Change in balance ability in day time and the factors in healthy young people using a stabilometer / 体力科学

Maintaining posture and movement stabilities, that is, balance, is particularly important for safety in daily life along with performing exercises. The purpose of this study was to clarify the changes in static and dynamic balance abilities from 8:00 to 18:00 and investigate the factors of change in balance ability among healthy young people. The subjects were nine relatively active healthy university students. The static and dynamic balance abilities were measured by a body sway test while static standing and the Cross Test, in which the center of gravity was voluntarily moved to the maximum in the front, back, left, and right directions, respectively. No change with time was observed in the static balance index. However, the maximum amplitude in the anteroposterior direction, an index of dynamic balance, significantly increased with time (8:00 vs 18:00, p<0.05). Sleepiness score significantly decreased with time (8:00 vs 18:00, p<0.05). As a result of simple correlation analysis, there were significant relationships between static balance indices (environmental area and rectangle area) and autonomic activity index (heart rate variability) at many times (p<0.05). Thus, it was concluded that the static balance ability was not affected by time. Furthermore, the ability to move the center of gravity in the anteroposterior direction of dynamic balance was low during morning and increased with time in relatively active healthy young people. Additionally, it was suggested that autonomic nervous activity was associated with static balance and the sleepiness was associated with dynamic balance.

24 HOUR AMBULATORY BLOOD PRESSURE MONITORING IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE

Background and aims: Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) And Hypertension(HTN) AreAssociated With Each Other Invariably And Each Can Cause Or Aggravate TheOther.Hypertension Is A Strong Independent Risk Factor For ESRD And Contributes To TheDisease Itself, Or Most Commonly, To Its Progression.24 Hour Ambulatory Blood PressureMonitoring (ABPM) Is Superior To Clinic BP Monitoring In Predicting The Risk InHypertensive CKD Patients The Aim Of This Study Was To Review The Results OfABPM In CKD Patients Which Can Guide In Changing The Antihypertensive Therapy .Material and Methods: This Prospective Observational Study Having 63 Patients. All ThePatients Fulfilling The Criteria Of CKD According To The KDIGO Guidelines And Above18 Years Of Age Were Included In This Study Whose 24 Hour Ambulatory BloodPressure Was Measured.Detailed History, Clinical Examination And RelevantInvestigations Were Recorded Comparisons Of Various ABPM Characteristics WEREDone And P Value <0.005 Was Considered Significant.Results: Out Of 63 Patients (M:38,F:25)Maximum Patients (25.39%)Were In Age Group61-70 Years (M:61-70,F:41-45).51(80.95%)Patients Were On Dialysis And 12(19.04%)Patients Were Not On Dialysis. In This Study 57 Patients Had Hypertension,44 Had DM,16 Had IHD.In This Study 2(3.17%) Patients Were CKD Stage I,5(7.93%) WereStage II,1(1.58%) Was Stage lll, 6(9.52%) Were Stage IV And 49 (77.77%) Were Stage V.Out OfTotal 16(25.39%) Patients Were Dippers ,21 (33.33%) Were Non Dippers, 21(33.33%) WereReverse Dippers And 5 (7.93%) Were Extreme Dippers..Mean ABPM Systolic BP ,MeanABPM Diastolic BP,Mean PTA Systolic BP,Mean Arterial Pressure Were SignificantlyHigher In Male Patients which were On Dialysis Than Patient Not On Dialysis.Conclusion: ABPM is Superior Than Clinical Bp Monitoring In Predicting The FutureCommunications In CKD Patients Especially PTE,HBI MAP And Other Parameter To Guide ToFormulate Treatment Protocol Identifying Such Patients Of Hypertension In Earlier Stages OfCKD,Helped In Morbidity Outcomes While Identifying In Later Stages Of CKD Helped In MortalityBenefits.

Significance of non-intraocular pressure (IOP)-related factors particularly in normal tension glaucoma: Looking beyond IOP

Purpose: To study the relationship between intraocular pressure (IOP) and mean ocular perfusion pressure (MOPP) in patients with POAG and NTG. The secondary objective was to identify other contributory ischemic factors. Methods: This was an observational cross?sectional study from a tertiary eye hospital in patients who underwent full?day diurnal variation of tension (DVT). Blood pressure (BP) and IOP measurements were done every 3 h over 24 h. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) and MOPP were calculated. The nocturnal dip in BP was assessed; patients were classified as non?dippers, dippers, and over?dippers. The circadian MOPP fluctuation (CMF) was calculated using the Kruskal–Wallis test, and its relationship with type and severity of visual field was assessed. Results: In total, 149 patients were evaluated; 109 were classified as NTG, and 40 were classified as POAG. A nocturnal dip in BP was noted in 20% of NTG and 17.5% of POAG. The MAP was found to be lower in patients with NTG than POAG. In the NTG subgroup, we found that 20% of patients were over?dippers, 32% were dippers, and 48% were non?dippers. The CMF showed a greater fluctuation for over?dippers (P = 0.004 for the RE and 0.003 for the LE) than dippers and non?dippers. A weak positive correlation of CMF with the severity of fields was found. Conclusion: A 24?h monitoring of IOP, BP, MOPP, and assessment of systemic risk factors for primary glaucoma acts as an invaluable tool for the comprehensive management of NTG despite the limitations posed by DVT and BP recording

The gut microbial metabolite, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylpropionic acid, alleviates hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury via mitigation of macrophage pro-inflammatory activity in mice

Hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury (HIRI) is a serious complication that occurs following shock and/or liver surgery. Gut microbiota and their metabolites are key upstream modulators of development of liver injury. Herein, we investigated the potential contribution of gut microbes to HIRI. Ischemia/reperfusion surgery was performed to establish a murine model of HIRI. 16S rRNA gene sequencing and metabolomics were used for microbial analysis. Transcriptomics and proteomics analysis were employed to study the host cell responses. Our results establish HIRI was significantly increased when surgery occurred in the evening (ZT12, 20:00) when compared with the morning (ZT0, 08:00); however, antibiotic pretreatment reduced this diurnal variation. The abundance of a microbial metabolite 3,4-dihydroxyphenylpropionic acid was significantly higher in ZT0 when compared with ZT12 in the gut and this compound significantly protected mice against HIRI. Furthermore, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylpropionic acid suppressed the macrophage pro-inflammatory response in vivo and in vitro. This metabolite inhibits histone deacetylase activity by reducing its phosphorylation. Histone deacetylase inhibition suppressed macrophage pro-inflammatory activation and diminished the diurnal variation of HIRI. Our findings revealed a novel protective microbial metabolite against HIRI in mice. The potential underlying mechanism was at least in part, via 3,4-dihydroxyphenylpropionic acid-dependent immune regulation and histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibition in macrophages.

Diurnal variation in subfoveal and peripapillary choroidal vascularity index in healthy eyes

Purpose: To report the diurnal variation in choroidal vascularity index (CVI) in subfoveal (SF-CVI) and peripapillary area in healthy eyes. Methods: The study was a cross-sectional study including 12 healthy subjects. Swept-source optical coherence tomography scans were taken at 9 am, 11 am, 1 pm, 3 pm, and 5 pm. Subfoveal choroidal thickness (SFCT) and CVI were calculated using automated segmentation techniques and previously validated algorithms. Systemic parameters including systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure, mean arterial pressure, and mean ocular perfusion pressure were calculated and correlated with SFCT and CVI. Results: A total of 12 eyes (right eye) of 12 patients (mean age: 26 ± 3.77 years) were analyzed. The mean (±standard deviation) amplitude of SFCT and SF-CVI variation was 35.91 ± 14.8 ?m (range, 15–69 ?m) and 0.05 ± 0.02 (range, 0.02–0.08). The mean CVI showed a significant diurnal variation in the temporal quadrant of the peripapillary region (P = 0.02). Conclusion: SFCT and SF-CVI showed a significant diurnal variation in amplitude (peak–trough analysis) and SF-CVI correlated well with SBP suggestive of a direct influence of blood pressure on choroidal vascularity. The mean peripapillary CVI in the temporal quadrant also showed a significant diurnal variation with no significant change in other quadrants.

Study on the Photosynthetic Characteristics of Two Cultivars Prunus Humilis Bge. in Shandong Province / 世界科学技术-中医药现代化

To study the photosynthetic physiological characteristics of Cultivars Prunus Humilis bge. in the region of shandong, analyze on the relationship between the quality of seeds and photosynthesis, In order to formulate reasonable cultivation measures and improve the yield quality of seed production. LI-6400 portable photosynthesis apparatus was used to determine light response curve, diurnal change of photosynthetic parameters of Huadong 1 and Huadong 2. Using vernier caliper and electronic balance to measure the quality data of two varieties of eucalypis, the quality difference was analyzed. Two kinds of Prunus Humilis bge, cultivating in Shandong, had higher photosynthetic rate and higher light saturation point, and the photosynthetic rate were "unimodal" type curve. The change of the two peaks all appeared at11: 00, and had no obvious "lunch break" phenomenon. The photosynthetic rate, the utilization of strong and weak light, and the efficiency of absorption and conversion of light energy of Huadong 2, were all higher than that of Huadong 1, which had better quality. The quality of seed of Prunus Humilis bge is related to its photosynthetic capacity. When planting Prunus Humilis bge., we should formulate reasonable cultivation measures according to its features such as photosynthesis, transpiration, water use efficiency.

Changes of transport sugar content in different organs of Rehmannia glutinosa / 中国中药杂志

Raffinose series oligosaccharides are the transport and storage sugars of many plants, Rehmannia glutinosa is one of the commonly used Chinese herbal medicines, medicinal parts ist he roots. Root and tuber of R. glutinosa contains stachyose, raffinose and other oligosaccharides, but the study about the process of growth and development of other organs in the non-structural changes in sugar content is rare.In this study, leaves, stems and roots of R. glutinosa were used as materials to analyze the diurnal variation and the changes of sugar content of sucrose, raffinose and stachyose in different organs of R. glutinosa. The results showed that the content of sucrose in R. glutinosa leaves gradually increased from seedling stage.However, the content of stachyose did not change much at the early stage of growth, and the stachyose rapidly increased at the later stage of growth. The raffinose content gradually decreased throughout the growing season, young leaves of R. glutinosa have higher ability to sucrose synthesis than mature leaves, while mature leaf has higher raffinose and stachyose synthesis ability than young leaves. Sucrose and stachyose content in stem gradually increased, while there was little change in raffinose content. The content of raffinose and stachyose in root increased rapidly from the beginning of fast growing period, while the content of sucrose did not change much. The content of sucrose in leaves of R. glutinosa did not change much at day and night, while the daily changes of raffinose and stachyose contents were very obvious. The contents of raffinose and stachyose in daytime were higher than those at night. The content of raffinose in root and stem was not changed much, but the change of stachyose in root, stem and leaf was very obvious, especially in stem and leaf. In summary, the leaf is the main synthetic organ of raffinose, leaves, stems and roots are stachyose synthesis organ. Sucrose, raffinose and stachyose are the major transport forms of carbohydrates in R. glutinosa.

Diurnal variation in choroidal thickness and body temperature / 国际眼科杂志(Guoji Yanke Zazhi)

AIM: To investigate how body temperature (BT) affects choroidal thickness (CT) according to measurements taken with enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography (EDI-OCT).METHODS: In this prospective study, the CT of 41 healthy patients was measured hourly from 9∶00 to 17∶00 at the fovea (SF-CT), 500 μm nasal to the fovea(N-CT), and 500 μm temporal to the fovea (T-CT) using EDI-OCT.BT was also measured hourly from 9∶00 to 17∶00 using a non-contact infrared thermometer.Possible correlations between diurnal variations of CT and BT were evaluated.RESULTS: SF-CT values significantly differed between measurements at 9∶00 and 13∶00 (P=0.021), 9∶00 and 14∶00 (P=0.012), 9∶00 and 16∶00 (P=0.048), and 9∶00 and 17∶00 (P=0.002).N-CT values also significantly differed between measurements at 9∶00 and 13∶00 (P=0.004), though T-CT did not significantly vary during the 8h period (P >0.05 for all).CONCLUSION: CT is not significantly associated with hourly changes in BT from 9∶00 to 17∶00.

Correlation research of photosynthetic characteristics and medicinal materials production with 4 Uncariae Cum Uncis / 中国中药杂志

Using four Uncariae Cum Uncis materials including Uncaria sinensis (HGT), U. hirsutea (MGT), Jianhe U. rhynchophylla (JHGT) and U. rhynchophylla(GT) as the research objects, the correlations between medicinal materials' yield and photosynthetic ecophysiology-factors in the plant exuberant growth period were studied. Results showed that the Uncaria plants net photosynthetic rate (Pn) changed by unimodal curve. There was not "midday depression" phenomenon. There was a different relationship among the photosynthetic ecophysiology-factors and between photosynthetic ecophysiology-factors and medicinal materials' yield. Pn,Tl,Gs had a significant correlation with medicinal materials' yield（M）and were the most important factors of growth.

Exploring Subjective Stress, Sleep and Diurnal Variation of Salivary Cortisol in Korean Female Adults

PURPOSE: The purpose of this exploratory study was to find a specific time of day with a stable cortisol level and to investigate the relationship between salivary cortisol and sleep. METHODS: A total of 36 Korean female college students participated in the study. Salivary specimens were collected 6 times a day for 2 days in different stressful situations. Sleep characteristics were measured using an actigraph while salivary specimens were collected. Perceived stress was evaluated using the Global Assessment of Recent Stress. RESULTS: Depending on whether there were morning peak and/or afternoon elevations in the cortisol levels, the type of diurnal cortisol pattern was classified into 4 types. None of the cortisol levels in different times of the day showed significant relationships to perceived stress levels. Cortisol levels in the morning, levels of peak cortisol and diurnal differences of cortisol were significantly correlated with sleep duration. The time with most stable cortisol level was 9-10 pm. CONCLUSION: It is recommended that measurements of salivary cortisol are taken from 9-10 pm since it showed a stable value regardless of diurnal cortisol rhythm and sleep. Sleep duration should be considered as an important confounding factor in measuring cortisol levels in the morning and the diurnal differences of cortisol.

Efeitos de exercícios combinados realizados em diferentes períodos do dia na pressão arterial pós-exercício em atletas do jiu jitsu brasileiro / Effects of combined exercises performed in different periods of the day on post-exercise blood pressure brazilian jiu jitsu athletes

Post-exercise hypotension has been extensively investigated with combined exercise (aerobic + resistance). However, its response in different periods of the day is still unknown. Objective: To determine the effects of a combined exercise session performed at different times of the day on blood pressure response after exercise. Anaerobic threshold (AT) and 12 repetition maximum (12RM) tests were evaluated in nine male Brazilian jiu-jitsu athletes (22±3.7 y; 176±5.0 cm; 73.4±9.7 kg; 6.8±2.1 % body fat). Four experimental sessions were performed: resistance exercise followed by aerobic exercise [Morning (RAM) and Afternoon (RAA)] and Control (C) [Morning and Afternoon]. The morning sessions were conducted at 09:00 a.m. and the afternoon sessions were conducted at 3:00 p.m. Resistance exercise consisted of three sets at 90% of 12RM in six exercises, while aerobic exercise consisted of 15min at 90% of the AT. Blood pressure (BP) was measured before, during and 1h after the performance of exercises in laboratory. When comparing the AE and RE intensity marker variables (heart rate, RPE, running speed and number of repetitions) significant differences (p>0.05) were not evidenced between the experimental protocols (RAM and RAA). The morning session presented a hypotensive effect in SBP (mean recovery 1h) (109.5±6.9mmHg) when compared to control morning session (117.4±5.6mmHg) (p=0.001). Both sessions of combined exercise promoted HPE, without differences between them.(AU)

A hipotensão pós-exercício tem siso amplamente investigada com exercícios combinado (resistido+aeróbio). Contudo, ainda é desconhecida sua resposta em diferentes períodos do dia. Objetivo: verificar o efeito de uma sessão de exercício combinado realizado em diferentes períodos do dia sobre a resposta da PA pós-exercício. Limiar anaeróbio (LA) e teste de 12 repetições máximas (12RM) foram avaliados em nove atletas (masculinos) de jiu-jitsu (22,0±3,7 anos; 176,0±5,0 cm; 73,4±9,7 kg; 6,8±2,1 %gordura). Quatro sessões experimentais foram realizadas: exercício resistido + exercício aeróbio [manhã (ManhaE) e tarde (TardeE)] e sessão controle (C) [manhã e tarde]. A sessão da manhã foi realizada 09:00h e a sessão da tarde foi realizada ás 15:00h. O exercício resistido consistiu em três séries a 90% de 12RM em seis exercícios. O exercício aeróbio consistiu em 15min a 90% do LA. PA foi mensurada antes, durante e 1h após a realização dos exercícios em laboratório. Quando comparado o AE e re variáveis marcador de intensidade como: freqüência cardíaca, RPE, velocidade e número de repetições em execução, as diferenças significativas (p> 0,05) não foram evidenciados entre os protocolos experimentais (RAM e RAA). A sessão de exercício de manhã apresentou um efeito hipotensor na PAS (média de 1h de recuperação) (109,5±6,9mmHg) quando comparado a sessão controle da manhã (117,4±5,6mmHg) (p=0,001). Ambas as sessões de exercício combinado foram interessantes para promover HPE, sem diferença entre elas.(AU)

Diurnal Variation in Intraocular Pressure Measured by Ocular Response Analyzer in Korean Patients with Normal Tension Glaucoma

PURPOSE: To analyze the diurnal change in intraocular pressure (IOP) and corneal biomechanical properties measured using the Ocular Response Analyzer (ORA; Reichert Inc., Depew, NY, USA) in Korean patients with normal tension glaucoma (NTG) patients. METHODS: Intraocular pressure (Goldmann applanation tonometer IOP [GAT IOP], Goldmann-correlated IOP [IOPg], corneal-compensated IOP [IOPcc]) and corneal hysteresis (CH), corneal resistance factor (CRF) and central corneal thickness (CCT) were measured in 21 eye of NTG patients (12 males, 9 female) at 3 hour intervals for 48 hours using ORA. We recorded the time of each parameter that showed the lowest and the highest values of during the 48 hour testing period (Day 1 and Day 2) and evaluated the change of diurnal variation using Repeated measures analysis of variance (Re-ANOVA). RESULTS: Peak IOP measured with GAT and ORA occurred at 6 AM-9 AM, 3 PM-6 PM and the trough IOP at 9 PM-12 AM during the 48 hour period. CCT, GAT IOP, IOPcc and IOPg measurements showed statistically significant variations (p0.05). CONCLUSIONS: In Korean NTG patients, IOP exhibits significant diurnal variation, with higher values during the dawn and afternoon and lower values before retiring. Clinically, measurements of IOP performed in the afternoon could aid in the detection of relatively elevated IOP.

Diurnal variation in central corneal thickness and intraocular pressure in eyes with pseudoexfoliation syndrome without glaucoma.

Aim: The aim was to ascertain if any differences exist in diurnal central corneal thickness (CCT) and intra‑ocular pressure (IOP) between eyes with pseudoexfoliation (PXF) syndrome without glaucoma and eyes with no ocular pathology. A secondary aim was to determine whether there was a significant relationship between CCT and IOP. Settings and Design: This study was a prospective design conducted within a hospital setting. Materials and Methods: The experimental group consisted of seven participants with bilateral PXF (14 eyes) and the control group comprised of 15 participants (30 eyes). Testing included CCT and IOP measured at four different times on one given day (8.00 a.m.; 11 a.m.; 2 p.m. and 5 p.m.). Statistical Analysis: The data were analyzed with the generalized linear latent mixed model. Results: PXF eyes displayed a significantly thinner overall mean CCT (520 μm) compared to controls (530 μm). Furthermore, a significant reduction in CCT and IOP occurred in the PXF group from 8 a.m. to 5 p.m. The mean overall IOP in PXF eyes was significantly lower than the control group. A significant association between IOP and CCT was also found in PXF eyes. Conclusions: Displaying a significantly thinner mean CCT highlights the importance of measuring CCT in an ophthalmic clinical setting as to avoid falsely underestimated IOP measurements in such a high‑risk glaucoma population. Furthermore, a statistically significant correlation between IOP and CCT in PXF eyes suggests that the reduction in CCT that occurred in PXF eyes between 8 a.m. and 5 p.m. may be partly responsible for the reduction in IOP measurements.

Diurnal variation in performance by orchestral violinists – pilot study.

Human physiological parameters and performance depend on circadian rhythm. However, no information exists about diurnal variation of musicians’ performance characteristics. In a pilot study 6 professional violinists (aged 38–57 years) presented a standard piece of music (Johann Sebastian Bach, Partita Nr. 2 a-moll, BWV 1004, 4. Satz „Gigure”) and were assessed for body temperature, vital signs and musical performance criteria at 8.00 H, 12.00 H, 16.00 H and 20.00 H. There was no uniform variation but artistic presentation appear to have an optimum between 12.00 and 16.00 H, sound instability being most pronounced in the morning hours.

Diurnal Variation of Subjective Visual Symptoms of Diabetic Patients

PURPOSE: To investigate the diurnal variation of subjective visual symptoms of diabetic patients and to evaluate its correlation with visual acuity, blood pressure, blood glucose and OCT-measured macular thickness. METHODS: Fifty-five diabetic patients (56 eyes) who were hospitalized for the operation of the fellow eye were enrolled in the study. They underwent optical coherence tomography (OCT) measurements of macular thickness with retinal mapping protocol of OTI/SLO OCT at 5PM, 8PM on operation day, and at 7AM, 10AM on following day. Visual acuity (log MAR), refraction, intraocular pressure, blood glucose and blood pressure were also measured at each time. We surveyed the patients' symptomatic visual variation and its pattern if there is any change over a day. RESULTS: Thirteen patients (25%) had reported changes in their subjective visual symptom over a day according to their blood glucose level. Among twenty-four cases with changes in their subjective visual acuity throughout the exam, only ten showed their real visual acuity change in accordance with their symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: One fourth of our diabetic patients stated fluctuation in their vision according to their blood glucose level, but there were no correlations between visual acuity, blood glucose level and macular thickness.

Various Oscillation Patterns of Serum Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 Concentrations in Healthy Volunteers

BACKGROUND: Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) was originally identified as a paroxysm proliferator activated receptor-alpha target gene product and is a hormone involved in metabolic regulation. The purpose of this study was to investigate the diurnal variation of serum FGF21 concentration in obese and non-obese healthy volunteers. METHODS: Blood samples were collected from five non-obese (body mass index [BMI] or =25 kg/m2) healthy young men every 30 to 60 minutes over 24 hours. Serum FGF21 concentrations were determined by radioimmunoassay. Anthropometric parameters, glucose, free fatty acid, insulin, leptin, and cortisol concentrations were also measured. RESULTS: The serum FGF21 concentrations displayed various individual oscillation patterns. The oscillation frequency ranged between 6 and 12 times per day. The average duration of oscillation was 2.52 hours (range, 1.9 to 3.0 hours). The peaks and troughs of FGF21 oscillation showed no circadian rhythm. However, the oscillation frequency had a diurnal variation and was lower during the light-off period than during the light-on period (2.4 vs. 7.3 times, P or =0.19 ng/mL). CONCLUSION: Various oscillation patterns in serum FGF21 concentration were observed, and reduced oscillation frequencies were seen during sleep. The oscillation patterns of serum FGF21 concentration suggest that FGF21 may be secreted into systemic circulation in a pulsatile manner. Obesity appeared to affect the amplitude of oscillations of serum FGF21.

Dopa-responsive Dystonia Misdiagnosed as Cerebral Palsy and Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia 2 Cases: Two cases report

Dystonia is a movement disorder caused by involuntary, sustained muscle contractions, frequently resulting in twitching and repetitive movements or abnormal postures. Dopa-responsive dystonia (DRD) is characterized by early childhood onset, marked diurnal fluctuation of symptoms and dramatic response to levodopa. The aim of this report is to present the two cases of DRD misdiagnosed respectively as cerebral palsy and hereditary spastic paraplegia. Proper understanding of this disease entity and its treatment options are necessary for comprehensive rehabilitative management of DRD.

Diurnal Variation of Macular Thickness in Diabetic Macular Edema

PURPOSE: To evaluate the diurnal variation of macular thickness in eyes with diabetic macular edema. METHODS: We measured macular thickness using optical coherence tomography in 33 eyes with diabetic macular edema and 33 normal control eyes at 7 am, 11 am, 2 pm, and 5 pm. We investigated the correlation between macular thickness change and several factors such as sex, duration of diabetes mellitus, presence of hypertension, HbA1c, creatinine clearance, blood urea nitrogen, serum creatinine, blood sugar, blood pressure, severity of diabetic retinopathy, and whether PRP was done or not. RESULTS: Retinal thickness in 3.45 mm macular area was the thickest at 7 am and then decreased over the day to be thinnest at 5 pm (p

Diurnal Variation of Urinary Excretion of Protein Metabolites and Electrolytes / 대한임상병리학회지

BACKGROUND: There have been numerous studies to define the diurnal variation of urinary excretions of substances. It is known that this variation is influenced by many factors. This diurnal variation also affects results of quantitative analysis of random urine. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the maximum excretion time of day for representative urinary analytes and to elucidate the most appropriate time for spot urine quantitative analysis. METHODS: The concentrations of following urinary analytes were measured on healthy male and female volunteers at 06, 08, 12, 16 and 24 hours in August 1995, March 1996 and January 1997: protein, amylase, urea nitrogen, creatinine, uric acid, sodium, potassium, chloride, magnesium, calcium and inorganic phosphorus were measured by Hitachi Model 747 automatic analyzer and microalbumin by Beckman Array 360. The statistical analyses of results were performed by one-way ANOVA and multiple comparison for the significance of difference. RESULTS: The excretion of protein, amylase, urea nitrogen, creatinine, sodium, potassium, chloride, magnesium and inorganic phosphorus showed the diurnal variations. The peak excretion time of protein, amylase, urea nitrogen and creatinine was at early morning. However, that of sodium, pota-ssium, chloride, magnesium and inorganic phosphorus was at afternoon. The excretion of urea nitrogen, sodium, chloride and magnesium revealed the seasonal variations. The excretion of urea nitrogen, sodium and chloride was increased during winter. CONCLUSIONS: The morning urine specimen is considered to be the most appropriate for analysing protein and nitrogenous substances and the afternoon specimen is appropriate for electrolytes.

Seasonal Variation in the Occurrence of Stroke

OBJECTIVE: This study was designed to investigate whether the stroke occurrence is influenced by the seasonal and diurnal changes and also to know if the seasonal factor affects the functional outcome of stroke patients. METHOD: We analyzed the epidemiologic, etiologic, and clinical data collected from the chart reviews in 824 stroke patients who were admitted to the Asan Medical Center from April 1995 to May 1997. RESULTS: The highest incidence of the stroke was noted in the group of 60 years of age with the ratio of male to female, 1.27 : 1. The occurrence rate of ischemic stroke (60.4%) was higher than that of hemorrhagic stroke (34.9%) or other type stroke (4.7%). The highest occurrence of stroke was noted during the months of January and November. The seasonal preference was winter and autumn followed by summer and spring. The onset of stroke was relatively high between 6:00 am and 6:00 pm with regard to the diurnal variance. The functional improvement was not significantly affected by the seasonal change. CONCLUSION: The stroke occurred more in winter and autumn than in other seasons. And the functional recuperation was not influenced by the seasonal variation. A further multicenter prospective study using stroke registry would bring more precise and valuable informations.