Ethical Thinking on Fertility Preservation of Female Patients with Cancer / 中国医学伦理学

Fertility preservation technology provides an effective method of protecting fertility resources for young patients with malignant tumors, allowing them to offspring after their fertility is impaired. However, the development of this technology has caused many social and ethical controversies. From the perspective of ethics, this paper discussed the ethical issues faced by young female patients in the implementation of fertility preservation, including whether it is necessary to preserve fertility, the ownership of the preserved fertility resources and the fair and equitable distribution of health resources involved in its implementation process, and identifies these issues and controversies from ethical view. In order to eliminate public doubts and misunderstandings about the technology of fertility preservation, ethical principles of benefit and non-harm, informed consent, prudent application, and ethical supervision have to be followed in the process of providing fertility preservation services, so as to promote the further development and application of fertility preservation technology.

Ethical Controversy and Reflection on Gene Enhancement / 中国医学伦理学

Gene enhancement is one of the research hotspots at home and abroad in recent years. Gene enhancement is expected to treat human genetic diseases and improve human abilities and traits, but it also raises a series of ethical problems. From the perspective of ethics, those who support gene enhancement, starting from the open and unfinished state of human nature, advocate that gene enhancement is an effective alternative to promote human nature for kindness and social equity, and believe that gene enhancement does not necessarily lead to inequality, on the contrary, it contributes to moral improvement. Opponents, starting from the integrity of human nature, hold that gene enhancement challenges human dignity, causes a crisis of human identity, has a serious impact on social fairness and justice, and is also a violation of the natural order. By sorting out and analyzing the ethical viewpoints that support and oppose gene enhancement, this paper found that the social fairness and justice issues caused by gene enhancement can be reasonably solved through exercising the roles of the government and the market, while the human nature problems caused by gene enhancement are more complex, and the setting of natural standards lacks a basis. At the same time, gene enhancement also makes people further reflect on the relationship between human and technology.

Ethical Disputes and Norms of Exposure Therapy / 中国医学伦理学

Exposure therapy is a kind of behavior therapy that exposes patients to certain stimulating situations to make them tolerate and adapt. Based on the ethical perspective, this paper introduced the ethical disputes in exposure therapy from three aspects that safety and tolerance, patient rights and humanistic care, as well as professional ethics and moral risks of psychotherapists. This paper also put forward three ethical norms and requirements, including earnestly implementing the principle of informed consent, adhering to the principle of no harm in the whole process, and obeying the principle of confidentiality, in order to improve the professional level of exposure therapy and protect the rights and interests of patients and psychotherapists.

Legado da epidemia de Zika vírus: o impacto da associação causal para além da ciência de laboratório / Zika virus epidemic legacy: the impact of causal association beyond laboratory science

Resumo Passados mais de quatro anos da epidemia de Zika vírus, tem-se a tarefa de continuar a investigar o seu legado. Aqui, descreve-se o impacto da associação causal entre o Zika vírus e as alterações observadas em fetos e bebês, uma busca que marcou a pauta dos cientistas e da imprensa entre 2015 e 2017. Por meio dos estudos Sociais de Ciência e Tecnologia, que vê o fato científico como coproduzido pela ciência e pela sociedade, realizamos 17 entrevistas semiestruturadas entre cientistas, gestores, professionais de saúde e famílias de crianças em oito cidades brasileiras. Vê-se que a causalidade teve impacto parcial e dúbio na organização dos serviços - com a sobreposição entre vigilância e atenção, gerando, inicialmente, assimetrias no Sistema Único de Saúde. Entre as famílias e profissionais de saúde, nota-se demandas por pesquisas de intervenções e de cuidado, consideradas como não sendo prioridade entre os cientistas. Já entre os pesquisadores, observa-se distanciamento entre estudo e enfrentamento, com o social sendo constituído por demandas não integradas ao campo científico. Para que demandas sociais encontrem fluxo no fazer científico, sugere-se para crises futuras de saúde pública a multiplicação do número de perguntas da ciência e a maior diversidade dos desenhos de pesquisa.

Abstract More than four years after the Zika virus epidemic, we are left with the task of investigating its legacy. Here, we describe the impact of the causal association between the Zika virus and the abnormalities seen in fetuses, a search that marked the scientific and press agenda at the time. By using the Social Studies of Science and Technology, which establishes the scientific fact as co-produced by science and society, we carried out 17 semi-structured interviews between scientists, managers, health professionals and families of the children in eight Brazilian cities. We observed that causality had a partial and dubious impact on the organization of services - with the overlap between surveillance and care initially generating asymmetries in the Brazilian Unified Health System. Between families and health professionals, there are demands for research on interventions and care, considered as not being prioritized among scientists. Among the researchers, we notice a gap between study and coping, with the social being constituted by demands that are not integrated into the scientific field. For future public health crises, we point to multiplying the number of research questions and study designs, so that social demands find flow in scientific doing.

Relatos, diálogos generativos y educación médica / Stories, Generative Dialogues and Medical Education

Introducción: La formación médica es un contexto con altos niveles de exigencia, que puede convertirse en fuente de estrés e influir en las relaciones interpersonales y el logro de metas. Objetivo: Comprender cómo se construyen en el diálogo dinámicas de afrontamiento ante las exigencias de un trabajo de investigación de estudiantes de medicina, que permitan desarrollar aprendizajes acerca del trabajo en equipo con eficiencia y productividad. Métodos: Estudio de caso con abordaje cualitativo. Resultados: Las dinámicas de relación se configuraron desde la imposibilidad para trabajar de manera colaborativa, y en relatos que explicaban la conducta de los otros como la causa de la falta de evolución y eficiencia del proyecto. Crear tramas conversacionales generativas que posibiliten emerger recursos, permite reconocer lo problemático como oportunidades para coevolucionar. Las subjetividades pueden ser reconocidas y reconfiguradas en el diálogo que crea nuevas opciones para el logro de metas comunes. Conclusiones: Las asesorías en grupos de estudiantes con desacuerdos que no posibilitan coevolucionar, pueden realizarse mediante diálogos generativos que permitan reflexiones y aprendizajes de posturas personales y dinámicas relacionales, para construir colaborativamente nuevas opciones, donde fortalezas, recursos internos y externos emerjan para el cumplimiento de metas(AU)

Introduction: Medical training is a context with high levels of demands, which can become a source of stress and influence interpersonal relationships and the achievement of goals. Objective: To understand how the dynamics of coping with the demands of a medical student's research work are constructed through dialogue, allowing the development of learning about teamwork with efficiency and productivity. Methods: A case study was carried out with a qualitative approach. Results: The relationship dynamics were designed based on the impossibility to work collaboratively, as well as in stories that explained the behavior of others as the cause for the lack of evolution and efficiency within the project. Creating generative conversational plots that enable emerging resources allows recognizing the problem situation as opportunities to coevolve. Subjectivities can be recognized and redesigned through dialogue, which creates new options for the achievement of common goals. Conclusions: Counseling in groups of students with disagreements, which do not allow to coevolve, can be done through generative dialogues permitting reflections and learning about personal positions and relational dynamics, in order to build new options collaboratively, in which strengths, and internal and external resources emerge for the achievement of goals(AU)

Disputas epistemológicas na associação causal entre Zika vírus e síndrome congênita: uma análise de controvérsia / Epistemological disputes in the causal link between Zika virus and congenital syndrome: a controversy analysis

Resumo Um aumento de más-formações em crianças em 2015 no Brasil é associado ao vírus Zika que circulara meses antes, deixando disputas que ainda possui ecos. Usando elementos de um campo das ciências sociais que se dedica ao mapeamento de controvérsias científicas, este trabalho realizou 15 entrevistas semiestruturadas com pesquisadores e gestores envolvidos na associação causal. Investigou-se como esses atores observam o papel de condicionantes sociais no desfecho da Síndrome Congênita por Vírus Zika (SCZ) e os caminhos trilhados para mitigá-los após a epidemia. Há uma preocupação de todos com variáveis sociais e sua relevância no desfecho da SCZ, com uma decepção generalizada sobre o encaminhamento dessas questões após o pico de casos, mas esses fatores não entraram em uma narrativa mais central sobre a causalidade. Nota-se também disputas epistêmicas sobre esse desfecho. Uns atrelam à responsabilidade ao poder público ou se resignam com o resultado; outros cobram posturas ativas de pesquisadores que participaram de centros do poder, com divergências sobre o posicionamento da ciência. O artigo pontua a necessidade de ciências reflexivas que atentem para sua agência no mundo, bem como para articulações de narrativas interdisciplinares e multicausais para crises de saúde pública no Brasil.

Abstract An increase in child malformations in 2015 in Brazil is associated with a Zika virus spread months earlier, leaving disputes that still echo. Using elements from a sociology field dedicated to scientific controversy mapping, the present study conducted 15 semi-structured interviews with researchers and administrators involved in this causal association. Our work investigated how actors from different areas observe the role of social conditions in the outcome of the Congenital Zika Syndrome (SCZ) and the paths taken to mitigate them after the epidemic. Concern with social variables and their relevance in the SCZ outcome was observed, with a widespread disappointment about the referral of these issues after the case's peak; however, these factors have not entered the core narrative about causality. There are epistemic disputes about this outcome. Some attach responsibility to the public power or resign themselves to the result; others demand more active positions from researchers who had access to the decision-making process, with disagreements about the positioning of science. The article points out the need for reflective sciences that dialogue with their agency on the phenomena, as well as for interdisciplinary and multicausal articulations for public narratives on public health crises in Brazil.

Contribuciones al estudio de las memorias y las violencias en Colombia: un acercamiento a la obra de Gonzalo Sánchez / Contributions to the Study of Memories and Violence in Colombia: An Approach to Gonzalo Sánchez' Work

Resumen El presente artículo de reflexión tiene como propósito analizar algunas de las contribuciones realizadas por el investigador Gonzalo Sánchez entorno a la discusión sobre las memorias de la violencia política en Colombia, realizando un anclaje a los debates que atraviesa el país entorno a la construcción de paz.

Abstract The purpose of this article is to analyze some of the contributions made by the researcher Gonzalo Sanchez to the discussion on the memories of political violence in Colombia, by anchoring them to the debates that the country is going through regarding the construction of peace.

La expresión del valor de la competitividad en la formación físico-deportiva del fútbol escolar / A expressão do valor da competitividade na formação físico-desportiva do futebol escolar / The expression of the value of competitiveness in the physical-sports training of school soccer

Resumen La competitividad suele considerarse un valor inherente a la sociedad en la que vivimos y se puede promover deliberadamente en el deporte escolar. Este estudio tiene por objetivo conocer las expresiones competitivas que implica en el fútbol escolar, mediante la observación participante, como reflexión al valor formativo que tiene la actividad. Se acompañan 10 equipos durante dos cursos escolares. El análisis de los resultados muestra que existen contradicciones entre la promoción de aprendizajes deportivos en condiciones de equidad y los resultados deportivos, que dependen de las aptitudes y capacidades individuales. Los niños capitalizan la rivalidad como la necesidad de ganar al oponente, lo que genera paradojas entre los apriorismos del deporte escolar, la socialización y sus aprendizajes. Este estudio concluye con la necesidad de promover sensibilidad educativa por los aprendizajes pedagógicamente deseables en complicidad con la participación de familias y agentes formativos.

Resumo A competitividade é geralmente considerada um valor inerente à sociedade em que vivemos e pode ser deliberadamente promovida nos esportes escolares. O objetivo deste estudo é conhecer as expressões competitivas que isso implica no futebol escolar, por meio da observação participante, como reflexo do valor educacional da atividade. Dez equipes são acompanhadas durante dois anos letivos. A análise dos resultados mostra que existem contradições entre a promoção da aprendizagem desportiva em condições justas e os resultados desportivos, que dependem das aptidões e capacidades individuais. As crianças capitalizam a rivalidade como necessidade de vencer o adversário, o que gera paradoxos entre os apriorismos do esporte escolar, socialização e seu aprendizado. Este estudo conclui com a necessidade de promover a sensibilização educacional para uma aprendizagem pedagogicamente desejável em cumplicidade com a participação das famílias e dos agentes formadores.

Abstract Competitiveness is often considered an inherent value in the society in which we live, and it can be deliberately promoted in school sports. This study aims to know the competitive expressions involved in school soccer as a reflection of the formative value of the activity, through participant observation. Ten teams are accompanied during two school years. The analysis of the results shows that there are contradictions between the promotion of equitable sports learning and sports results, depending on individual skills and abilities. Children capitalize on sports rivalry as the need to win against the opponent, which generates paradoxes between the apriorisms of school sports, socialization and their learning. This study concludes with the need to promote educational awareness of pedagogically desirable learning in complicity with the participation of families and training agents.

Forensic Analysis of 43 Medical Disputes Caused by Death after Cardiac Surgery / 法医学杂志

Objective To explore the causes and characteristics of medical disputes caused by death after cardiac surgery and to analyze the pathological changes after cardiac surgery and the key points of forensic anatomy, thus to provide pathological evidence for clinical diagnosis and treatment of cardiac surgery and judicial appraisal as well as reference for the prevention of medical disputes in such cases. Methods Forensic pathological cases of medical disputes caused by death after cardiac surgery which were accepted by the Center for Medicolegal Expertise of Sun Yat-Sen University from 2013 to 2018 were analyzed retrospectively from aspects such as causes of death, pathological diagnosis, surgery condition, medical misconduct, and so on. Results The causes of death after cardiac surgery of 43 patients were abnormal operation, low cardiac output syndrome, postoperative infection, postoperative thrombosis, and other diseases. Among the 43 cases, there were 18 cases without medical fault while 25 cases had medical fault. Conclusion The medical disputes caused by death after cardiac surgery are closely related to the operative technique and postoperative complications. The causes of medical faults include defects in diagnosis and treatment technique, as well as unfulfillment of duty of care.

The practice of resolving medical disputes by the mediation studio specially invited by the people′s court / 中华医院管理杂志

Based on the main problems existing in the current way of handling medical disputes, the authors explored a new method for handling medical disputes, and summarized the advantages of the mode of mediation studio specially invited by the people′s court. This mode effectively connected the traditional medical dispute resolution approaches, complemented each other′s advantages, and provided a faster, more efficient and national compulsory solution for medical disputes.

Trend of health worker's strike at a Tertiary Health Institution in North Central Nigeria

Objectives: Workers' strike is a global phenomenon since antiquity. In Nigeria, health-care sector has been rocked by series of strikes spanning variable periods with immeasurable losses. Ethical consideration and inter-professional rivalry are the main concern attracting much debate in the health sector. The objectives of the study were to determine the trend of health worker's strike actions, the main agitators, and to make some recommendations. Material and Methods: This was a retrospective study of the labor ward records of the Jos University Teaching Hospital from January 1, 1985, to December 31, 2019, duration of 35 years. The data were collated and analyzed using simple percentages and the figures corrected to the nearest decimal point. Results: A total of 42 strike actions, about 2 strikes/year. The trend shows a multi-modal pattern, with the highest peak of 5 strikes in 2004 and 2013. There were cumulatively 58.5 months of strikes out of the 442 months of the period of study, giving a percentage of 13.2%. While doctors had more frequent strikes (52.3%), non-doctors under the umbrella of Joint Health Sector Union and nurse/midwives accounted for over half (58.1%) of the duration of the strikes. The resident doctors are the main agitators of doctors' strike accounting for about half (45.2%) of the total health workers' strikes, while NMA accounted for only 3 (9.4.%). Most strike actions occur at the end of the year, with spill into the first quarter of the following year. Conclusion: Health workers' strike remains a perennial problem. Inter-professional rivalry is a major challenge in the health sector with far reaching implication without immediate government intervention. Addressing challenges in the residency training program will go a long way in reducing doctors' unrest in the health sector

Analysis of the Forensic Identification of Medical Disputes Related to 22 Cases of Death from Otolaryngology Diseases / 法医学杂志

Objective To discuss the causes and precautionary measures of the risks of relevant medical disputes by analyzing 22 cases of death from otolaryngology diseases. Methods A retrospective analysis of 22 judicial expertise cases of medical disputes related to death from otolaryngology diseases accepted by Chongqing Zhengding Judicial Appraisal Institute and Academy of Forensic Science during 2008-2018 were made. Results Of the 22 cases, the male to female ratio was 3.4∶1. The age of death was from 1.3 to 76 years old, with an average age of 45.3 years. There were 28 medical institutions involved, of which 71.4% were tertiary medical institutions. Statistics for death causes showed that respiratory asphyxia accounted for 50%. Conclusion Forensic identification provides an important scientific basis for medical disputes cases related to otolaryngology diseases. It also has an important reference value for medical institutions to optimize the work procedure of diagnosis and treatment of otolaryngology diseases and improve the quality of diagnosis and treatment.

A comparative analysis of the discrimination conclusions for medical litigation cases of a hospital / 中华医院管理杂志

Objective To compare the differences found between the proportion of responsibility between in-house experts of the hospital and that of judicial appraisals for 52 cases of medical disputes of a hospital in recent years.Methods A total of 52 cases of disputes were selected, which were evaluated by the in-house experts screening meeting at a tertiary hospital in Beijing from 2015 to 2018.According to the causes of these disputes, these cases were divided into seven categories, calculating respectively the mean value of the proportion of judicial appraisal responsibility and that of in-house experts for all cases of the same category.The paired t test was used to compare the consistency of the above two methods.Results The overall level of judicial appraisal responsibility(35.00% ) was significantly higher than the in-house expert screening(20.96% ).Among them, the cases of improper selection of treatment plan, improper operation of surgery or insufficient evaluation of surgical difficulty risk, and medical disputes caused by complications, the degree of responsibility of the judicial appraisal institutions was quite different from that of in-house experts of the hospital.Conclusions Because the judicial appraisal agencies have certain difficulties in the identification of complex medical technology problems, it is recommended to establish a library of judicial appraisal experts as soon as possible to encourage the experts to participate in the trial of disputes.

Prevention of Nurse-patient Disputes under the "4P" Medical Model / 中国医学伦理学

At present, the medical mode has changed from bio-psycho-social medical model to "4 P" medical mode. Therefore, it is necessary to fully consider the individual needs of patients, treat patients equally, adheres to the principle of faith and compliance, and adhere to the humanistic nursing concept. To prevent nurse-patient disputes, we should start from three aspects. Firstly, we should reform the current model of nurse education and training, reform the content of education and attach importance to moral sentiment education. Secondly, we should strengthen the cooperation between doctors and nurses, improve the level of health education, and build a harmonious nursing environment and a social atmosphere of respecting medical staff. Finally, we call for strengthening medical legislation and protecting the legitimate rights and interests of nurses with legal weapons.

Ethical disputes over living organ transplant and the applicable solutions to these disputes in China / Disputas éticas sobre el trasplante de órganos vivos y soluciones aplicables a esta disputas en China / Disputas éticas sobre transplante de órgãos vivos e as soluções aplicáveis a estas disputas na China

Objectives: In this study, we examine the ethical issues concerning living organ transplant in China. We attempt to review and analyze the ethical disputes that the living organ transplant faces in China and try to find applicable solutions to these disputes. Design: Ethical Analysis. Setting: Living organ transplant in China. Results: The ideal approaches to solving the ethical disputes involve (1) preventing disease, strengthening physical fitness, and improving the health of the national citizen; (2) encouraging the citizens to donate their organs after death; and (3) developing new technologies for organ transplant. Realistic approaches to addressing the ethical disputes over the living organ transplant include choosing the lesser of two evils, reducing the harm to the donor as much as possible and improving the transplant quality. Conclusions: The living organ transplant in China is an expedient measure instead of an ideal option and should be conducted under strict laws and regulations.

Objetivos: Neste estudo, examinamos as questões éticas relativas ao transplante de órgãos vivos na China. Vamos tentar rever e analisar os conflitos éticos que o transplante de órgãos vivos enfrenta na China e tentar encontrar soluções aplicáveis a estas disputas. Projeto: Análise ética. Configuração: Transplante de órgão vivo na China. Resultados: As abordagens ideais para resolver os conflitos éticos envolvem (1) prevenção de doenças, fortalecimento da aptidão física e melhora da saúde do cidadão nacional; (2) incentivar os cidadãos a doar seus órgãos após a morte; e (3) desenvolvimento de novas tecnologias para transplante de órgão. Abordagens realistas para enfrentar as disputas éticas sobre o transplante de órgão vivos incluem escolher o menor de dois males, reduzindo o dano ao doador o máximo possível e melhorar a qualidade do transplante. Conclusões: Transplantes de órgãos vivos na China é uma medida conveniente ao invés de uma opção ideal e deve ser conduzida sob estritas leis e regulamentos.

O artigo traz à discussão a compreensão atual do comportamento ecológico do ser humano, a partir de uma relação de dominação utilitária do ambiente em contraste com a sua compreensão do ponto de vista ecológico, a qual responde a um modelo natural que faz parte de relações de seu funcionamento no ecossistema. A este respeito, é colocado em discussão o paradigma de crise ambiental, em que tal comportamento supõe um problema grave da sociedade. Para os autores, a questão está intimamente ligada ao sistema produtivo e econômico que promove a artificialização do ser humano, criando falsas necessidades que, por meio de seu consumo, garantam a sustentabilidade do modelo econômico. É realizada uma reflexão crítica a partir da educação, no sentido de uma nova compreensão do comportamento humano, cuja perspectiva ecológica impulsiona novas relações ecossistêmicas baseadas na cooperação.

Desafios para a psicologia política brasileira: a inserção em Programas de Pós-Graduação e a delimitação como campo de conhecimento / Challenges for Brazilian political psychology: the insertion in Graduate Programs and the delimitation as a field of knowledge / Desafíos para la psicología política brasileña: la inserción en Programas de Postgrado y la delimitación como campo de conocimiento / Les défis de la psychologie politique brésilienne: l'insertion dans les programmes d'études supérieures et la délimitation en tant que domaine de connaissance

O objetivo do artigo é debater a consolidação da psicologia política no Brasil focalizando dois desafios centrais: a) a inserção da psicologia política em Programas de Pós-Graduação brasileiros (PPG); b) a delimitação da psicologia política no país. Abordamos estas questões a partir da observação que apenas um reduzido número de pesquisadores que atuam em PPG em Psicologia Social ou em Psicologia e que investigam temas políticos identificam a psicologia política como área/sub-área de atuação no currículo Lattes. Para a realização do debate recorremos a Mensagens da Diretoria da Associação Brasileira de Psicologia Política (ABPP) e aos editoriais publicados em 32 números da Revista Psicologia Política (RPP), veículo de divulgação científica da ABPP. Ademais, concebemos a ciência como uma prática social, afastando-nos de uma compreensão linear da história da ciência, entendendo a construção de um campo científico a partir de disputas discursivas entre posições divergentes sobre sua delimitação.

This article's objective is debating the consolidation of political psychology in Brazil focusing on two main subjects: a) the insertion of political psychology in Brazilian Graduate Programs (BGP); b) the delimitation of political psychology in the country. We will address these subjects from the observation that just a reduced number of researchers who work in BGP in Social Psychology or Psychology and who investigate political themes identify political psychology as an area or sub-area of research field in the curriculum Lattes. In order to accomplish the debate we turned to Messages of Direction of Brazilian Association of Political Psychology (ABPP) and the editorials published in 32 numbers of Political Psychology Journal (RPP), ABPP's vehicle of scientific dissemination. In addition, we conceive science as a social practice, moving away of a linear comprehension of the history of science, seeking to under-stand the construction of a scientific field through discursive disputes between divergent positions about its delimitation.

El objetivo del artículo es debatir la consolidación de la psicología política en Brasil enfocando dos cuestiones centrales: a) la inserción de la psicología política en Programas de Postgrado brasileño (PPG); B) la delimitación de la psicología política en el país. Estas cuestiones se abordan a partir de la observación que sólo un reducido número de investigadores que actúan en PPG en Psicología Social o en Psicología y que investigan temas políticos identifican la psicología política como área / sub-área de actuación en el currículo Lattes. Para la realización del debate recurrimos a Mensajes del Directorio de la Asociación Brasileña de Psicología Política (ABPP) y los editoriales publicados en 32 números de la Revista Psicología Política (RPP), vehículo de divulgación científica de la ABPP. Además, concebimos la ciencia como una práctica social, alejándonos de una comprensión lineal de la historia de la ciencia, entendiendo la construcción de un campo científico a partir de disputas discursivas entre posiciones divergentes sobre su delimitación.

L'objectif de cet article est de débattre la consolidation de la psychologie politique au Brésil, en mettant l'accent sur deux défis: a) l'insertion de la psychologie politique dans les programmes brésiliens de troisième cycle; b) la délimitation de la psychologie politique dans le pays. Nous partons du constat que les chercheurs qui travaillent autour de la psychologie sociale ou qui étudient des questions politiques n'identifient pas forcément la psychologie politique comme un domaine / sous-domaine d'action dans le programme d'études ''Lattes''. Pour nourrir ce débat, nous avons analysé les messages du conseil d'administration de l'Association Brésilienne de Psychologie Politique (ABPP) et aux éditoriaux publiés dans 32 numéros de la Revista Psicologia Política (RPP), vecteur de la diffusion scientifique de l'ABPP. En outre, nous concevons la science comme une pratique sociale, oú un champ scientifique se construit à partir des conflits discursifs entre des positions divergentes sur sa délimitation. Cette approche nous éloigne donc d'une compréhension linéaire de l'histoire de la science.

Sexualidad y prevención del VIH: consenso y disenso de jóvenes católicos / Sexualidade e prevenção ao HIV: consensos e dissensos de jovens católicos / Sexuality and HIV prevention: consensus and dissent of Catholic youths

Objective. To analyze the consensus and dissent of Catholics youths about HIV/AIDS prevention from their representations about sexuality. Methods. This is a quantitative and qualitative research based on the Theory of Social Representations carried out with 84 Catholics youths who answered online to the Free Word Association Test on Facebook and three questions about the influence of Catholic doctrine on the free exercise of sexuality and the adoption of practice safe sex. The techniques of Factorial Analysis of Correspondence and Semantic Content were used. Results. On sexuality, only the young women with access to higher education represented the term as a free practice that should not lead to guilt. There was a consensus on chastity, virginity, and sex within marriage as effective means of HIV prevention. It is also representational consensus of the young people that sexual practice is pleasurable, however, condemned by the church, and that AIDS is a preventable disease. Social representations have revealed dissent between men and women, while they consider that the exercise of sexuality should be restricted to marriage, they advocate sexual freedom. As for AIDS, they represent that the syndrome stems from prejudice, and they consider that vulnerability favors contagion. Conclusion. In the consensuses among the young people studied, there are sexist prejudices and stereotypes that influence HIV/AIDS prevention actions. Therefore, health professionals, especially those of Nursing should propose actions aimed at this age group in educational activities about the adoption of preventive practices on safe sex, always considering the social representations around the subject.(AU)

Objetivo. Analizar los consensos y desacuerdos entre los jóvenes católicos sobre la prevención del VIH/SIDA a partir de sus representaciones sobre la sexualidad. Métodos. Investigación cuanti-cualitativa basada en la Teoría de las Representaciones Sociales. 84 jóvenes católicos respondieron on-line en Facebook un cuestionario de Asociación Libre de Palabras y tres preguntas sobre la influencia de la doctrina católica en el libre ejercicio de la sexualidad y en la adopción de prácticas sexuales seguras. Se utilizaron las técnicas de Análisis Factorial de Correspondencias y de contenido semántico. Resultados. Sobre la sexualidad, solamente los jóvenes con acceso a la educación superior, representaron el término como una práctica libre que no debe causar culpabilidad. Hubo consenso en cuanto a la castidad, la virginidad y el sexo dentro del matrimonio como medios eficaces para la prevención del VIH. También fueron consensos representacionales entre los jóvenes que la práctica sexual es placentera, sin embargo es condenada por la Iglesia, además, que el SIDA es una enfermedad que puede prevenirse. Las representaciones sociales revelaron disensos entre hombres y mujeres puesto que mientras que ellos consideraban que el ejercicio de la sexualidad debe ser restringido al matrimonio, ellas defendieron la libertad sexual. En cuanto al SIDA, ellos estiman que el síndrome deriva del prejuicio y ellas consideran que la vulnerabilidad favorece el contagio. Conclusión. En los consensos entre los jóvenes participantes del estudio hay preconceptos y estereotipos sexistas que influyen en las acciones de prevención del VIH/SIDA. Por tanto, los profesionales de la salud, en especial los de Enfermería, deben proponer que en las actividades educativas sobre la adopción de prácticas preventivas sobre sexo seguro que se realizan en este grupo etário se tengan en cuenta las representaciones sociales sobre el tema.(AU)

Objetivo. Analisar consensos e dissensos de jovens católicos/as sobre a prevenção ao HIV/aids a partir de suas representações sobre a sexualidade. Métodos. Pesquisa quanti-qualitativa, fundamentada na Teoria das Representações Sociais, realizada com 84 jovens católicos, que responderam on-line no Facebook ao Teste de Associação Livre de Palavras e três questão acerca da influência da doutrina católica no livre exercício da sexualidade e na adoção de prática sexuais seguras. Foram utilizadas as técnicas de Análise Fatorial de Correspondência e de Conteúdo Semântica. Resultados. Sobre a sexualidade, apenas as jovens com acesso ao ensino superior representaram o termo como uma prática livre que não deve acarretar culpa. Houve consenso quanto a castidade, a virgindade e o sexo dentro do matrimônio como meios eficazes de prevenção ao HIV. Também são consensos representacionais entre os jovens que a prática sexual é prazerosa, entretanto condenada pela igreja e que a AIDS é uma doença que pode ser prevenida As representações sociais revelaram dissensos entre homens e mulheres, enquanto eles consideram que o exercício da sexualidade deve ser restrito ao casamento, elas defendem a liberdade sexual, quanto a AIDS eles representam que a síndrome decorre do preconceito, elas consideram que a vulnerabilidade favorece o contágio. Conclusão. Nos consensos entre os jovens estudados, há preconceitos e estereótipos sexistas que influenciam as ações de prevenção do HIV/Aids. Portanto, os profissionais de saúde, sobretudo os de Enfermagem, devem propor que, nas atividades educativas sobre a adoção de práticas preventivas sobre sexo seguro, ações voltadas para essa faixa etária, considerando sempre as representações sociais em torno ao assunto.(AU)

Analysis on Forensic Expertise of 49 Medical Disputes in Prenatal Examination / 法医学杂志

OBJECTIVES@#To analyze the cases of medical disputes involving prenatal examination from a point of view of forensic expertise, and to discuss the risk of medical disputes and the preventive measures.@*METHODS@#A retrospective analysis was conducted on 49 forensic expertise cases of medical disputes in prenatal examination which were identified in Academy of Forensic Science and Shanghai Di'an Forensic Science Limited Company from 2010 to 2017.@*RESULTS@#In recent years, the number of medical disputes involving prenatal examination showed an increasing trend year by year. The common causes of medical disputes were: uninformed or insufficiently informed disclosure （20 cases）; the propaganda and application of three-dimensional, four-dimensional ultrasound were not standardized （14 cases）; ultrasound examination and serological screening process were not standardized （12 cases）; no antenatal counseling （2 cases）, etc.@*CONCLUSIONS@#In order to minimize the occurrence of such medical disputes, hospitals or related associations should avoid the risk of prenatal examination through the standardization of management and operation.

Study on risk prediction of nursing staff after leaving in emergency department after nursing disputes / 中国实用护理杂志

Objective For the care of the emergency department after the nursing staff to carry out the psychological scale score, construct the data model of prejudgment departure risk and verify its applicability. Methods Into the Central Hospital of Wuhan, Wuhan City Chinese Medicine Hospital, Wuhan Sixth Hospital emergency department from all three hospitals nursing disputes witnessed the event in February 2014 to February 2016 during the nursing staff(137 cases)continuity for the study cohort.The potential influencing factors were obtained and the follow-up period was 12 months.Based on the follow-up results, the risk of long-term resignation was predicted and the application was analyzed. Results The Cox regression analysis showed that the risk models of nursing staff were analyzed by the Mueller/McCloskey Satisfaction Scale (MMSS), the Self-rating Depression Scale (SDS), the Social Support Questionnaire (SSQ), MMSS scale which scores for the emergency department nurses after nursing care after the separation of independent protection factors, SDS scale and SSQ scale score were independent risk factors. MMSS <30.067 points, SDS≥40.784 points, SSQ ≥ 17.410 points in the emergency department of nursing staff,shorter time window,MMSS and SSQ scale which had a higher critical value of the effectiveness of indicators. Conclusions MMSS,SDS,SSQ are the emergency department of nursing staff to undergo care after the separation of independent factors,and MMSS<30.067 points,SSQ≥17.410 divided into emergency department nurses 1 year to leave the critical point.

Is the “ghost surgery” the subject of legal punishment in Korea?

PURPOSE: Recently a controversy has arisen about so-called “ghost surgery” practices, and people have voiced their opinions for legal sanction against such practices, which clearly undermine the foundation of medical ethics. However, there has been a lack of legal basis for punishing those actions. The present study aims to examine which pre-existing legal provisions could be applied to regulate ghost surgery. METHODS: The Korean Medical Service Act has a provision relating to informed consent to inhibit ghost surgery but does not include penalty provisions prohibiting ghost surgery itself. Also, the Korean Supreme Court precedents on this issue have not been settled as of yet. Therefore, this study referred to U.S precedents, law books, and related papers. RESULTS: With respect to ghost surgery, we expect the charges of bodily harm, assault and battery, and fraud could be applied under Korean law, in addition to charges regarding the violation of medical law, such as the omission of entries or false entries in medical records. A patient provides consent to bodily harm prior to surgery, and only the person who is entrusted with such permission can become the operating surgeon in the operating room. CONCLUSION: In other words, even if other medical professionals are present in the operating room, the operating surgeon who received consent must take overall responsibility for the whole process of the surgery. A surgeon should bear in mind that a violation of such duty can constitute a criminal offense.