Púrpura fulminante postinfecciosa: a propósito de un caso / Postinfectious purpura fulminans: A case report

La púrpura fulminante adquirida postinfecciosa es una entidad aguda y grave, poco frecuente, caracterizada por necrosis cutánea asociada a coagulopatía intravascular diseminada (CID), en ausencia de infección activa o alteraciones previas de la coagulación. Afecta fundamentalmente a la población pediátrica y, en el 90 % de los casos, está precedida por un proceso infeccioso. El mecanismo fisiopatológico es un déficit transitorio de proteína S mediado por autoanticuerpos que favorece un estado de hipercoagulabilidad. Se presenta el caso de un varón de 8 años previamente sano, con lesiones cutáneas purpúricas características de púrpura fulminante asociada a CID en ausencia de sepsis. Se constató deficiencia plasmática transitoria de proteína S. Requirió tratamiento sustitutivo con plasma fresco congelado y anticoagulación; la evolución fue favorable. La actividad de la proteína S permaneció disminuida durante 2 meses.

Acquired postinfectious purpura fulminans is a rare, acute, and severe disease characterized by skin necrosis associated with disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) in the absence of active infection or previous coagulation disorders. It mainly affects the pediatric population and, in 90% of cases, it is preceded by an infectious process. The pathophysiological mechanism is a transient autoantibodymediated protein S deficiency that favors a hypercoagulable state. Here we describe the case of a previously healthy 8-year-old boy with purpuric skin lesions typical of purpura fulminans associated with DIC in the absence of sepsis. A transient plasma protein S deficiency was confirmed. He required replacement therapy with fresh frozen plasma and anticoagulation; he had a favorable course. Protein S activity remained decreased for 2 months.

The Relationship between Fluid Resuscitation and the Risk of Disseminated In-travascular Coagulation in Postpartum Hemorrhage Patients / 实用妇产科杂志

Objective:To explore the relationship between fluid dosage during fluid resuscitation and the risk of disseminated intravascular coagulation(DIC)in postpartum hemorrhage patients.Methods:A retrospective case-control study was conducted on patients who were admitted to Shenyang Women′s and Children′s Hospital between January 1,2016,and December 31,2022 with postpartum hemorrhage≥1000 ml.The patients were di-vided into two groups according to pregnancy-corrected ISTH scores:group with ISTH score＞26;group with ISTH score≤26.The two groups were matched for 1 ∶ 4 propensity scores and the differences between ratio of crystalloid solution to bleeding volume;ratio of colloidal solution to bleeding volume;ratio of red blood cell infusion to bleeding volume;ratio of plasma infusion to bleeding volume and peak decrease of fibrinogen in the two groups were compared.And analyze the relationship between various observation indicators and the occurrence of DIC.Results:The ROC area under the curve(AUC)values for predicting of the ratio of crystalloid solution to bleeding volume,ratio of colloidal solution to bleeding volume,the peak decrease in fibrinogen,ratio of red blood cell infu-sion to bleeding volume,ratio of plasma infusion to bleeding volume were 0.670(95%CI 0.589-0.751),0.532(95%CI 0.440-0.623),0.771(95%CI 0.706-0.837),0.530(95%CI 0.439-0.621),and 0.563(95%CI 0.473-0.653),the optimal cut off values were 1.23,0.29,0.77,0.48,0.24.The ratio of crystalloid solution to bleeding volume and the peak decrease in fibrinogen were positively correlated with the occurrence of DIC after postpartum hemorrhage,the OR values were 0.256(95%CI 0.111-0.590)and 0.074(95%CI 0.024-0.228).There was no correlation between the ratio of colloidal solution to bleeding volume,the ratio of red blood cell infusion to bleeding volume,the ratio of plasma infusion to bleeding volume and the occurrence of DIC after postpartum hemorrhage.Conclusions:The infusion volume of crystalloid solution is related to the occurrence of DIC,and restrictive fluid resuscitation can reduce the incidence of DIC.Additionally,to lower the risk of DIC,fibrin-ogen or cold precipitation should be rapidly supplied when the decrease of fibrinogen exceeded 0.77 g/L to re-duce the risk of postpartum hemorrhage DIC.

The value of new coagulation markers in the diagnosis and prognosis evaluation of neonatal disseminated intravascular coagulation / 天津医药

Objective To investigate the value of thrombomodulin(TM),thrombin-antithrombin complex(TAT),α2 plasmin inhibitor-plasmin complex(PIC)and tissue plasminogen activator-inhibitor complex(t-PAIC)in the diagnosis and prognosis of neonatal disseminated intravascular coagulation(DIC).Methods Eighty-seven DIC neonates(the observation group)were included and divided into the survival group(66 cases)and the death group(21 cases)based on their outcomes at discharge.And 50 healthy newborns born in the same period were selected as the control group.The clinical data of neonates were collected,and risk factors of neonatal DIC were analyzed by Logistic regression.The differences of TM,TAT,PIC and t-PAIC levels in different groups were analyzed.The receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curve was used to analyze values of TM,TAT,PIC and t-PAIC in the diagnosis and prognosis of neonatal DIC.Results The incidence of low Apgar score,birth asphyxia,IVH,sepsis and maternal pregnancy induced hypertension syndrome(PIH)were higher in the observation group than those in the control group(P＜0.05).Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that low Apgar score,birth asphyxia,sepsis and PIH were independent risk factors for neonatal DIC.TM,TAT,PIC and t-PAIC levels were higher in the observation group than those in the control group(P＜0.05).ROC curve showed that the combined diagnosis value of TM,TAT,PIC and t-PAIC was better than that of single diagnosis of neonatal DIC.TM and TAT levels were higher in the death group than those in the survival group(P＜0.05),and there were no significant differences in PIC and t-PAIC levels between the two groups.Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that elevated TAT level was an independent risk factor for neonatal DIC prognosis.ROC curve showed that when TAT was 21.72 μg/L,the area under the curve for predicting neonatal DIC prognosis was 0.772(95%CI:0.666-0.878),and the sensitivity and specificity were 76.2%and 71.2%,respectively.Conclusion The combined application of TM,TAT,PIC and t-PAIC has important clinical value in diagnosis and prognosis evaluation of neonatal DIC.

Research progress on endothelial molecular pathogenesis in sepsis-induced coagulopathy / 中国小儿急救医学

The diagnosis and treatment of sepsis-induced coagulopathy（SIC）and disseminated intravascular coagulation（DIC）are very difficult in clinical practice.It also increases the mortality of sepsis in children.This article reviewed the latest pathophysiological mechanism of endothelial molecular in the occurrence and development of SIC and DIC in sepsis，so as to provide new theoretical basis for the clinical treatment of SIC and DIC in sepsis.

The Osseous Pathology of Purpura Fulminans in a TwoYear-Old Child: A Case Report

@#Purpura fulminans (PF) is a severe clinical manifestation of Neisseria meningitides infection that is associated with high mortality rates in children. Survivors are frequently left with debilitating musculoskeletal sequelae. There is a paucity of reports on the musculoskeletal pathology of purpura fulminans. We report on a 2-year-old boy with purpura fulminans due to meningococcemia. The child developed distal gangrene in both the upper and lower limbs. Amputations were done for both lower limbs. Histological examination of the amputated specimens showed an inflammatory process and features of osteonecrosis. The latest follow-up at the age of 6 years showed a right knee valgus due to asymmetrical growth arrest of the proximal tibia. PF and its complications are challenging to treat and may require a multidisciplinary approach to improve patient’s functional ability.

Predictive value of the maximum aggregation rate of platelet for septic shock and septic shock with disseminated intravascular coagulation / 中华危重病急救医学

Objective:To investigate the predictive value of the maximum aggregation rate (MAR) of platelet for septic shock and septic shock with disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC).Methods:A retrospective case-control study enrolled patients with sepsis admitted to department of critical care medicine of the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University from January 2021 to November 2022. The basic data, dynamic platelet aggregation rate, blood routine, inflammation indicators, sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) and other clinical indicators within 24 hours after admission were collected. Septic patients were divided into the shock group and the non-shock group according to the presence of septic shock; then refer to the International Society on Thrombosis and Hemostasis (ISTH) standard, patients with septic shock were divided into the shock DIC group and the shock non-DIC group according to the presence of dominant DIC. Compared the differences in platelet aggregation function between these groups, and the receiver operator characteristic curve (ROC curve) was drawn to evaluate the predictive value of the MAR for septic shock and septic shock with DIC. Spearman correlation analysis was used to analyze the correlation of MAR with inflammation indicators and the severity of illness in patients with sepsis.Results:A total of 153 sepsis patients were included and 61 with septic shock (including 17 with dominant DIC and 44 without dominant DIC). Compared with the non-shock group, the level of procalcitonin (PCT), C-reactive protein (CRP), and SOFA score were significantly higher in the shock group [PCT (mg/L): 6.90 (2.50, 23.50) vs. 0.87 (0.26, 5.75), CRP (mg/L): 156.48 (67.11, 230.84) vs. 90.39 (46.43, 182.76), SOFA score: 11.00 (8.00, 14.00) vs. 5.00 (3.00, 8.00), all P < 0.05]. The platelet count (PLT) and the MAR induced by adenosine diphosphate (ADP), adrenaline (A), collagen (COL), and arachidonic acid (AA; ADP-MAR, A-MAR, COL-MAR, AA-MAR) in the shock group were significantly decreased [PLT (×10 9/L): 101.00 (49.00, 163.50) vs. 175.50 (108.25, 254.50), ADP-MAR: 28.50% (22.00%, 38.05%) vs. 45.90% (33.98%, 60.28%), A-MAR: 38.90% (30.00%, 55.40%) vs. 65.15% (54.38%, 72.53%), COL-MAR: 27.90% (20.85%, 36.55%) vs. 42.95% (33.73%, 54.08%), AA-MAR: 24.70% (16.40%, 34.20%) vs. 46.55% (28.33%, 59.20%), all P < 0.05]. Subgroup analysis revealed that, compared with the shock non-DIC group, the SOFA scores were significantly higher in patients in the shock DIC group (13.29±5.23 vs. 10.39±3.58, P < 0.05), the PLT and COL-MAR in the shock DIC group were significantly reduced [PLT (×10 9/L): 36.00 (22.00, 67.50) vs. 115.50 (84.25, 203.75), COL-MAR: 21.50% (17.85%, 32.60%) vs. 30.95% (22.98%, 38.53%), all P < 0.05]. ROC curve analysis showed that A-MAR had a higher predictive value for septic shock, and the area under the ROC curve (AUC) was 0.814 [95% confidence interval (95% CI) was 0.742-0.886, P = 0.000]. When the optimal cut-off value was 51.35%, the sensitivity was 68.9%, the specificity was 82.6%, the positive predictive value was 0.724 and the negative predictive value was 0.800. COL-MAR had some predictive value for septic shock with DIC, and the AUC was 0.668 (95% CI was 0.513-0.823, P = 0.044). When the optimal cut-off value was 21.90%, the sensitivity was 52.9%, the specificity was 79.5%, the positive predictive value was 0.500, and the negative predictive value was 0.813. Spearman correlation analysis showed that the MAR induced by each inducer was negatively correlated with inflammatory indicators and SOFA scores in sepsis patients, with A-MAR showing the strongest correlation with SOFA score ( r = -0.327, P = 0.000). Conclusions:MAR, an indicator of platelet aggregation function, shows predictive value for septic shock and septic shock with DIC, and it could be used to for evaluating the severity of patients with sepsis. In addition, tt alsocan be used as a monitoring index to predict the changes of sepsis patients and to guide the treatment.

The 502nd case: thrombocytopenia, splenomegaly, disseminated intravascular coagulation, and spontaneous rupture of the spleen / 中华内科杂志

A young man with a history of thrombocytopenia for seven years presented with splenomegaly and fever and rapidly evolved to disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) and hemorrhagic shock. Spontaneous rupture of the spleen was diagnosed. The critical patient underwent an emergency splenectomy. Pathological examination revealed splenic peliosis, an extremely rare disease with unknown etiology and pathogenesis. Despite the high mortality rate due to spontaneous splenic rupture with DIC, the patient was successfully treated and the details of the case are presented in this report.

Why anticoagulant studies on sepsis fail frequently --- start with SCARLET / 中华创伤杂志(英文版)

The Sepsis Coagulopathy Asahi Recombinant LE Thrombomodulin (SCARLET) trial has many defects, and thus cannot be the terminator of recombinant thrombomodulin (rTM). On the contrary, it provides sufficient evidence for further research. Based on analysis focusing on the failure of SCARLET and several previous anticoagulant studies, it is most important for new studies to grasp the following two points: (1) The enrolled cases should have sufficient disease severity and a clear standard for disseminated intravascular coagulation; (2) Heparin should not be used in combination with the investigated drugs. Multiple post-hoc analyses show that no combination of heparin will not increase the risk of thromboembolism. In fact, the combination of heparin can mask the true efficacy of the investigated drug. Due to the complexity of sepsis treatment and the limitations of clinical studies, the results of all treatment studies should be repeatedly verified, rather than be determined at one stroke. Some research conclusions contrary to disease physiology, pharmacology and clinical practice may be deceptive, and should be cautious rather than be simply accepted. On the other hand, the dissenting voices in the "consensus" scene are often well discussed by the authors and should be highly valued.

Coagulopatías por consumo en el paciente con cáncer / Consumptive Coagulopathies in the Patient with Cancer

Introducción: Los trastornos de la coagulación durante el perioperatorio de pacientes oncológicos, son eventos más frecuentes de lo que se conoce en realidad, debido a que un gran número de estos transitan de forma inadvertida. Objetivo: Describir los factores fisiopatológicos que propician la ocurrencia de las coagulopatías adquiridas por consumo durante el perioperatorio del paciente oncológico. Métodos: Se realizó una revisión narrativa, en idiomas español e inglés, se utilizaron como fuente de búsqueda las bases de datos Ebsco, SciElo, Pubmed, Cubmed, Hinary, durante el período de enero a marzo de 2022, y el referenciador Zotero versión 5.0. Resultados: Para comprender qué pasa en el paciente con cáncer en relación con las coagulopatías por consumo es necesario entender la fisiología de los mecanismos de la coagulación. En este sentido, se pueden observar tanto trastornos trombóticos como hemorrágicos, por el incremento del factor tisular que determina la formación de trombina y el fallo de los mecanismos antifibrinolíticos. También, factores como la radioterapia, la quimioterapia y la transfusión de hemocomponentes, aumentan el riesgo de padecerlas. Conclusiones: la coagulopatía por consumo en el paciente oncológico es una entidad multifactorial, compleja y dinámica, en la que se debe pensar y diagnosticar para evitar complicaciones graves en el período perioperatorio.

Introduction: Coagulation disorders during the perioperative period of cancer patients are more frequent events than is actually known, due to the fact that a large number of these go unnoticed. Objective: To describe the pathophysiological factors that favor the occurrence of consumption-acquired coagulopathies during the perioperative period of cancer patients. Methods: A narrative review was carried out, in Spanish and English, using the Ebsco, Scielo, Pubmed, Cubmed, Hinary databases as a search source, during the period from January to March 2022, and the Zotero version 5.0 referer. 96.3. Results: To understand what happens in cancer patients in relation to consumption coagulopathies, it is necessary to understand the physiology of coagulation mechanisms. In this sense, both thrombotic and hemorrhagic disorders can be observed, due to the increase in the tissue factor that determines the formation of thrombin and the failure of antifibrinolytic mechanisms. Also, factors such as radiotherapy, chemotherapy and transfusion of blood components, increase the risk of suffering from them. Conclusions: consumption coagulopathy in cancer patients is a multifactorial, complex and dynamic entity, which must be considered and diagnosed to avoid serious complications in the perioperative period.

Prevalência de eventos vasculares associados a pacientes com COVID-19 em um hospital público* / Prevalencia de eventos vasculares asociados a pacientes con COVID-19 en un hospital público / Prevalence of vascular events associated with COVID-19 patients in a public hospital

Objetivo: verificar a prevalência dos principais eventos vasculares associados a pacientes com COVID-19 admitidos em um hospital público do Recife. Método: trata-se de um estudo transversal descritivo, realizado por meio das bases de dados epidemiológicos e prontuários eletrônicos de pacientes, no período de março de 2020 a agosto de 2021. Resultados: analisaram-se 1122 pacientes, (58,8%) com diagnóstico positivo para COVID-19. Os principais eventos vasculares evidenciados foram: Tromboembolismo Venoso Profundo (4,55%); Tromboembolismo Pulmonar (2,5%); Oclusão Arterial Aguda (0,98%) e Isquemia Crítica de Membro Inferior a mais prevalente, sendo 17,64% dos casos. Conclusão: foi possível apontar a prevalência de eventos vasculares associados a pacientes com COVID-19, admitidos em um hospital público do Recife, tal como classificar os principais eventos vasculares, sua repercussão e evolução. Assim, o conhecimento acerca do perfil desses pacientes no contexto da pandemia pode contribuir para o desenvolvimento de novas pesquisas na área de saúde.

Objective: to verify the prevalence of the main vascular events associated with patients with COVID-19 admitted to a public hospital in Recife. Method: this is a descriptive cross-sectional study, carried out through epidemiological databases and electronic patient records, from March 2020 to August 2021. Results: 1122 patients (58.8%) with a positive diagnosis for COVID-19 were analyzed. The main vascular events evidenced were: Deep Venous Thromboembolism (4.55%); Pulmonary Thromboembolism (2.5%); Acute Arterial Occlusion (0.98%) and Critical Lower Limb Ischemia, the most prevalent, being 17.64% of the cases. Conclusion: it was possible to point out the prevalence of vascular events associated with patients with COVID-19, admitted to a public hospital in Recife, as well as to classify the main vascular events, their repercussion and evolution. Thus, knowledge about the profile of these patients in the context of the pandemic can contribute to the development of new research in the health area.

Objetivo: verificar la prevalencia de los principales eventos vasculares asociados a pacientes con COVID-19 ingresados en un hospital público de Recife. Método: se trata de un estudio descriptivo transversal, realizado a través de bases de datos epidemiológicas y registros electrónicos de pacientes, de marzo de 2020 a agosto de 2021. Resultados: se analizaron 1122 pacientes (58,8%) con diagnóstico positivo para COVID-19. Los principales eventos vasculares evidenciados fueron: Tromboembolismo Venoso Profundo (4,55%); Tromboembolismo Pulmonar (2,5%); Oclusión Arterial Aguda (0,98%) e Isquemia Crítica de Miembros Inferiores el más prevalente, con el 17,64% de los casos. Conclusión: fue posible señalar la prevalencia de eventos vasculares asociados a pacientes con COVID-19, ingresados en un hospital público de Recife, así como clasificar los principales eventos vasculares, sus repercusiones y evolución. Así, el conocimiento del perfil de estos pacientes en el contexto de la pandemia puede contribuir para el desarrollo de nuevas investigaciones en el área de salud.

Symmetrical peripheral gangrene in a chronic kidney disease patient on hemodialysis

Symmetrical peripheral gangrene (SPG) is a rare but well-described condition characterized by ischemic changes in the distal limbs with preserved flow in the major vessels. It results from thrombosis of the microcirculation resulting from a complex interplay of infectious and non-infectious factors. Often described as a complication of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), it has got multiple aggravating factors. Timely recognition and management is important as significant residual disability is noted in surviving patients. Here, we describe a patient with chronic kidney disease on maintenance hemodialysis presenting with SPG associated with spontaneous bacterial peritonitis and DIC. She had multiple aggravating factors such as hypotension, use of inotropes, and renal failure. As there were no evidence-based guidelines and since the general condition of the patient was poor, she was managed with supportive care.

Minimal Invasive Thoracoscopic Mitral Valve Surgery

ABSTRACT Introduction: The totally thoracoscopic approach for mitral valve (MV) disease is a minimally invasive method. We investigated the procedure's feasibility, safety and effectiveness when it was performed by an experienced operator. Methods: We retrospectively analysed 96 consecutive patients with MV disease treated between March 2016 and November 2019 by minimally invasive procedures. The procedures were performed on a femoral artery-vein bypass through two ports, including a main operation port and a thoracoscopic port. The clinical data of patients were collected, including preoperative cardiac function, operative data, postoperative complications, and follow-up. Results: A total of 96 patients (57 male patients; average age, 49.7±14.5 years; left ventricular ejection fraction, 65.6±7.7%) were enrolled in this study. No intraoperative conversion incision or death occurred. The cardiopulmonary bypass and aortic cross-clamp times were 163.8±50.6 minutes and 119.7±38.9 minutes, respectively. Postoperative chest tube drainage in the first 24 hours was 232.8±108.1 ml. The ventilation time and length of intensive care unit stay were 13.2±6.2 hours and 2.9±2.2 days, respectively. One patient died of disseminated intravascular coagulation and prosthesis thrombosis 3 days after the operation, fearing anticoagulant-related hemorrhage. The overall success rate of valve repair during 1-year follow-up was 97.9%. Conclusion: The totally thoracoscopic procedure on mitral valves by an experienced surgeon is technically feasible, safe, effective and worthy of widespread adoption in clinical practice.

Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura as an acute complication of COVID-19

Introduction: While disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) is a serious complication of COVID-19, a close differential in critically ill patients with thrombocytopenia is Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP). Case Report: We describe the case of a middle-aged lady admitted with COVID-19 pneumonia who developed progressive thrombocytopenia, altered sensorium and renal failure. The absence of coagulation abnormalities alerted to the possibility of TTP, strengthened by presence of schistocytes in peripheral smear. Conclusions: This case highlights the need for high index of suspicion and to pay attention to normal tests as well that might give clues to the diagnosis. New onset thrombocytopenia in COVID-19 need not always indicate DIC. A careful examination of peripheral smear may help diagnosing TTP especially if coagulation profile is normal.

Risk Association of the Development of Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC) in Obstetrical Cases

Background: Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) is a syndrome that can be initiated by a myriad of medical, surgical, and obstetric disorders. Also known as consumptive coagulopathy, DIC is a common contributor to maternal morbidity and mortality and is associated with up to 25% of maternal deaths.Aim of the study: To determine the risk factors associated with the development of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) in obstetrical cases.Material & Methods:This descriptive type of study was carried out in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of Janaki Medical College Teaching Hospital, RamdaiyaBhawadi, Janakpurdham, Nepal from January 2016 to December 2021. A total of 500 pregnant women complicated with DIC admitted for termination of pregnancy were included in this study. History and clinical examination were completed. The adverse obstetrical event that causes DIC is identified from clinical diagnosis and relevant investigations. Statistical analysis of the results was obtained by using windows computer software with Statistical Packages for Social Sciences (SPSS-version 26).Results:More than half (58.0%) of the patients did not receive any antenatal checkup. Regarding the risk factors for the development of DIC; abruptio placenta was associated with 185(37.0%) cases followed by PPH 147(29.4%) and preeclampsia and eclampsia 119(23.8%). Patients with risk factors of DIC were hypertension 360(72.0%), Antepartum heamorrhage 227(45.4%) and PPH 193(38.6%) these are the most common presenting features. More than two-thirds of the patients (68.0%) had spontaneous vaginal delivery. Almost two-thirds (64.0%) of patients stayed in the hospital for 8-14 days. Maternal death was found in 60(12.0%) cases and perinatal death in 121(24.2%) cases.Conclusion:Maternal and perinatal mortality in patients with DIC were 12.0% and 24.0% respectively. The major determinant of survival is prompt identification of the underlying trigger, elimination of the cause and appropriate management.

Leucemia mieloide crónica atípica BCR-ABL1 negativa: reporte de 2 casos / BCR-ABL1 negative chronic myeloid leukemia: report of two cases

BCR-ABL1 negative atypical chronic myeloid leukemia (aCML) is a rare type of myeloproliferative / myelodysplastic syndrome characterized by leukocytosis and proliferation of dysplastic neutrophilic precursors in the absence of positivity for the BCR-ABL1 fusion gene. We report a 66-year-old woman and a 57-year-old man with aCML, who initially presented with general malaise and weight loss, associated with anemia, thrombocytopenia, and leukocytosis with left shift and dysplasia in the neutrophil series. Both evolved unfavorably after admission and died a few days later due to multiple organ failure.

Evaluation of the International Society on Thrombosis & Haemostasis scoring system & its modifications in diagnosis of disseminated intravascular coagulation: A pilot study from southern India

Background & objectives: Diagnosis of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) rests primarily on the clinical profile along with supportive laboratory tests. The International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis (ISTH) had proposed a scoring system for the diagnosis of overt DIC. However, fibrinogen values which are supposed to be low are often found to be elevated due to the associated inflammation seen in some cases. Moreover, peripheral smear is known to show schistocytes, which is also not included in the score. This study was done to evaluate ISTH scoring system and its modifications in suspected DIC. Methods: Fifty-six patients were enrolled for the present study of whom; in four, fibrinogen assay could not be done. Modifications in the ISTH scoring with the exclusion of fibrinogen, i.e. modified ISTH (MI) score and subsequent inclusion of schistocytes, i.e. modified ISTH with schistocytes (MIS) score, were used. The modified scores were analyzed for diagnostic accuracy parameters and agreement with ISTH score. Results: Amongst 56 cases, 9/52 (17.3%), 22 (39.3%) and 17 (30.4%) were diagnosed as positive for overt DIC by ISTH, MI and MIS scores and mortality was 33, 22.7 and 17.6 per cent, respectively. The sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values for the MI score were 100, 74.4, 45 and 100 per cent and for MIS score were 100, 86, 60 and 100 per cent, respectively. The agreement between MI score and MIS score with ISTH score was moderate [?=0.502, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.272-0.732, P<0.001] and substantial (?=0.681, 95% CI: 0.45-0.91, P<0.001). Interpretation & conclusions: In the present study, the calculated mortality was highest by ISTH score. Best agreement was between MIS score and ISTH score. In a resource-constrained setup where fibrinogen assay and therefore ISTH score is difficult, it is suggested that MIS score can be considered.

Effects of Leukapheresis on Hemostatic Function in Patients with Hyperleukocytic Leukemia / 中国实验血液学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To analyze and compare the effects of leukapheresis on hemostatic function in patients with hyperleukocytic leukemia.@*METHODS@#A total of 139 patients with AML, ALL and CML who underwent leukapheresis from June 2009 to February 2020 and did coagulation test before and after operation were included in this study. The clearance efficiency of each group and the difference among three groups were evaluated, as well as hemostatic function including platelet counts, coagulation indicators, CDSS score and incidence of adverse events. The difference of hemostatic function caused by leukapheresis in different leukemia patients were compared.@*RESULTS@#After leukapheresis, the WBC counts were decreased significantly in the three groups of patients (P<0.001), and the clearance efficiency was highest in ALL patients. However, the platelet counts also were decreased significantly (AML:P＜0.001, ALL: P＜0.001, CML: P＜0.01) in the three groups of patients, particularly for acute leukemia patients with a positive correlation with WBC clearance efficiency(r=0.284). After leukapheresis, fibrinogen decreased, PT and APTT prolonged. For acute leukemia patients, higher CDSS score was related to an elevated incidence of bleeding events (P<0.05).@*CONCLUSION@#Leukapheresis is an effective method to decrease the leukemic burden, but it is necessary to monitor the impact on hemostatic function. It is recommended to assess the CDSS socre for acute leukemia patients, in order to identify the predictive value for bleedings.

The research progress on the role of NETs in sepsis-induced coagulopathy / 中华危重病急救医学

Sepsis is defined as a life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by the dysregulated host response to infection, and is one of the main causes of death in intensive care unit (ICU) patients. Coagulation dysfunction runs through the pathophysiological progress of sepsis whose severity should be closely related to the prognosis of sepsis. Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) is a three-dimensional network structure with DNA as the skeleton and inlaid with various protein components. The excessive production of NETs can lead to sepsis-induced coagulopathy (SIC) by activating the coagulation system, inhibiting the anticoagulation system, resisting fibrinolysis, damaging vascular endothelial cells and the interaction of platelets. At present, the treatment of SIC is mainly symptomatic treatment, and there is no recognized effective anticoagulation strategy. Interventions for NETs and their components, and drugs for antiplatelets are expected to become new directions for disease treatment.

Characteristics of thrombelastography in patients with different severity of sepsis and their value in assessment of prognosis / 中华急诊医学杂志

Objective:To investigate the correlation and predictive value of thromboelastography (TEG) in the severity and prognosis of patients with sepsis.Methods:Clinical data of 147 patients with sepsis admitted to Intensive Care Unit (ICU) of Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine from January 2013 to December 2019 were retrospectively analyzed. Inflammation indicators and TEGt were performed within 24 h after admission, and APACHE Ⅱ score was evaluated. According to APACHE Ⅱ score, the patients were divided into the mild group and severe group. TEG indicators were compared between the two groups. Patients with sepsis were divided into the death group and survival group to assess the value of TEG for prognosis of patients with sepsis.Results:Compared with patients with mild sepsis, patients with severe sepsis had lower α angle ( P=0.015), longer K time ( P=0.015), and higher maximum amplitude ( P=0.045). The K time of the death group was significantly longer than that of the survival group. When K time ≥2.2 min (sensitivity 77.27% and specificity 95.2%), the risk of sepsis death was the highest ( P<0.001). Conclusions:Patients with severe sepsis show marked hypocoagulability, and K time has predictive value for the prognosis of patients with sepsis.