Conocimiento y uso de anticonceptivos en relación con la diversidad sexual, Universidad Andrés Bello, 2022 / Knowledge and use of contraceptives regarding sexual diversity, Universidad Andrés Bello, 2022

Introducción: Los métodos anticonceptivos se han utilizado desde hace ya bastante tiempo. Han ido evolucionando con el paso de los años y existen diversos tipos, que satisfacen cada necesidad de los usuarios. Objetivo: Analizar el conocimiento y uso de métodos anticonceptivos (MAC) en la diversidad sexual de los alumnos de la Universidad Andrés Bello (UNAB) entre 18 y 25 años en el año 2022. Método: Estudio con un enfoque transversal cualitativo, llevado a cabo por medio de una encuesta realizada a los estudiantes de las tres sedes de la UNAB de entre 18 y 25 años, con un tamaño de muestra de 140 estudiantes. Resultados: Según las características sociodemográficas; la «edad» mantuvo un grupo control de 70 personas en ambas categorías; en «sede» el 87% de los encuestados pertenecía a la sede de Santiago; en «identidad de género» la mujer cisgénero con un 79% y en «orientación sexual» fueron las personas heterosexuales con un 47%. Conclusión: Existe una relación estadística entre las variables «uso de MAC» y «orientación sexual». También las variables de «orientación sexual» y «tipo de MAC», y «orientación sexual» con «frecuencia en el uso de preservativo interno y externo».

Background: Contraceptive methods have been used since a lot of time, which have been evolved over the years, having a lot of types satisfying every necessities of the users. Aim: Analyze the knowledge and use of contraceptive methods in the sexual diversity of Universidad Andrés Bello (UNAB) students between 18 and 25 years old in the year 2022. Method: Study with a cross sectional qualitative approach, carried out through a survey of students from the three campuses of UNAB between 18 to 25 years old with a sample size of 140 students. Results: According to sociodemographic characteristics; “Age” was maintained in the control group with 70 people in both categories; in “Campus” 87% of the surveyed belonged to the Santiago campus; in “Gender identity” the cisgender woman with 79% and “Sexual orientation” were straight people with 47%. Conclusion: There is a statistical relationship between the variables “Use of contraceptive methods” and “Sexual orientation”. Also, the variables of “Sexual orientation” and “Type of contraceptive methods”, and “Sexual orientation” with “Frequency in use of internal and external preservative”.

Disputas epistemológicas na associação causal entre Zika vírus e síndrome congênita: uma análise de controvérsia / Epistemological disputes in the causal link between Zika virus and congenital syndrome: a controversy analysis

Resumo Um aumento de más-formações em crianças em 2015 no Brasil é associado ao vírus Zika que circulara meses antes, deixando disputas que ainda possui ecos. Usando elementos de um campo das ciências sociais que se dedica ao mapeamento de controvérsias científicas, este trabalho realizou 15 entrevistas semiestruturadas com pesquisadores e gestores envolvidos na associação causal. Investigou-se como esses atores observam o papel de condicionantes sociais no desfecho da Síndrome Congênita por Vírus Zika (SCZ) e os caminhos trilhados para mitigá-los após a epidemia. Há uma preocupação de todos com variáveis sociais e sua relevância no desfecho da SCZ, com uma decepção generalizada sobre o encaminhamento dessas questões após o pico de casos, mas esses fatores não entraram em uma narrativa mais central sobre a causalidade. Nota-se também disputas epistêmicas sobre esse desfecho. Uns atrelam à responsabilidade ao poder público ou se resignam com o resultado; outros cobram posturas ativas de pesquisadores que participaram de centros do poder, com divergências sobre o posicionamento da ciência. O artigo pontua a necessidade de ciências reflexivas que atentem para sua agência no mundo, bem como para articulações de narrativas interdisciplinares e multicausais para crises de saúde pública no Brasil.

Abstract An increase in child malformations in 2015 in Brazil is associated with a Zika virus spread months earlier, leaving disputes that still echo. Using elements from a sociology field dedicated to scientific controversy mapping, the present study conducted 15 semi-structured interviews with researchers and administrators involved in this causal association. Our work investigated how actors from different areas observe the role of social conditions in the outcome of the Congenital Zika Syndrome (SCZ) and the paths taken to mitigate them after the epidemic. Concern with social variables and their relevance in the SCZ outcome was observed, with a widespread disappointment about the referral of these issues after the case's peak; however, these factors have not entered the core narrative about causality. There are epistemic disputes about this outcome. Some attach responsibility to the public power or resign themselves to the result; others demand more active positions from researchers who had access to the decision-making process, with disagreements about the positioning of science. The article points out the need for reflective sciences that dialogue with their agency on the phenomena, as well as for interdisciplinary and multicausal articulations for public narratives on public health crises in Brazil.

La expresión del valor de la competitividad en la formación físico-deportiva del fútbol escolar / A expressão do valor da competitividade na formação físico-desportiva do futebol escolar / The expression of the value of competitiveness in the physical-sports training of school soccer

Resumen La competitividad suele considerarse un valor inherente a la sociedad en la que vivimos y se puede promover deliberadamente en el deporte escolar. Este estudio tiene por objetivo conocer las expresiones competitivas que implica en el fútbol escolar, mediante la observación participante, como reflexión al valor formativo que tiene la actividad. Se acompañan 10 equipos durante dos cursos escolares. El análisis de los resultados muestra que existen contradicciones entre la promoción de aprendizajes deportivos en condiciones de equidad y los resultados deportivos, que dependen de las aptitudes y capacidades individuales. Los niños capitalizan la rivalidad como la necesidad de ganar al oponente, lo que genera paradojas entre los apriorismos del deporte escolar, la socialización y sus aprendizajes. Este estudio concluye con la necesidad de promover sensibilidad educativa por los aprendizajes pedagógicamente deseables en complicidad con la participación de familias y agentes formativos.

Resumo A competitividade é geralmente considerada um valor inerente à sociedade em que vivemos e pode ser deliberadamente promovida nos esportes escolares. O objetivo deste estudo é conhecer as expressões competitivas que isso implica no futebol escolar, por meio da observação participante, como reflexo do valor educacional da atividade. Dez equipes são acompanhadas durante dois anos letivos. A análise dos resultados mostra que existem contradições entre a promoção da aprendizagem desportiva em condições justas e os resultados desportivos, que dependem das aptidões e capacidades individuais. As crianças capitalizam a rivalidade como necessidade de vencer o adversário, o que gera paradoxos entre os apriorismos do esporte escolar, socialização e seu aprendizado. Este estudo conclui com a necessidade de promover a sensibilização educacional para uma aprendizagem pedagogicamente desejável em cumplicidade com a participação das famílias e dos agentes formadores.

Abstract Competitiveness is often considered an inherent value in the society in which we live, and it can be deliberately promoted in school sports. This study aims to know the competitive expressions involved in school soccer as a reflection of the formative value of the activity, through participant observation. Ten teams are accompanied during two school years. The analysis of the results shows that there are contradictions between the promotion of equitable sports learning and sports results, depending on individual skills and abilities. Children capitalize on sports rivalry as the need to win against the opponent, which generates paradoxes between the apriorisms of school sports, socialization and their learning. This study concludes with the need to promote educational awareness of pedagogically desirable learning in complicity with the participation of families and training agents.

Desigualdades e privilégios no trabalho em saúde pública: percepções de profissionais de educação física / Nequalities and privileges in public health: perceptions of physical education professionals / Desigualdades y privilegios en el trabajo en salud pública: percepciones de profesionales de educación física

Neste artigo, analisamos as desigualdades e privilégios no tra- balho em serviços de Saúde Pública de uma região de Goiânia. Fizemos entrevistas com nove profissionais de Educação Física de quatro institui - ções da Secretaria Municipal de Saúde dessa cidade. O material coleta- do foi analisado a partir da técnica de Análise de Conteúdo, com apoio do software Webqda. O acúmulo de determinado capital cultural e habi- tus , o tempo de experiência de intervenção, a divisão do trabalho e as hierarquias profissionais demonstram as disputas de poder no campo profissional, muitas vezes com o próprio consentimento das profissões dominadas.

In this article we analyze the inequalities and privileges in the work in Public Health services of a region of Goiânia. We interviewed nine Physical Education professionals from four institutions of the Municipal Health Department of this city. The material collected was analyzed using the Content Analysis technique, with the support of Webqda software. The accumulation of certain cultural capital and habitus, time of intervention experience, division of labor and professional hierarchies demonstrate power disputes in the professional field, often with the consent of the dominated professions.

En este artículo analizamos las desigualdades y privilegios en el trabajo en servicios de Salud Pública de una región de Goiânia. Hemos hecho entrevistas con nueve profesionales de Educación Física de cuatro instituciones de la Secretaría Municipal de Salud de esta ciudad. El material recolectado fue analizado a partir de la técnica de Análisis de Contenido, con soporte del software Webqda. La acumulación de determinado capital cultural y habitus, el tiempo de experiencia de intervención, la división del trabajo y las jerarquías profesionales demuestran las disputas de poder en el campo profesional, muchas veces, con el propio consentimiento de las profesiones dominadas.

Orgullo loco y metáforas para una disidencia: un análisis lingüístico y simbólico / Mad pride and metaphors for dissidence: a linguistic and symbolic analysis

RESUMEN El presente artículo expone un análisis lingüístico e interpretativo sobre el uso de la metáfora conceptual en el campo de la salud mental, tomando como campo de observación el uso de Twitter en la primera edición del Día del Orgullo Loco en España, celebrada el 20 de mayo de 2018. El objetivo es dar cuenta de los posicionamientos expresados por los activistas en primera persona. Los resultados muestran un cuestionamiento a las lógicas coercitivas producidas por la atención psiquiátrica, una problematización del modelo hegemónico en su conjunto, una denuncia a la opresión que implica el estigma, problemas de comunicación y demandas de mayor diálogo con los profesionales del campo de la salud mental. Este análisis nos ha permitido comprender el modo lingüístico de re-semantizar el campo de la salud mental, así como dar cuenta de las tensiones existentes entre las percepciones subjetivas de las personas diagnosticadas y las producciones del modelo médico hegemónico.

ABSTRACT This paper presents a linguistic and interpretative analysis of the use of conceptual metaphors in the field of mental health, taking as a field of observation the use of Twitter in the first edition of Mad Pride Day in Spain, held on May 20, 2018. The objective is to give a first-person account of the attitudes expressed by activists. The results show a questioning of the coercive logics produced by psychiatric care, a problematization of the hegemonic model as a whole, a criticism of the oppression implied by stigma, communication problems with professionals in the field of mental health, as well as demands for greater dialogue with them. This analysis has allowed us to understand linguistic modes of resignifying the field of mental health, and also to account for the tensions between subjective perceptions of the people diagnosed and the productions of the hegemonic medical model.

Sexualidad y prevención del VIH: consenso y disenso de jóvenes católicos / Sexualidade e prevenção ao HIV: consensos e dissensos de jovens católicos / Sexuality and HIV prevention: consensus and dissent of Catholic youths

Objective. To analyze the consensus and dissent of Catholics youths about HIV/AIDS prevention from their representations about sexuality. Methods. This is a quantitative and qualitative research based on the Theory of Social Representations carried out with 84 Catholics youths who answered online to the Free Word Association Test on Facebook and three questions about the influence of Catholic doctrine on the free exercise of sexuality and the adoption of practice safe sex. The techniques of Factorial Analysis of Correspondence and Semantic Content were used. Results. On sexuality, only the young women with access to higher education represented the term as a free practice that should not lead to guilt. There was a consensus on chastity, virginity, and sex within marriage as effective means of HIV prevention. It is also representational consensus of the young people that sexual practice is pleasurable, however, condemned by the church, and that AIDS is a preventable disease. Social representations have revealed dissent between men and women, while they consider that the exercise of sexuality should be restricted to marriage, they advocate sexual freedom. As for AIDS, they represent that the syndrome stems from prejudice, and they consider that vulnerability favors contagion. Conclusion. In the consensuses among the young people studied, there are sexist prejudices and stereotypes that influence HIV/AIDS prevention actions. Therefore, health professionals, especially those of Nursing should propose actions aimed at this age group in educational activities about the adoption of preventive practices on safe sex, always considering the social representations around the subject.(AU)

Objetivo. Analizar los consensos y desacuerdos entre los jóvenes católicos sobre la prevención del VIH/SIDA a partir de sus representaciones sobre la sexualidad. Métodos. Investigación cuanti-cualitativa basada en la Teoría de las Representaciones Sociales. 84 jóvenes católicos respondieron on-line en Facebook un cuestionario de Asociación Libre de Palabras y tres preguntas sobre la influencia de la doctrina católica en el libre ejercicio de la sexualidad y en la adopción de prácticas sexuales seguras. Se utilizaron las técnicas de Análisis Factorial de Correspondencias y de contenido semántico. Resultados. Sobre la sexualidad, solamente los jóvenes con acceso a la educación superior, representaron el término como una práctica libre que no debe causar culpabilidad. Hubo consenso en cuanto a la castidad, la virginidad y el sexo dentro del matrimonio como medios eficaces para la prevención del VIH. También fueron consensos representacionales entre los jóvenes que la práctica sexual es placentera, sin embargo es condenada por la Iglesia, además, que el SIDA es una enfermedad que puede prevenirse. Las representaciones sociales revelaron disensos entre hombres y mujeres puesto que mientras que ellos consideraban que el ejercicio de la sexualidad debe ser restringido al matrimonio, ellas defendieron la libertad sexual. En cuanto al SIDA, ellos estiman que el síndrome deriva del prejuicio y ellas consideran que la vulnerabilidad favorece el contagio. Conclusión. En los consensos entre los jóvenes participantes del estudio hay preconceptos y estereotipos sexistas que influyen en las acciones de prevención del VIH/SIDA. Por tanto, los profesionales de la salud, en especial los de Enfermería, deben proponer que en las actividades educativas sobre la adopción de prácticas preventivas sobre sexo seguro que se realizan en este grupo etário se tengan en cuenta las representaciones sociales sobre el tema.(AU)

Objetivo. Analisar consensos e dissensos de jovens católicos/as sobre a prevenção ao HIV/aids a partir de suas representações sobre a sexualidade. Métodos. Pesquisa quanti-qualitativa, fundamentada na Teoria das Representações Sociais, realizada com 84 jovens católicos, que responderam on-line no Facebook ao Teste de Associação Livre de Palavras e três questão acerca da influência da doutrina católica no livre exercício da sexualidade e na adoção de prática sexuais seguras. Foram utilizadas as técnicas de Análise Fatorial de Correspondência e de Conteúdo Semântica. Resultados. Sobre a sexualidade, apenas as jovens com acesso ao ensino superior representaram o termo como uma prática livre que não deve acarretar culpa. Houve consenso quanto a castidade, a virgindade e o sexo dentro do matrimônio como meios eficazes de prevenção ao HIV. Também são consensos representacionais entre os jovens que a prática sexual é prazerosa, entretanto condenada pela igreja e que a AIDS é uma doença que pode ser prevenida As representações sociais revelaram dissensos entre homens e mulheres, enquanto eles consideram que o exercício da sexualidade deve ser restrito ao casamento, elas defendem a liberdade sexual, quanto a AIDS eles representam que a síndrome decorre do preconceito, elas consideram que a vulnerabilidade favorece o contágio. Conclusão. Nos consensos entre os jovens estudados, há preconceitos e estereótipos sexistas que influenciam as ações de prevenção do HIV/Aids. Portanto, os profissionais de saúde, sobretudo os de Enfermagem, devem propor que, nas atividades educativas sobre a adoção de práticas preventivas sobre sexo seguro, ações voltadas para essa faixa etária, considerando sempre as representações sociais em torno ao assunto.(AU)

Seguir los pasos de Orlando Fals Borda: Religión, Musica, Mundos de la vida y carnaval

En un tono narrativo, el autor, quien es un veterano sociólogo perteneciente a la segunda generación, sigue su propia trayectoria en la rememoración del fundador de la sociología colombiana, desde cuando era aún un infante y cuando Orlando regresara de los Estados Unidos como un Bachelor of Arts. Músico según era, Orlando compuso entonces una canción por la paz de Colombia, un deseo común en especial para todos los científicos sociales que apenas se vislumbra como horizonte probable a cerca de ocho años luego de la muerte del fundador de la sociología. Tras la semblanza del gran maestro, centrada en el arquetipo del chivo expiatorio, el autor presenta más de siete nuevos argumentos para demostrar la relevancia universal de la obra del pionero: una inédita valoración de la Wertbeziehung u orientación valorativa de Orlando como miembro de la rama calvinista del protestantismo, empero, en su caso volcado a encontrar índices de salvación ya no en oro o poder, como sostenía Weber, sino en el pueblo, casi como si se tratara de una paráfrasis del lema del filósofo Espinoza: Deus, sive populus (Dios, esto es el pueblo); el carnaval como una inspiración epistemológica; talento musical y escucha profunda a las voces del pueblo; talento inusual para el análisis dentro de una teoría integrada; sólida preferencia por los mundos de la vida; épica de no violencia y de disidanza (disidencia con danza); una inusual sensibilidad por la equidad y el equilibrio de género, cuya génesis es explicada por la formación vital en la familia de Orlando.

In a narrative mood, the author, a sénior sociologist of the secondgeneration, follows his proper path in the remembrance of the founder of the colombian sociology, Orlando Fals Borda, a path which has been imprinted by the long sequence of violences since the 9th of april of 1948, when he was a child and when Orlando returned as a young bachellor of arts to the country. Also musician, Orlando composed then a song for the peace of Colombia, a common desire specially for all the social scientists only now approching in a new horizon, at eigth years of the foundefdeath. After that recollection of the figure of the great master, centered in the archetype of the scapegoat, the author present more than seven new arguments to demostrate the universal relevance of the work of the pioneer: a new aproach to the concept of senti-pensamiento; a inedit valuation of his Wertbezieung (reference to values) as a member of the calvinistic branch of protestantism, nothwithstanding turning to the signs of the people as Índices of predestination, almos fast in the mood of a paraphrasis of a motto of Espinoza: Deus, sive populus, God, that means the people; carnival as a epistemologhical inspiration; musical talent and deep listening to people's voices; a gift for analysis in a synthetic and integrated theory; sound preference for the worlds of life; an ephic of non-violence and disidanza; an inusual sensitivity to gender equity and gender balance, whose genesis is here explained in the vital formation in his family.

Population Stress, Civil Unrest and the Male to Female Ratio at Birth in Chile, Argentina, Australia and Finland.

Introduction: Male live births occur slightly in excess of female births but the ratio is influenced by a very large variety of factors. This ratio is remarkably stable but may exhibit sudden shifts in response to influences such as population stress. A World Health Organisation dataset comprising annual live births by year and country was analysed not only to pinpoint outlier values but also to attempt to identify historical causes for such outliers. Methods: The WHO HFA (Health for All) mortality database was used to identify outlier M/F values. Data was analysed using chi tests and chi tests for trend. Comparison for years of interest were made against baselines of only up to five years before and after such years since M/F exhibits potentially confounding long-term secular variations. Results:  Chile: There was a significant difference in M/F between the period 1967-1971 and 1972 (p<0.0001). There was a decline over 1972-1976 (p<0.0001).  Argentina: Increases were noted in 1978, 1988 and 1994 (p<0.0001).  Australia: M/F rose sharply in 1956 (p=0.0008).  Finland: There were increases in 1962 and 1971 (p<0.0001). Discussion: Stress has been shown to affect M/F. Almost all of the observed outliers were temporally associated with political events or political decisions that influenced the respective countries’ economies. M/F ratios worldwide provide tantalising hints that even transient stress may influence this ratio, making it a sensitive indicator of overall population stress.

A Survey on Petition and Process for the Extension of Hospitalization in Mental Hospital / 신경정신의학

OBJECTIVES: The authors performed this survey to find out current status of petition and process for the extension of hospitalization of patients who were hospitalized more than 6 months. METHODS: Authors designed a questionnaire named 'Questionnaire for Survey of Current Status and Process of Petition for Extension of Hospitalization of Psychiatric Patients' and distributed it to 242 psychiatric facilities with closed wards for psychiatric patients. The psychiatric facilities includes 4 categories;psychiatric department of university hospital, psychiatric department of general hospital, psychiatric hospital and small sized private clinic. The period of survey was from Jan. 1 to Dec. 31 of 2002. RESULTS: Among 84 psychiatric facilities responded, 2,615 petitions for extension of hospitalization were submifted to the Local Mental Health Tribunal, and the dissent rate was 4.1%. The most of petitions were from psychiatric hospitals (2,265). The psychiatric departments of general hospitals favored the discharge-readmission method rather than applying extension by due process of the Mental Health Act when further admission was needed after 6 months hospitalization (280 vs. 106). The main reason for the petitions for extension of hospitalization was "no improvement" (72.7%) than "dangerousness to self or others" (14.7%). Against doctor's recommendation for discharge agter improvement, many patients couldn't be discharged becanse of guardians' refusal or cut off from caregiver or guardian. In cluded were these patients applied petitions for extension of hospitalization. CONCLUSION: This study suggests that hospitalization of some patients are extended improperly in view of the spirif of the Mental Health Act. The authors proposea new system of ambulatory treatment, reinforcement of psychiatric rehabilitation, legal control of the neglected patient by guardians.

A Study on the Judgement for Hospitalization of the Mental Health Judgement Boards / 신경정신의학

OBJECTIVES: This study was to analyze the results of judgement on continuing hospitalization by the Mental Health Judgement Boards and to explore the present status of judging system for continuing hospitalization. METHODS: Analyzing summary and request sheets for continuing hospitalization on August 2001, we compared the number of requests for continuing hospitalization and the dissent rate at each Mental Health Judgement Board. The selationship between dissent rate and clinical characteristics such as diagnoses, caregivers, medical care systems, institute, and the clinical state was also explored. RESULTS: The summary sheets on the judgement for continuing hospitalization from 14 Mental Health Judgement Boards were collected. Total number of the requests for continuing hospitalization was 4,853 and the nationwide dissent rate was 4.2% with broad range of 0 to 32% in each Mental Health Judgement Board. The request sheets from 10 Mental Health Judgement Boards were 3,014. The proportion of schizophrenic patients was 73.0%, followed by 9.1% for alcoholics, 4.1% for mentally retarded patients, 3.8% for dementic patients, and 10.5% for others. The different of the dissent rates of schizophrenia (2.9%) and other non-schizophrenia (4.8%)was statistically signiticant (chi2=6.797, p=0.009). The dissent rates of family members (4.0%) and majors (1.6%) were statistically different (chi2=10.294, p=.001). The dissent rates of mental hospitals (3.8%) and mental health welfare facilities (2.1%) were statistically different (chi2=5.483, p=.019). The dissent rates of medicaid (3.5%) and insured (1.7%) was statistically different (chi2=4.622, p=.032). The dissent rates by the severity of clinical status were statistically different in all six categories: the risk for self-injury or injuring others (chi2=66.507, p=.000), the disability of daily self-care (chi2=136.033, p=.000), odd, eccentric, or regressed behavior (chi2=96.558, p=.000), unreal or illogical thought pattern (chi2=122.988, p=.000), negativism (chi2=62.715, p=.000), and memory, orientation or judgement problems (chi2=38.387, p=.000). CONCLUSION: The nember of requests for continuing hospitalization and the dissent rates showed wide variations among Mental Health Judgement Boards. Also, the dissent rates of the Boards were significantly different according to diagnoses, caregivers, medical care systems, institute, and the clinical status of patients. This result suggests that the standardization of the guideline on the judgement for continuing hospitalization and the practical plans for protecting human rights of patients require thorough preparation.