Força muscular respiratória e periférica, função pulmonar, ansiedade e depressão em dependentes químicos / Respiratory and peripheral muscular force, pulmonary function, anxiety and depression in chemical dependents

Introdução: Consumo de drogas no Brasil se constitui um problema de saúde pública, pois afeta não só o indivíduo no âmbito psicossocial como na sua saúde física e mental. Objetivo: Avaliar a função pulmonar, força muscular respiratória e periférica, ansiedade e depressão em dependentes químicos internados em um centro de recuperação. Métodos: Estudo transversal, realizado em um centro de recuperação para dependentes químicos. Foi analisada a função pulmonar, força muscular respiratória, força muscular periférica, qualidade de vida e depressão. Resultados: Foram avaliados 20 indivíduos internados, com idade média de 37,15 ± 11,48 anos, sexo masculino, dos quais 55% (n = 11) tinham ensino médio completo, e 27% (n = 6) apresentaram depressão grave e 75% (n = 15) apresentaram ansiedade severa. Observou-se que a correlação da força muscular periférica com a PImáx foi uma correlação moderada (r = 0,53, p < 0,05), e com a PEmáx observamos uma correlação fraca embora significante (r = 0,27, p < 0,05). Os achados com relação à função pulmonar demonstraram uma diminuição do Volume Expiratório Forçado no primeiro segundo (VEF1) em comparação com o previsto (3,60 vs. 4,06 litros, respectivamente), Capacidade Vital Forçada (CVF) (4,28 vs. 4,93 litros). Conclusão: Dependentes químicos apresentam uma redução da função pulmonar e força muscular respiratória e, ainda, aumentos dos índices de ansiedade e depressão.

Introduction: Drug use in Brazil constitutes a public health problem, since it affects not only the individual in the psychosocial environment but also physical and mental health. Objective: To assess lung function, respiratory and peripheral muscle strength, anxiety and depression in chemically dependent patients in a recovery center. Methods: Cross-sectional study, carried out at a recovery center. Pulmonary function, respiratory muscle strength, peripheral muscle strength, quality of life and depression were analyzed. Results: A total of 20 hospitalized individuals, mean age 37.15 ± 11.48 years old, were evaluated, 55% (n = 11) had completed high school, and 27% (n = 6) had major depression and 75% (n = 15) severe anxiety. The correlation of the peripheral muscle strength (PMS) with the PImax showed a moderate correlation (r = 0.53, p <0.05), and with the PEmax we observed a weak but significant correlation (r = 0.27, p <0.05). The findings regarding lung function showed a decrease in forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) compared to predicted (3.60 vs. 4.06 liters, respectively), Forced vital capacity (FVC) (4.28 vs. 4.93 liters). Conclusion: In chemical dependents there is a reduction of lung function and respiratory muscle strength, and also, increases in anxiety and depression rates.

Propiedades psicométricas de la Escala de Anomia Social en pacientes drogodependientes peruanos / Psychometric properties of the Social Anomia Scale in Peruvian drug-dependent patients

El presente estudio analiza la estructura y consistencia interna de la Escala de Anomia Social en pacientes dependientes de drogas. Se evaluaron 232 drogodependientes varones de entre 18 y 60 años de edad, pertenecientes a cuatro comunidades terapéuticas de Lima. Los resultados obtenidos señalan bajos índices de ajuste para el modelo original de Yañez (2011); no obstante, el Modelo 2 planteado replica una estructura de 17 ítems distribuidos en tres factores subyacentes. Asimismo, se obtuvo la validez discriminante y el coeficiente de Omega para los tres factores hallados así como también se realizó la medición de la invarianza factorial entre los grupos de adultos jóvenes y adultos. Los hallazgos señalan que la estructura y consistencia interna de la Escala de Anomia Social en el modelo planteado muestra características psicométricas adecuadas para su uso en contextos clínicos y estudios sociales. Palabras clave: Anomia social, drogodependientes, comunidades terapéuticas, psicometría, análisis factorial, consistencia y estructura interna, invarianza

This study analyzes the structure and internal consistency of the Social Anomia Scale in drug-dependent patients. A total of 232 male drug addicts between 18 and 60 years of age, belonging to four therapeutic communities of Lima, were evaluated. The results obtained indicate low fit indices for the original Yañez model (2011); however, the proposed Model 2 replicates a structure of 17 items distributed in three underlying factors. Likewise, the discriminant validity and the Omega coefficient were obtained for the three factors found, as well as the measurement of factor invariance between groups of young adults and adults. The findings indicate that the structure and internal consistency of the Social Anomia Scale in the proposed model shows psychometric characteristics suitable for use in clinical contexts and social studies

Investigation and Analysis of the Situation of Methadone Hydrochloride Maintenance Treatment in Drug Addicts from Zhongshan and Their Demands / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE:To provide reference for improving therapeutic efficacy of methadone hydrochloride in maintenance treatment for drug addicts.METHODS:A questionnaire survey was conducted among drug addicts from outpatient department of drug maintenance treatment in 2 hospitals of Zhongshan City about their situation and demands.The data were statistically analyzed.RESULTS:A total of 101 questionnaires were distributed,and 88 effective questionnaires were recovered with effective recovery of 87.13％.64.77％ of the respondents had abused one or more drugs (narcotics) in the last year except for methadone hydrochloride;among them,the frequency of heroin abuse was the highest,which is 31.31％,followed by Qutong tablet,valium,meth,tramadol,etc.72.73％ of the respondents said they could stick to methadone hydrochloride maintenance treatment completely.The dosage of methadone was relatively dispersed,and the average dosage was 75.80 mL/time;the proportion of 71-80 mL/time was high,accounting for 26.14％.The average score of respondents' family support was (6.22 ± 1.88) and the average score of social support was(32.73 ± 6.94).The proportions of general,poor and very poor economic condition were 52.27％,22.73％,14.77％,respectively.The main demand of the top 5 respondents were to eliminate social discrimination (38.64％),employment (35.23％),psychological emotional support (35.23％),to reduce methadone hydrochloride dose (32.95％),assisting to reduce relapse (28.41％),respectively.CONCLUSIONS:The majority of the addicts who receive methadone hydrochloride maintenance treatment are male and middle-aged and young,their relative economic status is poor,and their family care and social support are unsatisfactory.The vast majority of them can adhere to methadone hydrochloride maintenance treatment completely or basically,most of which still abuse other drugs (narcotics) and have many demands.It is necessary to connect "biological-psychological-social" mode of medical treatment through social work intervention service mode,and conduct comprehensive intervention in order to better meet the relevant requirements and improve therapeutic efficacy of methadone hydrochloride maintenance treatment.

Investigation and Analysis of the Situation of Methadone Hydrochloride Maintenance Treatment in Drug Addicts from Zhongshan and Their Demands / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE:To provide reference for improving therapeutic efficacy of methadone hydrochloride in maintenance treatment for drug addicts.METHODS:A questionnaire survey was conducted among drug addicts from outpatient department of drug maintenance treatment in 2 hospitals of Zhongshan City about their situation and demands.The data were statistically analyzed.RESULTS:A total of 101 questionnaires were distributed,and 88 effective questionnaires were recovered with effective recovery of 87.13％.64.77％ of the respondents had abused one or more drugs (narcotics) in the last year except for methadone hydrochloride;among them,the frequency of heroin abuse was the highest,which is 31.31％,followed by Qutong tablet,valium,meth,tramadol,etc.72.73％ of the respondents said they could stick to methadone hydrochloride maintenance treatment completely.The dosage of methadone was relatively dispersed,and the average dosage was 75.80 mL/time;the proportion of 71-80 mL/time was high,accounting for 26.14％.The average score of respondents' family support was (6.22 ± 1.88) and the average score of social support was(32.73 ± 6.94).The proportions of general,poor and very poor economic condition were 52.27％,22.73％,14.77％,respectively.The main demand of the top 5 respondents were to eliminate social discrimination (38.64％),employment (35.23％),psychological emotional support (35.23％),to reduce methadone hydrochloride dose (32.95％),assisting to reduce relapse (28.41％),respectively.CONCLUSIONS:The majority of the addicts who receive methadone hydrochloride maintenance treatment are male and middle-aged and young,their relative economic status is poor,and their family care and social support are unsatisfactory.The vast majority of them can adhere to methadone hydrochloride maintenance treatment completely or basically,most of which still abuse other drugs (narcotics) and have many demands.It is necessary to connect "biological-psychological-social" mode of medical treatment through social work intervention service mode,and conduct comprehensive intervention in order to better meet the relevant requirements and improve therapeutic efficacy of methadone hydrochloride maintenance treatment.

The mediating effect of social support between self-efficiency and the motivation for abstaining in drug addicts / 中国实用护理杂志

Objective To explore the mediating effect of social support between the self-efficiency and the abstaining motivation in the drug addicts. Methods The two hundreds drug addicts were evaluated using the Social Support Rating Scale (SSRS),the General Self-efficacy Scale (GSES) and the Motivation Questionnaire of Abstaning from Drugs (MQAD), the mediating effect of social support was tested with multivariate stepwise regression analysis. Results The total scores of the SSRS,GSES and MQAD was (35.68 ± 5.81), (26.48 ± 4.84), (129.35 ± 11.49) respectively. The result of the bivariate correlation analysis showed that there were positive correlation among the social support, the self-efficiency and the motivation for abstaining from drugs(P<0.01). The values of the mediating effect of the social support was 0.2010, and its ratios to the total effect was 0.486 7, the ratio of the direct effect to the total effect was 0.513 3. Conclusions The Social support had significantly mediating role between the self-efficiency and motivation for abstaining from drugs in drug addicts. Improvement of the social support in drug addicts can promote their motivation for abstaining from drugs and abstaining confidence so that, it could make drug addicts to keep away from narcotics.

Evaluation of oral health status among drug addicts in rehabilitation centre

Background: The present study was conducted to investigate the attitude of drug addicts under withdrawal treatment towards oral health so that required interventions can be planned for the good health of those who are in rehabilitation phase of life. Materials and methods: The present study comprised of 30 drug addicts (all males) admitted in the rehabilitation centre in Punjab, India. Data so obtained was subjected to analysis using SPSS version 16. Percentage and mean ± standard deviation was calculated and Chi-square test was used for statistical analysis. Results: Most of the participants (97%) were involved in more than one type of drug abuse and most of them used more than one type of route of drug substance administration. Regarding brushing frequency, about 17% not brushed their teeth regularly and 83% once a day and regarding the use of mouthwashes, 38% never used mouthwash, 59% used occasionally, 3% reported once a day. Most of the participants 92% never used floss to clean their teeth. Significant p value (<0.05) was found on statistical analysis of periodontal status, carious and fractured teeth in relation to oral hygiene practices among drug addicts. Conclusion: The result of the present study emphasis for more attention in designing and implementing oral health programs for addicts.

Representações sociais do crack elaboradas por usuários em tratamento / Crack social representations elaborated by useres under treatment / Representaciones sociales del crack elaboradas por usuarios en tratamento

Objetivou-se conhecer e analisar o conteúdo e a estrutura da representação social do crack elaborada por dependentes químicos em tratamento. Este estudo foi realizado em uma instituição psiquiátrica de João Pessoa-PB, com 30 usuários de crack. Foram utilizados dois instrumentos: uma entrevista, a qual foi analisada por meio da análise de conteúdo temática e a técnica de associação livre de palavras, com o estímulo "crack", que foi analisada a partir do programa EVOC. Constatou-se uma representação negativa do crack, em que ele é personificado na figura do Diabo, tendo o poder de destruir a vida de seus usuários e da sociedade em geral. Observou-se, ainda, que essa representação é composta por elementos negativos que evidenciam a tristeza e o sofrimento que permeiam a realidade do usuário de crack. Espera-se que os resultados encontrados possam auxiliar os órgãos competentes na formação de políticas públicas voltadas para esta problemática, capazes de abarcar os aspectos psicossociais do consumo de crack.

The main goal of this research was to know and to analyze the content and the structure of crack social representation, elaborated by drug addicts under treatment. This study was conducted in a psychiatric institution of João Pessoa-PB (Brazil), with 30 crack users. Two instruments were used: an interview, which was analyzed by the Thematic Content Analysis; and the Free Word Association Technique, with the tag "crack," which was analyzed from the EVOC program. It was found a negative representation of the crack, where it is embodied in the figure of the Devil, having enough power to destroy its users' lives and the society in general. It was also observed that this representation is made up by negative elements which evidence the sadness and the suffering that permeate the crack users reality. The results found are expected to aid state offices to bring out public policies in order to find this problematic issue a solution, which is able to encompass the psychosocial aspects of the crack usage.

El objetivo fue conocer y analizar el contenido y la estructura de la representación social del crack, elaborada por dependientes químicos en tratamiento. Este estudio fue realizado en una institución psiquiátrica de João Pessoa-Pb, con 30 usuarios de crack. Fueron utilizados dos instrumentos: una entrevista, que fue analizada por medio del Análisis de Contenido Temático; y, la Técnica de Asociación Libre de Palabras, con el estímulo "crack", que fue analizada a partir del programa EVOC. Se constató una representación negativa del crack, el que es personificado en la figura del Diablo, teniendo el poder de destruir la vida de sus usuarios y de la sociedad en general. Se observó aún que esa representación está compuesta por elementos negativos que evidencian la tristeza y el sufrimiento que comprenden la realidad del usuario de crack. Se espera que los resultados encontrados puedan auxiliar a los órganos competentes en la formación de políticas públicas dirigidas hacia esta problemática, capaces de abarcar los aspectos psicosociales del consumo de crack.

As dificuldades do toxicodependente na busca por tratamento: uma breve reflexão teórica / The difficulties of drug addicts in searching for treatment: a brief theoretical reflection

Este estudo teórico tem como objetivo discutir as dificuldades enfrentadas por cidadãos toxicodependentes na busca por tratamento na atual sociedade. Para tanto, realizamos buscas, através de palavras-chaves (drogas, dificuldades, toxicodependentes, tratamento), nos periódicos indexados pela rede SciELO e, também, em alguns livros que tratam da temática proposta. O estudo revelou que conhecer intelectualmente os efeitos nocivos das drogas não é o suficiente para modificar o comportamento suicida do toxicodependente. Viver sóbrio em uma sociedade consumista é uma realidade bruta que não pode ser superada somente pelo saber. A discussão colabora para a reflexão de profissionais que trabalham, direta ou indiretamente, com toxicodependentes.

This theoretical study aims to discuss the difficulties faced by drug addicts citizens when searching for treatment in current society. Therefore we performed searches, through keywords (drugs, difficulties,drug addicts, treatment), in papers available at SciELO and also in some books that talk about this theme. The study revealed that to know intellectually the harmful effects of the drugs is not enough to modify the suicidal behavior of the drug addict. Living sober in a consumerist society is a tough reality that can't be overcome only with knowledge. The discussion contributes to a reflection among professionals who work directly or indirectly with drug addicts.

A Study of Psychological Intervention on Self-control of Male Adolescents Drug Addicts / 中国临床心理学杂志

Objective: To discuss the effect of group counseling on the self-control of male adolescents drug addicts. Methods: 90 male adolescents drug addicts who accepted group counseling were identified as test group, while another 97 male adolescents drug addicts who accepted no intervention as control group. Self Control Scale developed by Grasmick in 1993 was used to assess the outcome. Results: The total scores in the test group decreased from 52.06?6.67 to 47.68? 8.67, and all dimension scores were at significant level (P

The effects of electro acupuncture in treating drug addicts

Study on 216 patients of drug addicts were treated by electro accupuncture shown that: the majority of drug addicts were 21 to 40 years old. It was rare for man become addicts at the age of under 20 and over 40. Incidence of addicts in cities was higher than those in countries side. Jobless person was easy to become drug addicts. Heavy addicts and moderate one were taking drug with sniffing and injection. The drug addicts were treated by electro acupuncture, and results as follow: A level (very good) taken up 92.6%, B level (good) taken up 7.4%. Symptoms of withdrawal syndrom after 4 days and 8 days in duration of treatment remarkably reduced (p<0.01). After treatment, content of beta - endorphinemia statistically increased (p<0.01) in compare with before treatment.

A survey of HIV/ HCV co-infection among drug addicts in Urumqi City / 解放军医学杂志

Objective To survey the incidence of HIV/HCV co-infection and its epidemiological characteristics among drug addicts in Urumqi City.Methods From June to November,2007,1000 blood samples were collected sequentially from the drug addicts,who were admitted to Urumqi City Detoxification Center,for HIV and HCV detection by ELISA.The tests for screening,reexamination and confirmation were carried out under the guidance of the instruction for the use reagent rigorously,and the results were assessed according to corresponding technical regulation issued by authorities.The surveillance registration tables of drug addicts were filled for statistical study and analysis.Results The infection rates of HIV and HCV among 1000 drug addicts were 26.3% and 72.3% respectively.The co-infection rate of HIV/HCV was 25.5%.96.9% of HIV positive addicts were co-infected with HCV.There were significant differences in the infection rates of HIV,HCV and HIV/HCV co-infection between intravenous drug users and non-intravenous drug users.There were significant differences in the infection rates of HIV,HCV and HIV/HCV co-infection between Uygur and drug addicts of other ethnics.Conclusions A high co-infection rate of HIV/HCV exists in the drug addicts of Urumqi City,and even worse is that most HIV positives have co-infected with HCV.The infection rates of HIV,HCV and HIV/HCV co-infection in intravenous drug users are obviously higher than that in non-intravenous drug users.The infection rates of HIV,HCV and HIV/HCV co-infection in Uygur drug addicts are higher than that in other ethnics.

A Correlation Study of Self-esteem and Coping Style on 268 Male Drug Addicts / 中国临床心理学杂志

Objective: To study the correlation of self-esteem and coping style of male drug addicts.Methods: 268 male drug addicts were tested with the Self-esteem Scale and Trait Coping Style Questionnaire,and the results were analyzed by t-test,F-test and LSD Multiple Comparisons.Results: Compared with healthy people,the male drug addicts were incline to adopt the negative coping style(P