ABSTRACT
RESUMEN Introducción: La infección diseminada por el bacilo vacunal Calmette-Guerin es una rara reacción adversa severa asociada a inmunodeficiencia. Objetivo: Describir una serie de cinco casos con infección vacunal diseminada. Presentación de casos: Se presentan cinco casos vacunados al nacer, predominio masculino 4 (80 %), promedio edad inicio: 8,4 meses 2 (15 %) y de edad al diagnóstico: 17,8 meses 6 (31 %). Cuadro clínico de huella vacunal ulcerada, linfadenitis axilar ipsilateral y en regiones distales, hepatosplenomegalia y afectación de otros órganos, con manifestaciones sistémicas y nutricionales. Existió consanguinidad en tres e historia familiar sospechosa de inmunodeficiencia en otros tres. Todos fallecieron: tres enfermos antes de los 3 años. Se realizaron estudios inmunológicos convencionales a todos los enfermos. Un paciente presentaba Inmunodeficiencia severa combinada, en los otros se sospechó enfermedad granulomatosa crónica en uno y síndrome de susceptibilidad mendeliana a micobacterias en tres. Conclusiones: Aunque la vacuna BCG raramente presenta diseminación del bacilo vacunal, debe sospecharse esta entidad en niños pequeños, con las características severas y sistémicas que se describen, con manifestaciones sugestivas de tuberculosis que no responden al tratamiento antituberculoso de primera línea.
ABSTRACT Introduction: The infection disseminated by the vaccine bacillus Calmette-Guerin is a rare severe adverse reaction associated with immunodeficiency. Objective: Describe a series of five cases with disseminated vaccine infection. Presentation of cases : There are five cases vaccinated at birth: predominance of the male sex in 4 (80%), average age onset: 8.4 months in 2 (15 %) and age at diagnosis: 17.8 months in 6 (31 %); clinical picture of ulcerated vaccine footprint, ipsilateral axillary lymphadenitis and in distal regions, hepatosplenomegaly, involvement of other organs, with systemic and nutritional manifestations. There was consanguinity in three of the patients and suspicious family history of immunodeficiency in three others. All died: three were sick before the age of 3. Conventional immunological studies were performed in all cases. One patient had severe combined immunodeficiency, chronic granulomatous disease was suspected in one, and Mendelian susceptibility syndrome to mycobacteria in three. Conclusions: Although the BCG vaccine rarely presents dissemination of the vaccine bacillus, this entity should be suspected in young children, with the severe and systemic characteristics described, with manifestations suggestive to tuberculosis that do not respond to first-line anti-tuberculous treatment.
ABSTRACT
La vacuna con el bacilo de Calmette-Guérin es una vacuna atenuada utilizada para prevenir formas graves de tuberculosis. Se aplica a los recién nacidos en países con alta prevalencia de tuberculosis. Pueden presentarse, después de su aplicación, complicaciones a nivel local, como supuración o adenopatías regionales. La enfermedad por diseminación del bacilo es infrecuente y ocurre, por lo general, en pacientes con alteraciones inmunitarias subyacentes. Se presenta el caso de un niño de 5 meses que ingresó por un cuadro de 2 meses de evolución con detención del aumento de peso y nódulos subcutáneos. Se sospechó enfermedad por diseminación del bacilo y se diagnosticó por la biopsia de las lesiones. Se realizó el tratamiento con tres drogas antituberculosas, y se recuperó clínicamente. Si bien se realizaron estudios inmunológicos, no logró demostrarse ninguna inmunodeficiencia como afección predisponente.
The bacillus Calmette-Guérin vaccine is an attenuated vaccine historically used to prevent severe forms of tuberculosis. It is applied to all newborns in countries with high prevalence of tuberculosis. Local complications, such as suppuration or regional adenopathies, may occur after application. Disease due to the spread of the bacillus is infrequent, usually occurring in a patient with an underlying immune alteration. We present the case of a 5-month-old child who was admitted due to a 2-month evolution with weight loss and subcutaneous nodules. Disease was suspected to be due to bacillus Calmette-Guérin dissemination, being diagnosed by biopsy of the lesions. Treatment was carried out with three antituberculous drugs, evolving towards clinical recovery. Although immunological studies were carried out, no immunodeficiency could be demonstrated as a predisposing condition.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Infant , BCG Vaccine/adverse effects , Rifampin/therapeutic use , Biopsy , Ethambutol/therapeutic use , Isoniazid/therapeutic use , Antibiotics, Antitubercular/therapeutic use , Mycobacterium bovisABSTRACT
Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccine is a live attenuated vaccine derived from Mycobacterium bovis. Frequent complications after BCG vaccination are localized ulcer formation and regional lymphadenitis, but there could be rarely severe systemic reactions to BCG vaccine such as osteomyelitis and disseminated BCG infection. Although disseminated BCG infection can be complicated in infants with underlying immunodeficiency after BCG vaccination, it is very unlikely to develop in immunocompetent infants or children. We report a 13-month-old infant who presented with fever, skin nodules, and multiple enlarged lymph nodes 5 months following BCG vaccination. She was diagnosed with disseminated BCG infection by PCR-confirmed M. bovis BCG infection at > or =2 anatomical sites beyond the region of vaccination. The patient showed no obvious evidence of immunodeficiency as judged on the basis of previous disease history, plasma immunoglobulin levels, B and T lymphocytes counts in peripheral blood, DHR (dihydrorhodamine 123 fluorescence) test and HIV test. She started antituberculous treatment with isoniazid and rifampin, and now, apparently her symptoms have been improved.