ABSTRACT
Introduction:Anthropometric studies have shown significant variations in the cranium and orbits between races and genders due to various factors such as genetics, race, hormones, nutritional differences, and environmental influences. The present study aims to record cranial and orbital dimensions and indices to classify skulls based on these measurements. MaterialsandMethods: Thirty‑five human adult skulls were obtained from the dissecting laboratory and museum of Hind Institute of Medical Sciences, Safedabad. The orbital height, width, interorbital distance, maximum length, and width of the cranium were measured directly using a digital Vernier caliper. The skulls were then classified based on the orbital and cranial indices calculated. Results: The study found a mean orbital index of 83.42, classifying the skulls as mesoseme, and a cranial index of 73.15, classifying them as dolichocephalic. Conclusion: Basic data and records of morphometry of bones belonging to specific regions can help identify the ethnicity and race of a person. Understanding the correlation of dimensions of the orbital cavity and cranium is crucial in certain conditions, such as interpreting fossils, classification of skulls in forensic medicine, and discovering trends in evolution and racial differences. These findings may also aid in identifying unclaimed bodies in India, which are found in significant numbers yearly
ABSTRACT
RESUMEN Se analizaron los niveles de lactato sérico y de frecuencia cardiaca (FC) en 15 perros clinicamente sanos que fueron sometidos a pruebas de esfuerzo en trotadora motorizada, buscando verificar un grado de fatiga muscular frente a una prueba de esfuerzo intenso. Se consideraron pacientes con morfologia craneana de tipo braquicefálico, mesocefálico y dolicocefálico. Las mediciones séricas de lactato fueron conseguidas por medio de un medidor portátil, mientras que las frecuencias cardiacas se obtuvieron a través de un oximetro portátil a los tiempos 0, 10, 20 y 30 minutos, en los diferentes momentos de esfuerzo fisico en la trotadora motorizada, la cual fue adaptada en su inclinación en 15% y a un máximo de velocidad de 10 km/h. Las medias de los niveles séricos entre perros mesocefálicos y dolicocefálicos fueron significativas, a diferencia de los perros braquicefálicos los cuales resultaron no significativos. Las medias de las frecuencias cardiacas no tuvieron diferencia significativa bajo un 95% de confianza.
ABSTRACT Serum lactate and heart rate (HR) levels were analyzed in 15 clinically healthy dogs that were subjected to stress tests on a motorized treadmill, seeking to verify a degree of muscle fatigue compared to an intense exercise test. Patients with brachycephalic, mesocephalic and dolichocephalic type cranial morphology were considered. Serum lactate measurements were procured by means of a portable meter, while heart rates were obtained through a portable oximeter at the times 0, 10, 20, and 30 minutes at different moments of physical effort on the motorized treadmill, which was adapted in its inclination by 15% and at a maximum speed of 10 km/h. Mean serum levels between mesocephalic and dolichocephalic dogs were significant, unlike brachycephalic dogs, which were not significant. The mean heart rates did not have a significant difference under 95% confidence.
Subject(s)
Biomarkers , Dogs , Exercise Test , Lactic Acid , Serum , Fatigue , Heart RateABSTRACT
The present study was conducted on 600 adults, comprising of equal number of males and females, within the age group of 18 year and above and of North Indian origin. The purpose of study was to access the head length, head width and to find out the relationship of these parameters with each other. Cephalic Index was calculated. The data so obtained was compiled and analysed statistically to observe baseline data and then compared with previous available data. This data can be useful for experts in forensic and allied surgical branches. The average head breadth and head length found in study were 139.51 mm, 186.88 mm respectively in males and 136.19 mm, 177.74 mm respectively in females. On the basis this study it was concluded that North Indian males have dolichocephalic type of head and females have mesocephalic type of head.
ABSTRACT
A study on Cephalic Index was carried out on subjects from Ogbia tribe of Bayelsa State in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. Four hundred and fourty individuals were randomly selected from the community comprising of 219 males and 221 females respectively. The ages of the subjects ranged from 2-18 years. The length and breadth of the head was measured using a sliding caliper from standard bony landmarks. The measurable point for head length was measured between the glabella and opisthocranion while the head breadth was the widest biparietal diameter from euryon (eu) on one side of the head to euryon (eu), on the other side. Mean values of cephalic index, standard deviation and standard error of mean were calculated for both sexes. The result showed that the mean cephalic index was 72.96 +/- 6.12. Male had a cephalic index of 73.68 +/- 6.53 while female had a cephalic index of 72.24 +/- 5.60. The difference in cephalic index between male and female was significant (p=0.007). Based on the cephalic index, the head form of 66.82 percent of individuals were Dolichocephalic, 21.59 percent Mesocephalic, 10.23 percent Brachycephalic and 1.36 percent Hyperbrachycephalic. This research showed that Ogbia children have Dolichocephalic phenotype. The data from this research will be useful in anthropology, genetics and forensic medicine.
Se estudió el índice cefálico en sujetos de la tribu Ogbia del estado de Bayelsa en la región del Delta del Níger de Nigeria. Fueron seleccionados al azar 440 individuos de la comunidad ( 219 hombres y 221 mujeres), con edades entre 2 y 18 años. La longitud y el ancho de la cabeza se midió utilizando un caliper de referencias óseas estándar. La longitud de la cabeza se midió entre la glabela y el opistocranion, y el ancho a nivel parietal desde un euryon a otro. Los valores medios de índice cefálico, la desviación estándar y el error estándar de la media se calcularon para ambos sexos. El resultado mostró que el índice cefálico promedio fue de 72,96 +/- 6,12. Los hombres tenían un índice cefálico de 73,68 +/- 6,53, mientras que las mujeres mostraron una índice cefálico de 72,24 +/- 5,60. La diferencia en el índice cefálico entre hombres y mujeres fue significativa (p=0,007). Con base en el índice cefálico, el 66,82 por ciento de los individuos eran dolicocefálicos, el 21,59 por ciento mesocefálicos, el 10,23 por ciento braquicefálicos y el 1,36 por ciento hiperbraquicéfalicos. Esta investigación mostró que los niños Ogbia tienen un fenotipo dolicocefálico. Los datos de esta investigación pueden ser útiles en antropología, genética y medicina forense.