Estudio de prescripción-indicación en pacientes con antimicrobianos de amplio espectro en medicina interna de un hospital del Ecuador / Pharmacotherapeutic Follow-up in Patients with Broad-spectrum Antimicrobial in Internal Medicine of a Hospital in Ecuador / Estudo de prescrição-indicação em pacientes com antimicrobianos de amplo espectro em medicina interna de um hospital do Equador

Resumen Introducción: desde hace varios años existe preocupación por el incremento específico en el consumo de antimicrobianos por los problemas que estos generan. Por tal motivo se decidió diseñar un programa de atención farmacéutica en pacientes hospitalizados en servicios abiertos para evitar el desarrollo de problemas relacionados con medicamentos asociados con antimicrobianos. Materiales y métodos: se realizó un estudio retrospectivo de utilización de medicamentos, del tipo prescripción-indicación en una muestra de estudio de 25 pacientes que recibieron antimicrobianos de amplio espectro en el área de medicina interna del hospital José María Velasco Ibarra desde abril hasta julio del 2016. Resultados: el 76 % de los pacientes fueron mujeres. La patología más frecuente que requirió la utilización de antimicrobianos fue la infección de vías urinarias complicada (48 %): el 24 % de los pacientes recibió más de un antibiótico de amplio espectro y el más utilizado fue el imipenem/cilastatina (34.4 %), seguido de la piperacilina/tazobactam y el cefepime, ambas con un 28.1 % y la vancomicina (9.4 %). El 48 % de las prescripciones fueron inadecuadas, se detectó la presencia de PRM en el 84 % de los pacientes. Conclusión: el diseño de un programa de atención farmacéutica en pacientes hospitalizados garantiza la identificación, prevención y/o solución de los problemas relacionados con medicamentos, su uso adecuado y la calidad de la atención.

Abstract Introduction: For several years there has been concern about the specific increase in the consumption of antimicrobials due to the problems they generate. For this reason it was decided design a pharmaceutical care program for hospitalized patients in open services to avoid the development of problems related to antimicrobial-associated drugs. Materials and methods: A retrospective study was conducted on the use of medications, of the prescription-indication type in a study sample of 25 patients who received broad-spectrum antimicrobials in the internal medicine area of the José María Velasco Ibarra Hospital from April to July. 2016. Results: 76 % of the patients were women; The most frequent pathology that required the use of antimicrobials was complicated urinary tract infection (48 %>); 24 % of patients received more than one broad spectrum antibiotic and the most widely used was imipenem/cilastatin (34.4 %), followed by piperacillin / tazobactam and cefepime, both with 28.1 % and vancomycin (9.4 %); 48 % of the prescriptions were inadequate, the presence of PRM was detected in 84 % of the patients. Conclusion: The design of a pharmaceutical care program in hospitalized patients guarantees the identification, prevention and / or solution of the problems related to medicines, their proper use and the quality of care.

Resumo Introdução: desde há vários anos existe preocupação pelo incremento específico no consumo de antimicrobianos pelos problemas que estes geram. Por tal motivo decidiu-se desenhar um programa de atenção farmacêutica em pacientes hospitalizados em serviços abertos para evitar o desenvolvimento de problemas relacionados com medicamentos associados a antimicrobianos. Materiais e métodos: realizou-se um estudo retrospectivo de utilização de medicamentos, do tipo prescrição-indicação em uma amostra de estudo de 25 pacientes que receberam antimicrobianos de amplo espectro na área de medicina interna do Hospital José María Velasco Ibarra desde abril até julho de 2016. Resultados: o 76 % dos pacientes foram mulheres; a patologia mais frequente que requereu a utilização de antimicrobianos foi a infeção de vias urinárias complicada (48 %); o 24 % dos pacientes recebeu mais de um antibiótico de amplo espectro e o mais utilizado foi o imipeném/cilastatina (34.4 %), seguido da piperacilina/tazobactam e o cefepima, ambas as duas com um 28.1 % e a vancomicina (9.4 %>); o 48 % das prescrições foram inadequadas, detectou-se a presença de PRM no 84 % dos pacientes. Conclusão: o desenho de um programa de atenção farmacêutica em pacientes hospitalizados garante a identificação, prevenção e/ou solução dos problemas relacionados com medicamentos, o uso adequado dos mesmos, e a qualidade da atenção.

Drug use in acute otitis media: a prospective study at a tertiary care teaching hospital

Background: Drug use study identifies the problems that arise from prescription and highlights the current approaches to the rational use of drugs. The objective of the study was to assess drug use pattern in patients diagnosed of acute otitis media in tertiary care teaching hospital.Methods: This prospective observational study was carried in the Otorhinolaryngology department of a tertiary care teaching hospital over a period of twelve months. The data collected for patients with acute otitis media included the patient's demographic details and the drugs prescribed. Data were analysed for drug use pattern and cost per prescription and assessment of rationality of prescription.Results: Total 153 patients were analysed, 100 (65.35%) belonged to male patients and 53 (34.65%) belonged to female patients. Children less than 2years age were the most diagnosed with AOM 47.71%, the major diagnostic symptoms were earache (58.16%) and fever (54.90%) and signs were congestion (52.94%) and discharge (43.13%). In a total 153 prescriptions (469 drugs), 33.68% were antimicrobials, followed by mineral supplements (23.67%). Average number of drugs per prescription was found to be 3.0. Most common antibiotic prescribed was amoxicillin (with or without clavulanate) in 142 (92.81%) patients. Paracetamol alone or in fixed dose combination with antihistaminics were prescribed in 131 patients. Average cost per prescription was 87.74(±35.67) Indian rupees. Seventeen (11.11%) prescriptions were rational in all the aspects based on standard guidelines.Conclusions: The present study showed that paracetamol and amoxicillin with or without clavulanate were mostly commonly prescribed in children with AOM. Irrational prescribing was seen in maximum number of cases.

Estudo do uso de medicamentos em pacientes com diabetes e hipertensão do programa de extensão "Diabetes Mellitus" por meio da metodologia Dader / Drug use study in patients wuth diabetes and hypertension from the "Diabetes Mellitus" extension program using Dader methodology

Introdução: o Estudo do Uso de Medicamentos representa uma importante ferramenta na gestão da Assistência Farmacêutica, principalmente no que diz respeito às patologias crônicas, tais como Diabetes Mellitus tipo II (DM II) e Hipertensão Arterial Sistêmica (HAS). Objetivo: no presente estudo buscou-se caracterizar o uso de medicamentos pelos pacientes atendidos por um Programa de Extensão Multidisciplinar, por meio de uma pesquisa retrospectiva, transversal, de abordagem quantitativa. Material e método: o levantamento dos dados dos pacientes foi realizado no período de agosto/2015 a maio/2016 utilizando a metodologia DADER. Resultados: a partir destes dados coletados, verificou-se que a maior parte dos pacientes era do sexo masculino, sendo que, a faixa etária com maior frequência em ambos os sexos foi superior a 70 anos. A DM II e HAS foram às patologias mais frequentes, em 13 pacientes avaliados, sendo 10 com dislipidemia, onde aproximadamente 66% apresentavam as três patologias de forma concomitante. Em relação aos medicamentos, os mais utilizados segundo a classificação ATC/WHO 2016 foram os da classe C (cardiovascular) com 28,0%, seguido pelos da classe A (trato alimentar e metabolismo) com 22,7%. O uso de mais que 5 medicamentos ocorreu em 80% dos pacientes, sendo que, foram identificadas 77 potenciais interações medicamentosas. No que diz respeito aos problemas relacionados aos medicamentos (PRM), 8 pacientes apresentaram o PRM 4 (inefetividade quantitativa), baseado na avaliação dos parâmetros clínicos e laboratoriais. Conclusão: a atuação do profissional farmacêutico torna-se essencial para identificar e resolver os PRM ́s, buscando melhorias na qualidade de vida do paciente.

Introduction: the Drug Use Study is an important tool in the management of Pharmaceutical Care, especially in regard to chronic diseases, such as Type II Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) and Systemic Arterial Hypertension (SAH). Objective: this study aimed to characterize drug use by patients from a Multidisciplinary Extension Program through a retrospective, cross-sectional research, with a quantitative approach. Methodology: patients' data was collected from August2015 to May 2016 using Dader methodology. Results: from the collected data, we found that most patients were male and the most frequent age group in both genders was over 70 years. T2DM and HAS were the most frequent pathologies in 13 patients evaluated; there were 10 with dyslipidemia. In addition, approximately 66% of the sampling had these diseases concomitantly. With respect to drugs, the most used, according to the ATC/WHO 2016, were the class C (cardiovascular) with 28.0%, followed by the Class A (gastrointestinal tract and metabolism) with 22.7%. The use of more than five drugs occurred in 80% of the patients; 77 potential drug interactions were also identified. In what regard the problems related to drugs (PRM), eight patients had the PRM 4 (quantitative ineffectiveness), based on the evaluation of clinical and laboratorial parameters. Conclusion: the pharmacist performance is essential to identify and solve PRM's, seeking for improvements in the patient ́s quality of life.

Tratamiento antimicrobiano en la meningoencefalitis, Hospital Militar Central "Dr. Luis Díaz Soto", 2004-2011 / Antimicrobial therapy of meningoencephalitis at "Luis Diaz Soto" central military hospital, 2004-2011

INTRODUCCIÓN: las meningoencefalitis constituyen un grupo de gran importancia dentro de las enfermedades infecciosas, en las cuales la introducción de los antibióticos hizo posible que fuese curable, pero la morbilidad y la mortalidad de esta enfermedad continúan siendo inaceptablemente altas. OBJETIVO: identificar la terapia antimicrobiana usada en las meningoencefalitis. MÉTODOS: estudio descriptivo, observacional y retrospectivo. Se estudiaron 150 pacientes con diagnóstico de meningoencefalitis viral o meningoencefalitis bacteriana confirmada por cuadro clínico, estudio citoquímico del líquido cefalorraquídeo o identificación del agente etiológico. Todos se atendieron en el período comprendido entre los años 2004 y primer semestre del 2011, en los servicios de Medicina y Pediatría del Hospital Militar Central Dr. Luis Díaz Soto. Se empleó el diseño de un estudio de utilización de medicamentos que hace uso de la indicación-prescripción y el esquema terapéutico para este tipo de paciente. RESULTADOS: se utilizó terapia antimicrobiana en el 18,67 por ciento de pacientes con meningoencefalitis viral (23,93 por ciento de 117) y el 22 por ciento con bacteriana (100 por ciento de 33 casos). Las antibioticoterapias más usadas fueron la ceftriaxona (como único antibiótico) en la meningoencefalitis viral, y asociada (ceftriaxona más vancomicina) en la meningoencefalitis bacteriana. El patógeno más aislado (Streptococcus pneumoniae) fue tratado en la mayoría de los casos con ceftriaxona más vancomicina. La generalidad de los tratamientos para la meningoencefalitis bacteriana duró menos de 21 días. CONCLUSIONES: se evidenció el uso de terapia antimicrobiana en pacientes con meningoencefalitis viral y la coincidencia entre la terapia empírica y la específica en la meningoencefalitis bacteriana(AU)

IINTRODUCTION: meningoencephalitis represents a group of diseases of high impact among the infective diseases whose cure was possible thanks to the introduction of antibiotics, but morbidity and mortality rates remain high. OBJECTIVE: to identify the antimicrobial therapy used in meningoencephalitis. METHODS: retrospective, descriptive and observational study. One hundred and fifty patients were studied, who had been diagnosed with viral or bacterial meningoencephalitis through confirmed clinical picture, cytochemical study of the cerebrospinal fluid or identified etiological agent. All of them were seen from 2004 through first semester of 2011 at the medical and pediatric services of Dr Luis Diaz Soto central military hospital. The study design was drug use including indication-prescription and the therapeutic scheme for this type of patient. RESULTS: antimicrobial therapy was used in 18.67 percent of cases with viral meningoencephalitis (23.93 percent out of 117 patients) and 22 percent with bacterial type (100 percent, 33 cases). The most common antibiotic therapies were ceftriaxone (as single antibiotic) in viral meningoencephalitis, and ceftriaxone plus vancomycin (combined) in bacterial meningoencephalitis. The most isolated pathogen was Streptococcus pneumoniae treated in most of cases with the referred combination of drugs. In general, treatment for bacterial meningoencephalitis lasted less than 21 days. CONCLUSIONS: the study showed the use of antimicrobial therapies to treat patients with viral meningoencephalitis and the agreement between the empirical and the specific therapy to manage bacterial meningoencephalitis(AU)

Uso, consumo y costo de medicamentos antimicrobianos controlados en dos servicios del hospital universitario "General Calixto García" / Use, consume and cost of controlled antimicrobials in two services at"Calixto Garcia" University Hospital

Introducción: el uso irracional de antimicrobianos es un problema de salud a nivel mundial, tanto por las implicaciones médicas para los pacientes como por los elevados costos asistenciales. Un número elevado de pacientes recibe terapia antimicrobiana, siendo necesaria la prescripción atinada del fármaco, teniendo en cuenta la dinámica de la ecología bacteriana, la individualidad de cada enfermo y la significación de los costos a nivel institucional y del país. Objetivo: determinar la utilización, el consumo y el costo de los medicamentos antimicrobianos controlados en dos servicios hospitalarios. Material y Métodos: se realizó un estudio exploratorio, observacional, transversal, sobre el uso de los medicamentos antimicrobianos y su costo. El universo estuvo constituido por todos los pacientes que consumieron medicamentos antimicrobianos controlados y autorizados por la Comisión de Antibióticos acreditada para tales efectos, en las salas de Medicina Interna y Terapia Intensiva del Hospital Calixto García, en el período comprendido de junio a noviembre de 2010. Resultados: los medicamentos antimicrobianos más utilizados fueron las cefalosporinas, principalmente la cefuroxima con 4 514 bulbos en las salas de Medicina Interna y la ceftriaxona con 5 982 bulbos en el servicio de Terapia Intensiva. El gasto general por concepto de antimicrobianos consumidos fue elevado (432 914,00 MN), siendo el servicio de Terapia Intensiva el responsable del mayor gasto (312 528,80 MN). Conclusiones: las cefalosporinas constituyeron el grupo farmacológico más empleado en ambos servicios, además de que hubo un mayor consumo de aminoglucósidos y vancomicina en el Servicio de Terapia Intensiva, donde los gastos fueron mayores.

Introduction: the irrational use of antimicrobials is a common health problem world around, having impact on both medical applications and high costs. A large number of patients receive antimicrobial therapy, for which is convenient the correct drug prescription, taking into account dynamics of the bacterial ecology, the peculiarities of each patient and the local and national costs of the medications. Objective: to characterize controlled antimicrobials according to consumeand costs at the Internal Medicine and Intensive Care Unit of theCalixto Garcia Hospital. Material and Methods: the present paper shows a descriptive, observational and retrospective study of Drug Use based on the analysis of consume and costs. The studied considered all patients that consumed controlled antimicrobials at the Internal Medicine and Intensive Care services of the Calixto Garcia Hospital during June to November of 2010 and whose use was authorized by the Antibiotic Commission accredited or such ends. Results: the most used antimicrobials were the cefalosporins amily with 4514 bulbs, mainly Cefuroxima, at the Internal Medicine service, while and Ceftriaxona with 5982 bulbs was the most used in the Intensive care service. The overall cost caused by consumption of antimicrobials was high (432914.00 pesos), mostly at the Intensive Care service (312528.80 pesos). This was related to the high consume of ciprofloxacine (39387.70 and 70656.30 pesos) in the Internal Medicine and Intensive Care Unit. Conclusions: the cephalosporins was the pharmacology group most used in both services, the consume of aminoglycoside and vancomycin was quarter in intensive care Unit, where the costs were higher.

Avaliação domiciliar da utilização de medicamentos por moradores do jardim Tarumã, município de Umuarama - PR / Evaluation of the use of drugs by Tarumã district residents in Umuarama - PR

Neste trabalho avaliou-se o uso de medicamentos pelos moradores do Jardim Tarumã - Umuarama (PR), utilizando estratégia de pesquisa presente no programa de Assistência Farmacêutica Domiciliar. Este programa foi criado em 2000, na Universidade Paranaense (UNIPAR), e visa orientar a população quanto ao uso racional de medicamentos. Os resultados basearam-se em respostas a 113 questionários com perguntas semi-estruturadas, abertas e fechadas. Dos entrevistados, 36,3% utilizavam 2 a 3 medicamentos, enquanto 23% relataram utilizar 4 ou mais. Em 83,2% dos domicílios visitados foram encontrados pelo menos um medicamento, enquanto que em 20,3% das residências constatou-se a presença de 10 ou mais diferentes medicamentos. Em 76% dos domicílios foram encontrados pelo menos um medicamento de venda livre. Encontraram-se medicamentos vencidos ou em condições inadequadas de uso em 19% e 16% dos domicílios visitados, respectivamente. Relacionado ao hábito dos consumidores, 68,1% responderam observar o prazo de validade antes do consumo, enquanto 20,3% nunca ou raramente observavam..Cerca de 50% dos entrevistados afi rmaram também ter o hábito de sempre ler a bula, enquanto que 62,8% relataram raramente ou nunca entender a prescrição médica. Através do trabalho,verifi cou-se a necessidade da orientação da população para a promoção do uso racional de medicamentos.

The use of drugs by Tarumã District residents from Umuarama - PR was evaluated in this article by using the Home Pharmaceutical Care Program survey strategy. The program was created in 2000 at the Universidade Paranaense as a guideline for the population towards the rational use of drugs. The results were based upon the answers of 113 semi-structured open-closed- question questionnaires: 36.3% of the interviewees were using 2-3 drugs, while 23% reported using 4 or more drugs. At least one kind of drug was found in 83.2% of the visited houses; as 10 or more were found in 20.3%. At least one over-the-counter drug was found in 76% of the houses. Either expired or improperly stored drugs were found in 19% and 16% of the visited homes, respectively. In relation to the consumers' habit, 68.1% answered that observation of the expiration date before using the drug as 20% either never or hardly ever did. About 50% of the interviewees stated always reading the use instructions whereas 68.2% report either hardly ever or never understanding the prescriptions. The present article shows the need for the orientation of the population concerning the rational use of drugs.