Study on the efficacy and safety of combination of sufficient argon plasma coagulation cauterization and clipping in the treatment of colonic diverticular bleeding / 中华消化杂志

Objective:To evaluate the efficacy and safety of combination of sufficient argon plasma coagulation(APC) cauterization and clipping in the treatment of colonic diverticular bleeding.Methods:From June 2018 to April 2022, the clinical data of patients were retrospectively analyzed, who visited Department of Gastroenterology of Air Force Medical Center due to overt gastrointestinal bleeding, and were confirmed or suspected to have colonic diverticular bleeding and received combination of sufficient APC cauterization and clipping treatment. The deadline for follow-up was September 30, 2022. During the follow-up after endoscopic treatment, the re-bleeding rate, hemoglobin level difference between the last follow-up and before treatment, wound healing under colonoscopy as well as the intraoperative and postoperative complications of patients were statistically analyzed. Descriptive analysis was used for statistical analysis.Results:A total of 15 patients were enrolled, including 13 males and 2 females, aged (60.8±14.8) years old. The course of the disease was 1 day to 13 years. A total of 145 colonic diverticula of 15 patients were treated under endoscopy. The median follow-up time was 14.5 months (5.3 to 49.5 months) months. Among the 15 patients, 12 patients received endoscopic therapy once and no bleeding occurred till the end of follow-up. Three patients suspected with diverticular bleeding received a second endoscopic treatment because of bleeding at the 12 days, 3 months and 8 months after the first treatment, respectively.No rebleeding occurred after the second endoscopic therapy till the end of follow-up. The re-bleeding rate of the first treatment was 3/15 and the re-bleeding rate of re-treatment was 0. At the end of follow-up, the hemoglobin concentration increased (35.9±26.3) g/L compared with that before the treatment. Two patients had perforation during operation and were closed with multiple titanium clips. There was no abdominal pain or other symptoms after operation. And the patients were discharged 3 and 4 days after treatment, respectively. Two patients suffered short-term postoperative wound bleeding and successful hemostasis was achieved after endoscopic treatment. One patient developed postoperative infection and the symptoms disappeared after anti-infection treatment.Conclusions:Combination of sufficient APC cauterization and titanium clipping is safe and effective in the treatment of colonic diverticular bleeding. For patients with dominant diverticular hemorrhage, or patients with recurrent gastrointestinal bleeding, if other etiology are excluded and colonic diverticular bleeding is highly suspected, the combination of sufficient APC cauterization and titanium clipping under endoscopy is feasible.

Terapia endoscópica combinada en hemorragia diverticular de colon / Combined endoscopic therapy for colonic diverticular bleeding

La hemorragia diverticular es la causa más frecuente de hemorragia digestiva baja. La hemorragia es abrupta, indolora, abundante. La mayoría de los divertículos que sangran se localizan en el lado derecho, este sangrado se autolimita hasta en un 80% de los casos. Cuando no se autolimita su manejo puede llegar a ser complejo. El manejo de estos sangrados, pueden variar desde conservador, endoscópico, arteriografía más embolización y el quirúrgico. Entre las alternativas de manejo endoscópico, tenemos la terapia de inyección, la térmica, hemoclips, ligadura con banda. El presente caso es de un paciente con hemorragia diverticular en el que se realizó terapia endoscopica combinada, infiltración de adrenalina, aplicación indirecta de hemoclips y aplicación tópica de ácido tranexámico que es un antifibrinolítico.

Diverticular bleeding is the most common cause of lower GI bleeding. The bleeding is most often abrupt, painless and abundant. Most of the bleeding diverticula are located on the right side of the colon, this bleeding is self-limited in up to 80% of cases. When it is not, it could turn into a difficult situation to manage. The management of these bleeds can vary from conservative to an endoscopic, arteriography plus embolization and surgical. Among the endoscopic management alternatives, we have injection therapy, thermal therapy, hemoclips, band ligation. The present case is about a patient with diverticular bleeding who underwent combined endoscopic therapy, adrenaline infiltration, indirect application of hemoclips, and topical application of tranexamic acid, which is an antifibrinolytic.

Analysis of Risk Factors for Colonic Diverticular Bleeding: A Matched Case-Control Study

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Diverticular bleeding can occasionally cause massive bleeding that requires urgent colonoscopy (CS) and treatment. The aim of this study was to identify significant risk factors for colonic diverticular hemorrhage. METHODS: Between January 2009 and December 2012, 26,602 patients underwent CS at our institution. One hundred twenty-three patients underwent an urgent CS due to acute lower gastrointestinal hemorrhage. Seventy-two patients were diagnosed with colonic diverticular hemorrhage. One hundred forty-nine age- and sex-matched controls were selected from the patients with nonbleeding diverticula who underwent CS during the same period. The relationship of risk factors to diverticular bleeding was compared between the cases and controls. RESULTS: Uni- and multivariate conditional logistic regression analyses demonstrated that the use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (odds ratio [OR], 14.70; 95% confidence interval [CI], 3.89 to 55.80; p<0.0001), as well as the presence of cerebrovascular disease (OR, 8.66; 95% CI, 2.33 to 32.10; p=0.00126), and hyperuricemia (OR, 15.5; 95% CI, 1.74 to 138.00; p=0.014) remained statistically significant predictors of diverticular bleeding. CONCLUSIONS: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, cerebrovascular disease and hyperuricemia were significant risks for colonic diverticular hemorrhage. The knowledge obtained from this study may provide some insight into the diagnostic process for patients with lower gastrointestinal bleeding.

Predictive Factors for Colonic Diverticular Rebleeding: A Retrospective Analysis of the Clinical and Colonoscopic Features of 111 Patients

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Colonic diverticular bleeding can stop spontaneously or be stopped by endoscopic hemostasis. We analyzed the clinical and colonoscopic features of patients with colonic diverticular bleeding to establish the predictive factors for rebleeding. METHODS: A total of 111 patients (median age, 72 years) with colonic diverticular bleeding in Aso Iizuka Hospital between April 2007 and July 2010 were enrolled. Age, sex, body mass index (BMI), comorbidity, medication, location of bleeding, colonoscopic findings and hemostatic methods were analyzed retrospectively from the hospital records. RESULTS: The most common sites of bleeding were the ascending (39.6%) and sigmoid (29.7%) colon. Overt rebleeding occurred in 30 patients (27.0%). Spontaneous hemostasis was seen in 81 patients (73.0%), and endoscopic hemostatic treatment was performed in 30 patients. The BMI in the patients with colonic diverticular rebleeding was significantly higher than in patients without rebleeding. Colonoscopic findings of actively bleeding or nonbleeding visible vessels in the responsible diverticula were more frequent in the group with rebleeding. CONCLUSIONS: A higher BMI and colonoscopic findings of actively bleeding or nonbleeding visible vessels can be used as predictive factors for colonic diverticular rebleeding. Patients with such findings should be carefully followed up after hemostasis of the initial colonic diverticular bleeding.

A Case of Narrow Opened Priampullary Diverticular Bleeding with Diagnostic Difficulty / 대한소화기내시경학회지

A duodenal diverticulum is most common in the medial aspect of the second portion of the duodenum and rarely causes symptoms. An obstruction, bleeding, perforation, jaundice and pancreatitis are uncommon complications of a duodenal diverticulum. Bleeding from the periampullary diverticulum should be considered in the diagnosis of a patient who presents with upper gastrointestinal bleeding of unknown origin. The second portion of the duodenum is sometimes difficult to observe entirely from the tangent line with the use of a forward-viewing endoscope. The diagnosis and treatment of periampullary diverticular bleeding may be achieved more easily by use of a side-viewing endoscope. We report here a case of narrow opened periampullary diverticular bleeding diagnosed by the use of a side-viewing endoscope with difficulty

Sigmoid Colon Diverticular Bleeding in a 75-year-old Woman / 대한소화기학회지

Most common cause of brisk hematochezia is diverticular bleeding in Western countries. It occurs in 15% of patients with diverticulosis and one-third of them appear to be massive. Most of diverticulosis in Western countries occur in the left colon but the right colon is more common in Korea. Especially, the reports of diverticular bleeding on left colon are rare in Korea. We report a case presenting with multiple diverticuli complicated by recurrent massive bleeding restricted to the left colon. 75-year-old female was admitted due to hematochezia and dizziness. On past history, two years and two weeks ago respectively, she was treated of diverticular bleeding with and without diverticulitis. Hemoglobin level was 9.8 g/dL. On Colonoscopy, numerous diverticuli were seen at sigmoid colon upto splenic flexure which showed fresh blood clots in the lumen. We diagnosed her as recurrent massive diverticular bleeding on the sigmoid colon. She received elective laparoscopic left hemicolectomy.

Sigmoid Diverticular Bleeding Detected by Capsule Endoscopy / 대한소화기내시경학회지

Colonic diverticulosis is small outpouching from the lumen of the colon, and this caused by mucosal herniation. Most patients are asymptomatic, but 5~15% of those affected manifest diverticular bleeding. Because most of them stop bleeding spontaneously, the source of the bleeding can not be found by colonoscopy in 15% of these cases. We report here on a case of sigmoid diverticular bleeding that detected by capsule endoscopy in a 68-year old woman who presented with acute obscure gastrointestinal bleeding.

A Case of Proximal Jejunal Diverticular Bleeding Diagnosed by Double Balloon Enteroscopy and Treated by Colonoscopic Hemoclipping / 대한소화기내시경학회지

Although the development of wireless capsule endoscopy made it possible to visualize the entire small bowel endoscopically, capsule endoscopy has some limitations such as the impossibility of taking biopsies and carrying out therapeutic interventions. The new double-balloon method of enteroscopy has advantages over capsule endoscopy or push enteroscopy. This method is possible to take biopsies and perform therapeutic procedures such as thermal coagulation, injection, or polypectomy. It is also possible to visualize entire small bowel through oral and anal approach and improve endoscopic image by rinsing and air insufflation. We herein report a case of proximal jejunal diverticular bleeding diagnosed by double-balloon enteroscopy.

A Case of Colonic Diverticular Bleeding Treated with Endoscopic Hemoclip / 대한소화기내시경학회지

Diverticular bleeding is a common cause of lower gastrointestinal bleeding in adults. Most of colonic diverticular bleeding stop spontaneously without any treatment. But diverticular bleeding develops at arterial vessel, which results in massive bleeding in a short period of time and may shows recurrence. Acute lower intestinal bleeding has been treated with heater probe coagulation, injection therapy, bipolar coagulation and endoscopic hemoclips. We experienced a 67-year-old woman presented hematochezia. Emergency colonoscopy was performed and showed a diverticulum with a visible vessel at the cecum. Hemostasis with hemoclip was successfully done. We herein report a case of hemostasis by capping a diverticulum of the colon with hemoclips.