ABSTRACT
Se describe una visión multidisciplinaria del problema de confundibilidad de las marcas en los productos farmacéuticos y su repercusión en la salud de la población. Expresan sus opiniones expertos de distintos países, que fueron convocados por la Facultad Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales (FLACSO) en un conversatorio realizado en octubre de 2022. Se tratan diversos aspectos: a) el riesgo de confusión en la identificación del producto farmacéutico, b) el registro de marcas farmacéuticas en Brasil y a nivel europeo, c) los medicamentos LASA y los riesgos de similitudes de fonética y grafía, d) el examen de patentes de invención y el estudio de marcas de productos farmacéuticos. Todo ello en el marco de su relación con la seguridad del paciente. (AU)
A multidisciplinary vision of the problem of confusion of brands in pharmaceutical products and its impact on the health of the population is described. Experts from different countries who were convened by the Latin American Faculty of Social Sciences (FLACSO) expressed their opinions in a discussion held in October 2022. Various aspects were discussed: a) the risk of confusion in the identification of the pharmaceutical product, b) the registration of pharmaceutical trademarks in Brazil and at a European level, c) LASA drugs and the risks of phonetic and spelling similarities, d) the examination of invention patents and the study of trademarks of pharmaceutical products. All this within the framework of its relationship with patient safety. (AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Pharmaceutical Preparations , Drug and Narcotic Control , Drug Labeling , Medication Errors , Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions , Patient Safety , Terminology as TopicABSTRACT
Resumo Conformidade de memória é o fenômeno em que relatos de memória de uma pessoa são modificados após exposição aos relatos de outra pessoa. Estudos sobre conformidade de memória são importantes tanto no âmbito puro quanto aplicado, especialmente quando os estímulos são carregados emocionalmente. No entanto, estudos de conformidade de memória com estímulos emocionais ainda são escassos. Além disso, os poucos estudos sobre o tema apresentam resultados contraditórios. Nesta revisão, apresentamos um breve resumo de pesquisas sobre conformidade de memória em tarefas de reconhecimento e avaliamos o papel moderador da emocionalidade na conformidade. Sugerimos como possível direção de pesquisas futuras a avaliação de duas variáveis, intervalo de retenção e distintividade dos estímulos, que podem ser cruciais para elucidar as inconsistências empíricas.
Abstract Memory conformity refers to the phenomenon in which memory reports from one person are modified by memory reports from another person. The study of memory conformity is important both in basic and applied settings, especially when the stimuli are emotionally-laden. Research on memory conformity for emotional stimuli, however, is surprisingly scarce. Here we briefly review research on memory conformity in recognition tasks and assess the modulatory role of emotionality on conformity effects. We also propose further research based on the manipulation of two variables, retention interval and stimulus distinctiveness, that could help to reconcile the discrepant findings in the literature.
ABSTRACT
O objetivo dessa pesquisa foi gerar, por meio de técnica de computação gráfica denominada morphing, faces prototípicas masculinas e femininas a partir de amostras de pessoas que se autodeclaram brancas, pardas e pretas na região de Ribeirão Preto (SP). A cada face prototípica foram utilizadas 64 imagens de faces de voluntários. As faces prototípicas e as faces que as compuseram tiveram a tipicidade de sua cor ou raça julgada por terceiros. Os julgamentos indicaram uma concordância entre a cor/raça-autodeclarada e a heteroatribuída o que indica que os protótipos são representativos de suas respectivas categorias de cor/raça. Discute-se como as faces prototípicas podem ser empregadas em pesquisas básicas e aplicadas em percepção e reconhecimento de faces.
The goal of this study was to generate male and female prototypical faces, by morphing technique, from faces of people who were self-declared as white, "mixed race" and black in Ribeirão Preto-SP. Each prototypical face was generated from 64 face images of volunteers. Another sample of volunteers judged the typicality of color/race of the prototypical faces and the faces that composed them. The results suggested a concordance between the self-declared color/race and the judgments, indicating that the prototypical faces are representative of their respective categories of color/race. Applications of the prototypical faces in studies of face perception and face recognition were discussed.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Color Perception , Face , Population Groups/psychologyABSTRACT
During the three years from March, 1983 to Feb, 1986, 159 cases of head injury surgically treated in the department of neurosurgery, Capital Armed Forces General Hospital were clinicostatistically analysed and discussed with the review of the literature. The following results were obtained.1) Due to the army distinctiveness, all cases were male and the age incidence was becoming maximal at the third decade. 2) Traffic accidents form by far the largest Group(38.4%), and next are, in order of incidence, accidents due to fall from height, simple fall(19%), exercise(12.6%), gun shot wound or explosive injury(9.4%) and assault(9.4%). 3) Skull fracture were seen in 115 cases(72.3%), and nearly half of those 55 cases, were linear fracture. 4) Of the 133 patients with intracranial hematoma or subdural hygroma, 88 cases(66.7%) were accompanied by skull fracture. 93% of epidural hematomas were associated with skull fracture and the most common wite of hematoma was temporoparietal area. 5) Of all cases of subdural hematoma, acute type was prevalent(59.4%) and its main site involved was temporoparietal area. 6) The associated injuries were found in 22.6% of patients. The frequent ones were facial bone fracture, upper extremity fracture, clavicle fracture, and chest injury, in order. 7) The minor head injury of Glasgow coma scale score(GCS) of 13 to 15 was 68 cases(42.8%). The moderated head injury of 9 to 12 was 28 cases(17.6) and the serve head injury of 3 to 8, 63 cases(39.1%). 8) The operation mortality was 26.8% and the good recovery was achieved 55.4% of patients. The remaining 18.8% resulted in disabled or vegetative state. 9) In the accidents of gun shot wound or explosive injury, operation mortality rate was 60%, but 5 cases(33.3%) were seen good recovery.