ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE:To provide reference for formulating drug price regulation policy and promoting reasonable drug price. METHODS:According to WHO and HAI drug price standard investigation,questionnaire survey(supplemented by field investigation)about sale price of 63 commonly used drugs with large consumption sum was conducted among 3 districts of different economic development levels in Hubei province. Median price ratio(MPR)was calculated statistically. Primary interview survey(supplemented by literature investigation)about drug distribution cost was conducted among managerial staff of pharmaceutical wholesale and retail enterprises,hospital pharmacy administrators. Suggestions were put forward to control distribution cost and standardizing drug price based on analysis and discussion. RESULTS:Totally 120 questionnaires were sent out,and 118 were effectively received,with effective recovery of 98.33%. Thirty managerial staff from drug wholesale and retail enterprises,hospital pharmacy department were interviewed for investigation of drug distribution cost. MPR of 63 drugs ranged 0.05-44.55 in different types of sample institutions. Among 67 specifications of 53 kinds of drugs,median retail price of 38 specifications(56.72%)was higher than international reference price in first-level sample medical institutions. Among 79 specifications of 63 kinds of drugs,median retail price of 57 specifications(72.15%)was higher than international reference price in second-level sample medical institutions. Among 80 specifications of 63 kinds of drugs,median retail price of 63 specifications(78.75%)was higher than international reference price in third-level sample medical institutions. Among 50 specifications of 37 kinds of drugs,median retail price of 42 specifications(84.00%)was higher than international reference price in sample pharmaceutical retail enterprises. In all sample institutions,maximum MPR of 13 specification were lower than 1;those of 12 specification ranged from 1 to <2;those of 23 specifications ranged from 2 to <5;15 specification ranged from 5 to <10;those of 17 specification were higher than 10. MPR of third-level medical institution samples were higher than those of second-level and first-level ones,and pharmaceutical retail enterprises(P<0.01). MPR of second-level medical institution samples and pharmaceutical retail enterprises were higher than those of first-level medical institutions(P<0.01). There was no statistical significance in the levels of MPR between second-level medical institutions and pharmaceutical retail enterprises(P>0.05). MPR of sample institutions in well-developed regions were higher than in medium-developed or less-developed regions(P<0.01). MPR of sample institutions in medium-developed regions were higher than in less-developed regions(P<0.01). MPR of original drugs were all higher than those of generic drugs in different types of sample institutions(P<0.01). There was no statistical significance in MPR of original drugs among different types of sample institutions(P>0.05). At the same time,MPR of generic drugs in third-level medical institution samples were higher than in second-level and first-level ones and pharmaceutical retail enterprises (P<0.05 or P<0.01). MPR of second-level medical institution samples and pharmaceutical retail enterprises were higher than in first-level ones(P<0.05). There was no statistical significance between second-level medical institution samples and pharmaceutical retail enterprises(P>0.05). Drug production and circulation cost,centralized bidding and purchasing price in Hubei province were higher than the national level. CONCLUSIONS:The drug price of Hubei province is in high level,especially that of three-level medical institutions is higher than other institutions;drug price of well-developed region is higher than those of medium-level and less-developed region;the price of original drugs are higher than those of generic drugs. The cost of pharmaceutical industry,drug circulation cost and the addition of drug price during application link eventually lead to the higher retailing price of drugs. Comprehensive policy measures need to be taken to control the cost of the whole process of drug distribution and to regulate the price of drugs.
ABSTRACT
El desarrollo de la presente investigación constituye la propuesta de un capítulo para Las Normas de la Junta Revisora de Productos Farmacéuticos que incluya el sistema Braille como método de identificación de medicamentos comercializados y distribuidos en la República Bolivariana de Venezuela. Para lograr el objetivo planteado fue necesaria la revisión internacional de leyes y normas que involucren el sistema Braille como requisito en la identificación de medicamentos, también fue necesario realizar un análisis de estas leyes y normas a nivel internacional con la finalidad de establecer las fortalezas; adicionalmente se verificaron las leyes venezolanas que justifiquen y que ofrezca soporte legal a la investigación. El presente estudio se justifica como medio de inclusión social para el sector de la población que tiene discapacidad visual, también como mecanismo para al acceso a los bienes y servicios en el sector salud, por otro lado, dispone una mayor independencia y/o autonomía en lo que respecta al uso racional y seguridad al momento del consumo de medicamento a las personas con ceguera, por último esta investigación puede ser útil en la reducción de ilícitos farmacéuticos, debido a la posibilidad de detectar los medicamentos ilícitos que tengan una identificación errónea del sistema Braille. Metodológicamente el estudio se aborda desde la perspectiva del tipo de investigación exploratoria y descriptiva con la aplicación de un diseño documental y cuyas fases de estudios son: la búsqueda documental y como segunda fase: el análisis. Las técnicas empleadas son la elaboración de fichas y el análisis DOFA de las normas internacionales.
The development of this research is the proposal one chapter for The Standards Review Board Pharmaceutical Products that include Braille as a method of identifying drugs marketed and distributed in the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela. To achieve the objective international review of laws and regulations involving Braille requirement in identifying medicinal raised was necessary, it was also necessary to perform an analysis of these laws and regulations at the international level in order to establish the strengths; further justifying Venezuelan law and offers legal support research verified. This study is justified as a means of social inclusion for the sector of the population with visual impairment, also as a mechanism to access to goods and services in the health sector, on the other hand, have greater independence and / or autonomy in regarding the rational use and safety when drug consumption to the blind, finally this research may be useful in reducing illicit pharmaceuticals, due to the possibility of detecting illicit drugs with misidentification system Braille. Methodologically the study is approached from the perspective of the type of exploratory and descriptive research with the application of a documentary and the phases of design studies are: document retrieval as second phase analysis. The techniques used are the development of chips and the SWOT analysis of international standards.