP camps were 1.22% (Ngala), 0.44% (Banki) and 0.16% (Dikwa) with an average of 0.61% compared to the 2018 National zonal average for the North East of1.1%. Uptake of HIV testing service among pregnant women in the 3 IDP camps were 90.65% (Ngala), 100% (Banki) and 100% (Dikwa), with an average uptake of 96.9%; while EID uptake for HIV exposed children within 2 months of age were: 50.0% (Dikwa), 12.5% (Banki) and 0% (Ngala).Conclusions: The study also shows that none of the 3IDP camps were able to optimize Early Infant Diagnosis at 2 months of birth. It is hereby recommended that Care-giver Focused Approach should be prioritized in preventing mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) service delivery

Dietary Diversity, Social Support and Stunting among Children Aged 6–59 Months in an Internally Displaced Persons Camp in Kayin State, Myanmar

Children living in the internally displaced person (IDP) camp are at higher risk of stunting. This cross-sectional study aimed to assess the prevalence and to identify the associated factors of stunting among children aged 6–59 months at Myaing-Gyi-Ngu IDP camp in Kayin State, Myanmar. According to the World Health Organization Child Growth Standards, children with a height-for-age Z-scores below −2 standard deviation of the reference median (HAZ ≤ −2) were classified as stunted. Multiple logistic regression analysis was performed to identify the strong predictors. Prevalence of stunting has been found very high (59.4%). Adjusted model revealed that children living with illiterate mothers (odds ratio [OR], 1.86; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.07–3.24), being third/later-birth child (OR, 1.88; 95% CI, 1.13–3.14), consuming less than 4 food groups (OR, 4.22; 95% CI, 1.94–9.16), and older age of child (OR, 6.36 for 13–24 months; 95% CI, 2.74–14.74, 7.45 for 25–36 months; 95% CI, 3.21–17.25 and 12.75 for 37–59 months; 95% CI, 5.51–29.52) had higher odds of becoming stunted. The levels of support availability, presumed support and support received of mothers were generally low, but no significant associations were observed. In conclusion, this study showed high prevalence of stunting, but low dietary diversity and social support in the IDP camp. Due to the significant association of dietary diversity scores with stunting, interventions aiming at improving dietary diversity should be taken to reduce the stunting among children in the IDPs camp.

Red de soporte social y apoyo comunitario en miembros de una organización de desplazados por violencia política residentes en Cañete, Perú / Social Support Network and Community Support Among Members of an Organization of Persons Displaced by Political Violence Residing in Cañete, Peru

Resumen El objetivo de la presente investigación fue determinar la relación entre la red de soporte social y el apoyo comunitario en los miembros de una organización de personas desplazadas por violencia política. Para tal fin, el estudio descriptivo-correlacional incluyó a 80 participantes (49 mujeres y 31 hombres) con una edad promedio de 45.79 años (DE = 11.41), quienes residían en una provincia de Lima y provenían, en su mayoría, del departamento de Ayacucho. Se les administró el Cuestionario de Red Social (SNQ) y el Cuestionario de Apoyo Comunitario Percibido (PCSQ). Entre los principales resultados, se encontró que el componente Integración y Participación Comunitaria del PCSQ correlaciona con dos funciones y dos categorías del SNQ. Se presenta asociación positiva estadísticamente significativa con la función guía cognitiva (r s = .32), la función socialización (r s = .24) y la categoría satisfacción (r s = .24) y asociación negativa y estadísticamente significativa con la categoría heterogeneidad (r s = -.23). Se discuten las implicancias de los presentes hallazgos.

Abstract: The present study's aim was to determine the relationship between the social support network and community support among members of an organization of persons displaced by political violence. The correlational-descriptive research included 80 individuals (49 females and 31 males) with a mean age of 45.79 years old (SD = 11.41),who reside in a province of Lima and came, mostly, from the department of Ayacucho. Participants completed the Social Network Questionnaire (SNQ), as well as the Perceived Community Support Questionnaire (PCSQ). Among the main findings, we found that the Integration component and Community Participation from the PCSQ correlate with two functions and two categories from the SNQ. Specifically there is a statistically significant positive association with the Cognitive Guide function (r s = .32), the Socialization function (r s = .24) and the Satisfaction category (r s = .24); and a statistically significant negative association with the Heterogeneity category (r s = -.23).Implications of the results obtained will be discussed in the present paper.

Perfil sociodemográfico e distribuição territorial dos russos em São Paulo: deslocados de guerra da Europa e refugiados da China após a Segunda Guerra Mundial / Social and Professional Profile and Territorial Distribution of Russians in São Paulo: Displaced Persons from Europe and Refugees from China after World War II / Perfil socioprofesional y distribución territorial de los rusos en San Pablo: desplazados de guerra de Europa y refugiados de China tras la Segunda Guerra Mundial

O presente artigo tem por objetivo investigar as principais características de dois grupos de russos vindos ao Estado de São Paulo após a Segunda Guerra Mundial: os deslocados de guerra provenientes dos acampamentos para os deslocados na Europa; e os refugiados russos procedentes da China. Para isso foram realizadas uma sistematização e análise dos dados contidos no banco de dados sobre os deslocados de guerra em São Paulo, consolidado por Salles et al. (2013). A pesquisa revelou que a política brasileira da admissão dos deslocados de guerra enquanto mão de obra industrial teve seu impacto direto no perfil da população russa selecionada para imigrar ao país, que se dirigiu predominantemente à capital paulista. Os refugiados russos da China apresentavam perfil demográfico e social distinto, sendo um grupo com maior parcela de mulheres e crianças e empregado no setor de serviços. As características profissionais dos dois grupos determinaram sua distribuição pelos bairros de São Paulo. Enquanto os deslocados de guerra da Europa se dirigiram para os bairros periféricos e industriais, os russos da China instalaram-se nos bairros mais próximos ao centro da cidade.

The aim of this article is to research the main characteristics of two Russian groups coming to the State of São Paulo after World War II: DPs from Europe and Russian refugees from China. To that end, data contained in the database on DPs in the State of São Paulo, consolidated by Salles et al. (2013), was systematized and analyzed. Research revealed that the Brazilian policy on admission of DPs as industrial workforce had direct impact on the profile of the Russian population selected to immigrate to Brazil, mainly moving to the capital of the State of São Paulo. Russian refugees from China had a different demographic and social profile; the group had the most women and children and employed predominantly in the service sector. The professional characteristics of these two groups determined their distribution in the districts of São Paulo. As Europe's Russian DPs moved to peripheral and industrial districts, Russians from China settled in neighborhoods closer to the city center.

El presente artículo tiene como objetivo investigar las principales características de dos grupos de rusos llegados al estado de San Pablo tras la Segunda Guerra Mundial: los desplazados de la guerra provenientes de los campamentos para desplazados de Europa y los refugiados rusos procedentes de China. Para ello sistematizaron y analizaron los datos contenidos en el banco de datos sobre los desplazados de guerra en San Pablo, consolidado por Salles et al. (2013). La investigación reveló que la política brasileña de admisión a los desplazados de guerra como mano de obra industrial tuvo un impacto directo en el perfil de la población rusa seleccionada para inmigrar al país, la cual se dirigió predominantemente a la capital paulista. Los refugiados rusos llegados de China presentaron un perfil demográfico y social distinto, con evidencias de una mayor proporción de mujeres y niños y empleada en el sector de servicios. Las características profesionales de los dos grupos determinaron su distribución por los barrios de San Pablo. Mientras los desplazados de guerra de Europa se dirigieron a los barrios periféricos e industriales, los rusos provenientes de China se instalaron en los barrios más cercanos al centro de la ciudad.

Desigualdades en la continuidad de la atención ambulatoria de población desplazada en Colombia 2012-2013 / Inequalities in the continuity of outpatient care to displaced population in Colombia, 2012 - 2013

RESUMEN Objetivo Establecer desigualdades en la continuidad de la atención ambulatoria de la población desplazada con diagnóstico de depresión. Métodos Estudio transversal a partir del registro clínico, del periodo entre el 1 de junio de 2012 y 30 de junio de 2013, sobre las personas con diagnóstico de depresión y clasificadas según desplazamiento. Se usó el odds ratio para la asociación entre tipo de población y control profesional ambulatorio, ajustado por sexo, edad, afiliación y región. Resultados Sobre 74 713 registros: 3 149 de desplazados y 71 564 no desplazados; se encontró 24 % más atención ambulatoria en los no desplazados (OR: 1,24 p<0.001; IC 1,10-1,39), la ventaja fue mayor al ajustar por afiliación al sistema. En el grupo de desplazados se encontró mayor atención ambulatoria en los hombres frente a las mujeres (OR: 1,40 p<0.001 IC: 1,08-1,83). Fue mayor también la desventaja para aquellas, con respecto a mujeres no desplazadas (OR: 1,26 p<0.001 IC: 1,10-1,44). Si bien estos resultados se obtuvieron en la atención de depresión leve y moderada, no en grave, la primera fue diagnosticada en el 92 % de las personas. Discusión El registro de prestaciones demostró desigualdades en la continuidad de la atención ambulatoria y aunque su calidad ha mejorado, su cobertura todavía es incompleta. En el primer año con plan único del Sistema de Salud, parece que las coberturas no lograron por sí solas evitar diferencias en la atención de la población desplazada. Se necesita mejorar el registro y la interoperabilidad, para políticas de salud con enfoque de equidad.(AU)

ABSTRACT Objective To establish inequalities in the continuity of outpatient care to displaced population diagnosed with depression. Methods A cross-sectional study, based on clinical records, was performed during the period between June 1, 2012 and June 30, 2013, on population diagnosed with depression and reduced to displaced population. The odds ratio was used to associate the type of population with the outpatient care control by professionals, adjusted by sex, age, affiliation and region. Results The following information was obtained from 74 713 records: 3 149 related to displaced population and 71 564 to non-displaced population; non-displaced population had 24 % more ambulatory care (OR: 1.24 p<0.001; CI 1.10 to 1.39), and the advantage was greater when adjusting the information to data, based on affiliation to the health system. In the displaced population group, men had greater rates of outpatient care compared to women (OR:1.40 p<0.001 CI: 1.08 to 1.83). The disadvantage was also high for non-displaced women (OR:1.26 p<0.001 CI: 1.10 to 1.44). Although these results were obtained for outpatient care in mild and moderate depressive patients, severe depression was excluded; the first type of depression was diagnosed in 92 % of people. Discussion The performance record showed inequalities in the continuity of outpatient care and, despite the improvement of quality, its coverage is still incomplete. During the first year of the unified plan for the Health System, apparently, the coverage has not achieved to avoid by itself differences in care of displaced population. Improvement of records and interoperability is necessary for designing health policies with an equitable approach.(AU)

Vigilancia entomológica con énfasis en aedes aegypti (Díptera: Culicidae) en campos de desplazados en Haití, 2010-2011 / Entomological surveillance with an emphasis on aedes aegypti (Díptera: Culicidae) in displaced persons camps of Haiti, 2010-2011

INTRODUCCIÓN: el terremoto en Haití en enero del 2010, condujo al agravamiento de las condiciones higiénicas, sanitarias y ambientales de un gran número de personas sin viviendas. OBJETIVO: evaluar la vigilancia vectorial con énfasis sobre Aedes aegypti, en un campo de desplazados post terremoto en la comuna de Carrefour en Haití, Junio 2010-Junio 2011. MÉTODOS: se determinaron la presencia y la densidad de Ae. aegypti, Anopheles albimanus y Culex quinquefasciatus por medio de encuestas larvales. Se emplearon también medidas de control adulticidas y uso de larvicidas para Ae. aegypti. RESULTADOS: se identificaron 7 especies de mosquitos. Los valores obtenidos de los índices casa, depósito y Breteau evidenció el mantenimiento de las densidades de Ae. aegypti con un incremento en la segunda mitad del año. Los depósitos misceláneos constituyeron el mayor por ciento de criaderos con 56 % del total, seguido por los neumáticos con 27 %. An. albimanus y Cx. quinquefasciatus mostraron escasa presencia en el área estudiada. Los tratamientos adulticidas contribuyeron a controlar las densidades de mosquitos en las instituciones con presencia cubana y en las áreas del campo de desplazados. CONCLUSIONES: durante el período estudiado se mantuvo una vigilancia y control constante sobre los mosquitos contribuyendo a que no se reportaran enfermedades transmitidas por estos vectores en el campo de desplazados.

INTRODUCTION: as a result of the earthquake occurring in Haiti in 2010, health, sanitation and environmental conditions worsened and a large number of persons lost their homes. OBJECTIVE: evaluate vector surveillance with an emphasis on Aedes Aegypti in a post-earthquake displaced persons camp in the commune of Carrefour, Haiti, from June 2010 to June 2011. METHODS: determination was made of the presence and density of Ae. aegypti, Anopheles albimanus and Culex quinquefasciatus by means of larval surveys. Adult control measures and larvicides against Ae. Aegypti were also used. RESULTS: seven mosquito species were identified.The values obtained for the indices household, container and Breteau showed that Ae. aegypti densities remained stable, with an increase in the second half of the year. Most breeding sites were miscellaneous containers (56 %), followed by pneumatic tires (27 %). An. albimanus and Cx. quinquefasciatus showed scant presence in the study area. Adulticide treatments contributed to the control of mosquito densities at institutions with the presence of Cuban cooperation personnel and in the displaced persons camp. CONCLUSIONS: mosquito surveillance and control were permanent during the study period, as a result of which there were no reports of diseases transmitted by this vector in the displaced persons camp.

Possession, Attitudes and Perceptions of Insecticide-treated Bed Nets among Pregnant Women in a Post Conflict District in Northern Uganda.

Background: The use of insecticide-treated bed nets (ITNs) is one of the main strategies to control malaria in Uganda. The Uganda’s Ministry of Health had set a target of 50% of households to be covered with ITNs by the year 2007. This study aims at determining ITN possession, attitudes and perceptions among pregnant women who were living in internally displaced persons’ (IDP) Camps where buildings offered little or no protection against mosquitoes in Gulu district. Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted in 20 randomly selected IDP camps in Aswa and Omoro counties, Gulu district, Northern Uganda. Probability proportion to size cluster sampling technique was used to determine the numbers of expectant mothers in the selected camps. Consecutive sampling method was used by moving to the next nearest household until the required numbers of respondents were generated from each camp. Data was collected using well designed pretested questionnaires. The questionnaires were administered by trained research assistants who were fluent in the local language (Acholi). Results: ITN possession: 42% of respondents (95% CI 0.39 – 0.46) possessed ITN. 98% of the respondents reported that it was good to use ITN. 97% of the respondents perceive ITN as being effective at preventing mosquitoes bites which transmit malaria. 96% of the respondents who owned ITN were willing to continue using ITNs. Factors associated with ITN possession were; Having attended antenatal services (aOR 1.92, 95% CI 1.24 – 2.98, P-value 0.004); Having attained formal education (aOR 1.55, 95% CI 1.03 - 2.35, P-value 0.036); Willingness to buy ITN (aOR 1.98, 95% CI 1.22–3.21, P-value 0.006) and Willingness to recommend ITN use to others (aOR 3.77, 95% CI 1.12 – 12.77, P-value 0.033). Conclusion: Majority of the respondents had positive attitudes and perceptions towards ITN use. However, more than half of the respondents lacked ITN which was below the target set by Uganda Ministry of Health. Therefore government and other stakeholders should scale up free ITN distributions among the vulnerable groups if the Ministry of Health and the Roll Back Malaria Global Partnership Target is to be achieved.

A imigração polonesa para São Paulo no pós-Segunda Guerra Mundial no quadro das entradas dos "deslocados de guerra": 1947 a 1951 / /Polish immigration to São Paulo after World War II in the context of the immigrations of displaced persons: 1947-1951 / /La inmigración polonesa hacia São Paulo en la Pos Segunda Guerra Mundial en el marco de los ingresos de los desplazados de guerra: 1947 a 1951

O presente trabalho se insere no âmbito da história social da imigração para São Paulo, focalizando especificamente o período comumente classificado como a retomada da imigração, no pós-Segunda Guerra Mundial, quando as entradas se dividem basicamente em dois momentos: 1947-1951, com o apoio da Organização Internacional das Migrações (OIR); e 1952-1980, com o apoio do Comitê Intergovernamental para as Migrações Europeias (Cime). O estudo enfoca a nacionalidade polonesa no quadro da imigração dos chamados "deslocados de guerra", provenientes dos campos de refugiados da Alemanha e da Áustria. Com base na documentação do Memorial do Imigrante, sistematizada em um banco de dados, e nos artigos publicados na Revista de Imigração e Colonização (RIC), procura-se contextualizar a discussão do período, sobre a necessidade e conveniência ou não da entrada desses imigrantes deslocados que foram introduzidos graças a acordos entre o Brasil e a OIR, além de traçar o perfil desses imigrantes, que formavam o maior grupo entre as nacionalidades entradas no período. O foco na imigração polonesa do pós-guerra ressalta a especificidade desse fluxo, cujo perfil se diferencia das levas anteriores num contexto marcado, preferencialmente, pela proteção ao trabalhador nacional e ao migrante interno...

This paper deals with the social history of the immigration to São Paulo. It focuses specifically on the period that is usually known as the resumption of immigration after World War II, when the arrivals of immigrants were divided basically into two periods: 1947-1951, with backing from the International Organization for Migration (IOM), and from 1952 to 1980, with the support of the Intergovernmental Committee for European Migration (ICEM). This paper focuses on the so-called "displaced persons" of Polish nationality, one among many groups of different nationalities who were freed from the refugee camps in Germany and Austria. This study was supported by documentation from the Immigrant Memorial, which has been systemized into a database, and is based on articles published in the Journal of Immigration and Colonization (JIC). The aim of this study is to contextualize the discussion on the need and convenience of the arrival of these displaced Polish immigrants, who were taken in through agreements between Brazil and the IRO at that time. This paper also outlines the profile of these immigrants, characterized as the largest group among the nationalities that arrived in Brazil during that period. The focus on post-war Polish immigration indicates the specific character of this group, whose profile differed from previous waves of immigrants to Brazil in a context strongly marked by movements to protect Brazilian workers and internal migrants...

El presente artículo se inserta en el ámbito de la historia social de la inmigración hacia São Paulo, enfocando específicamente el periodo que se suele clasificar como la retomada de la inmigración, en la pos Segunda Guerra Mundial, cuando las entradas se dividen básicamente en dos periodos: 1947-1951, con el apoyo de la Organización Internacional de las Migraciones (OIR) y 1952-1980, con el apoyo del Comité Intergubernamental para las Migraciones Europeas (CIME). Enfoca la nacionalidad polonesa en el marco de la inmigración de los chamados "desplazados de guerra", constituidos por personas provenientes de distintas ciudades en los campos de refugiados de Alemania y Austria. Apoyado en la documentación del Memorial del Inmigrante, sistematizada en un banco de datos, y en los artículos publicados en la Revista de Imigração e Colonização (RIC), tiene el objetivo de contextualizar la discusión del periodo, sobre la necesidad y la conveniencia del ingreso de dichos inmigrantes desplazados que fueron introducidos gracias a acuerdos entre Brasil y la OIR, además de trazar el perfil de estos inmigrantes, que se caracterizaban como el mayor grupo entre las nacionalidades que ingresaron en el mencionado periodo. El enfoque en la inmigración polonesa de la posguerra destaca la especificidad de este flujo, cuyo perfil se diferencia de los flujos anteriores en un contexto marcado preferentemente por la protección al trabajador nacional y al migrante interno...

Factores sociodemográficos, conocimientos y comportamientos relacionados con sífilis y VIH en población desplazada de Colombia / Sociodemographic factors, knowledge and behaviors related to syphilis and HIV in the displaced population of Colombia

Introducción: en Colombia, el desplazamiento de las poblaciones de las zonas rurales a las urbanas, debido fundamentalmente al conflicto armado, conlleva a un incremento de vulnerabilidad en diferentes aspectos que conducen al deterioro de la salud. Objetivo: determinar la frecuencia de sífilis y VIH y su relación con factores sociodemográficos, conocimientos, actitudes y prácticas en población desplazada en Popayán, Colombia. Métodos: estudio transversal realizado en el 2009. Durante campañas de búsqueda activa focal integral de VIH/sífilis, 500 personas desplazadas mayores de edad dieron su consentimiento para participar en la investigación, respondieron un cuestionario y se realizaron pruebas para diagnóstico de sífilis y VIH. Los análisis estadísticos se hicieron en SPSS versión 17. Resultados: edad promedio 35 ± 0,51 años; 368 mujeres (73,6 %); 322 con menos de un año de desplazamiento (71,4 %); 500 personas VIH negativo (100 %) y 21 con antecedente de sífilis (4,2 %); la mayoría con bajos conocimientos sobre VIH y sífilis. Ser de piel negra, tener más de 20 años de vida sexual activa y haber estado con dos o más compañeros sexuales en el último año, se relacionó con antecedente de sífilis. Conclusiones: la población estudiada tiene factores de riesgo que los hace vulnerables a las infecciones de sífilis y VIH, sin embargo, el tiempo de desplazamiento es un determinante que pudo tener influencia en los resultados encontrados.

Introduction: the displacement of population groups from rural to urban areas in Colombia, due to the armed conflict fundamentally, lead to increase of vulnerability in a number of aspects to health deterioration. Objective: to determine the presence of syphilis and of HIV and their relation with socio-demographic factors, knowledge, attitudes and practices in the displaced population of Popayan-Colombia, 2009. Methods: cross-sectional study conducted in 2009 during comprehensive active screening campaigns. A total of 500 voluntary displaced participants who gave their consent, answered structured questionnaires, and were performed HIV/syphilis testing. Statistical analysis was performed in SPSS version 17. Results: Mean age of 35 ± 0.51 years, 368 were women (73.6 %), 356 (71.2 %) lived on socioeconomic level 1 (the lowest), 322 (71.4 %) exhibited less than one year of displacement, 500 (100 %) were HIV-negative and 21 (4.2 %) with a past history of syphilis; most of the participants had poor knowledge about HIV and syphilis. Being a black person, having more than 20 years of sexual activity and 2 or more sexual partners in the last year, were mostly related to history of syphilis. Conclusions: The study population has risk factors that make it vulnerable to HIV and syphilis infections, but the length of time of displacement is a determining factor that may influence the data.

La política pública para la atención al desplazamiento forzado en el departamento de caldas y en los municipios de Riosucio y Samaná (1997-2006) / Public policy frr the attention of victims of forced displacement in the department of caldas in the municipalities of riosucio and samana (1997-206))

A pesar de la magnitud del drama humanitario generado por el desplazamiento forzado en Colombia -y no obstante de la creación de un amplio marco jurídico para la atención a las personas en condición de desplazamiento-, la acción institucional se ha centrado en la atención humanitaria de emergencia; esta es una conclusión común en los balances nacionales acerca del cumplimiento de la política pública para la atención a la población en situación de desplazamiento. Si bien se cuenta con buen número y alta calidad en las evaluaciones y balances nacionales de la política, es muy poco lo que se ha investigado acerca de la puesta en marcha de las políticas públicas en el Departamento de Caldas. A diferencia de las evaluaciones realizadas hasta ahora, la que se presenta en este trabajo no está orientada a cuantificar recursos destinados para la atención, busca más bien examinar la forma como se ha interpretado el problema por parte de los decisores públicos, la manera como se ha planificado la respuesta estatal y la forma como se ha propiciado o no la participación de la población afectada. A este tipo de aproximación se le puede definir como evaluación política de la política pública, para el período 1997-2006.

In spite of the magnitude of the humanitarian drama generated by the forced displacement in Colombia, and even though an inclusive legal framework has been created for the attention of displaced persons, the institutional actions have been focused on emergency humanitarian attention. This is a common conclusion in the national balances on the fulfillment of the public policy regarding the attention to displaced persons. Although the national evaluations and balances regarding the policy are numerous and of high quality, the research on the use of these public policies in the department of Caldas has been scarce. Differing from the evaluations carried out up to the present, the one presented in this article is not oriented towards the calculation of the resources destined for said attention; instead, it seeks to examine the manner in which the state response has been planned and the way in which the participation of the target population has been promoted. This kind of approach can be defined as a political evaluation of the public policy for the 1997-2006 period.

Cooperação internacional e deslocamento interno na Colômbia: Desafios à maior crise humanitária da América do Sul / International Cooperation and Internal displacement in Colombia: facing the challenges of the largest humanitarian crisis in South America / Cooperacion internacional y desplazamiento interno en Colombia: Desafíos a la mayor crisis humanitaria de América del Sur

O objetivo deste artigo é compreender a interação entre o Alto Comissariado das Nações Unidas para os Refugiados (ACNUR) e o governo colombiano nos esforços de mitigação do deslocamento interno forçado, bem como os principais desafios enfrentados na abordagem do problema. Este artigo privilegia a leitura adotada pelos atores mencionados acima, a qual vincula o deslocamento ao conflito armado vivenciado pelo país há mais de quarenta anos. Embora se trate de um problema observado há décadas, as formulações políticas nacionais com vistas à sua mitigação surgiram tardiamente, mais precisamente, em meados da década de 1990. Da mesma forma, a atenção do ACNUR ao problema somente foi intensificada em finais dessa mesma década. O artigo conclui que existe uma grande assimetria entre o desenvolvimento normativo de atenção aos deslocados observado na Colômbia e a execução de tais normas. Por exemplo, falta coordenação entre entidades nacionais e sub-nacionais, assim como entre as nacionais e as internacionais. No que diz respeito à prevenção do deslocamento interno e avaliação do impacto das políticas, o desafio é ainda maior, na medida em que são embrionários os esforços neste sentido. Sustenta-se que o ACNUR tem empregado os mesmos critérios que o governo na execução de suas tarefas, quando estes poderiam ser repensados e redefinidos à luz da experiência do Alto Comissariado.

The objective of this article is to understand the interaction between the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) and the Colombian government in their attempts to mitigate forced internal displacement, as well as the main challenges faced in addressing this problem. This article focuses on the interpretation adopted by the forementioned actors, who link this displacement to the armed conflict the country that has endured for more than forty years. Although this issue has been discussed for decades, the formulation of national policies intended to mitigate its effects came late, in the mid-1990s. Similarly, the UNHCR began paying more attention only in the late 1990s. The article concludes that there is a significant disparity between the development of norms regarding the internally displaced and the execution of such norms. For example, there needs to be greater coordination between national and local organizations, and national and international organizations. With respect to the prevention of internal displacement and the evaluation of the impact of these policies, the challenge is even greater; as such efforts are in the beginning stages. The UNHCR has used the same criteria as the Colombian government in executing its tasks; these criteria should be rethought and redefined in light of the High Commissioner's experience.

El objetivo de este artículo es comprender la interacción entre el Alto Comisionado de las Naciones Unidas para los Refugiados (ACNUR) y el gobierno colombiano en los esfuerzos para mitigar los efectos del desplazamiento interno forzado. Este artículo privilegia la lectura adoptada por los actores antes mencionados, la cual vincula el desplazamiento al conflicto armado por el que atraviesa el país hace más de cuarenta años. Aunque se trate de un problema observado hace décadas, las formulaciones políticas nacionales con miras a su mitigación surgieron tardíamente, más precisamente, a mediados de la década de 1990. De la misma forma, la atención del ACNUR al problema no se intensificó hasta fines de esa misma década. El artículo concluye que existe una gran asimetría entre el desarrollo normativo de atención a los desplazados observado en Colombia y la ejecución de tales normas. Por ejemplo, falta coordinación entre entidades nacionales y subnacionales, así como también entre las nacionales y las internacionales. En lo que atañe a la prevención del desplazamiento interno y a la evaluación del impacto de las políticas, el desafío es todavía mayor en la medida en que son embrionarios los esfuerzos en este sentido. Se sostiene que el ACNUR ha empleado los mismos criterios que el gobierno en la ejecución de sus tareas, cuando estos podrían ser repensados y redefinidos a la luz de la experiencia del Alto Comisionado.

Factores que inciden en el acceso de la población desplazada a las instituciones prestadoras de servicios de salud en Colombia / Factors affecting access to health care institutions by the internally displaced population in Colombia

En Colombia, el desplazamiento por conflicto armado genera importantes repercusiones económicas y sociales, que afectan, entre otros, a la salud. A pesar de los esfuerzos normativos, el acceso a los servicios de salud de la población desplazada es limitado. Con el objetivo de analizar los factores que desde las instituciones inciden en el acceso potencial de la población desplazada a los servicios de salud, se desarrolló un estudio cualitativo descriptivo, exploratorio, mediante 81 entrevistas individuales semiestructuradas a actores principales. Una insuficiente financiación y dificultades de los proveedores para recibir el pago de las aseguradoras, junto a las indefiniciones y límites del aseguramiento del Sistema General de Seguridad Social en Salud, son las principales barreras al acceso a la atención en salud de la población desplazada. Acceso que también se ve afectado por los numerosos procedimientos establecidos para la atención, la escasa coordinación inter e intrasectorial y los limitados recursos de las instituciones prestadoras de servicios de salud de carácter público. Se requiere una acción gubernamental efectiva que garantice el derecho a la salud en este colectivo.

In Colombia, the on-going armed conflict causes displacement of thousands of persons that suffer its economic, social, and health consequences. Despite government regulatory efforts, displaced people still experience serious problems in securing access to health care. In order to analyze the institutional factors that affect access to health care by the internally displaced population, a qualitative, exploratory, and descriptive study was carried out by means of semi-structured individual interviews with a criterion sample of stakeholders (81). A narrative content analysis was performed, with mixed generation of categories and segmentation of data by themes and informants. Inadequate funding, providers' problems with reimbursement by insurers, and lack of clear definition as to coverage under the Social Security System in Health pose barriers to access to health care by the internally displaced population. Bureaucratic procedures, limited inter- and intra-sector coordination, and scarce available resources for public health service providers also affect access. Effective government action is required to ensure the right to health care for this population.

A Report on Medical Support and Health Education Activities for Internally Displaced Persons in Dili Area, East Timor / 国際保健医療

 SHARE started Health Education Promotion Project in East Timor in 2002 and has been actively engaged for over 4 years. The political and social unrest in the spring of 2006 produced as many as 150,000 internally displaced persons (IDPs), almost one sixth of the total population of the country. Viewing a dire situation in which people were placed, SHARE launched humanitarian assistance in 20 camps from August through December 2006. The interventions carried out were, among others, monitoring malnourished children with UNICEF, health education/promotion and mobile clinic in IDP camps, and supportive activities for Bairo Pite Clinic.<br> The health education cumulatively reached 753 persons in 20 camps. Main health topics covered were sanitation, nutrition and skin infections. The mobile clinic in the Metinaro Camp was carried out 12 times seeing 1,227 persons. Main diseases identified were upper respiratory tract infections, skin infections and acute watery diarrhoea.<br> We think that; i) coordination with donors in compliance with East Timorese national policy on IDPs is essential, ii) NGOs with experience in long-term health promotion can have an important role to play in emergencies, iii) even in an emergency situation, focusing on primary health care is important from the early stage of humanitarian assistance, iv) it is vital to take sustainability of those activities into account from the planning stage.