Extracellular superoxide dismutase, a potential extracellular biomarker candidate for prolactinoma / Superóxido dismutasa extracelular - candidato potencial a biomarcador extracelular del prolactinoma

AIM: To investigate whether the extracellular superoxide dismutase (EC-SOD) and manganese super-oxide dismutase (Mn-SOD) level changes during prolactinoma (PRL) development. METHODS: Surgical tissues from 37 female patients with PRL were tested for Mn-SOD and serum samples from such PRL patients were tested for EC-SOD level changes with Western Blot. The Mn-SOD level from blood cells was also investigated to show whether the Mn-SOD variation could locate tumorigenesis tissues. RESULTS: According to the patients' age analysis, age 20-40 years is high risk for getting PRL. There is a positive relationship between the PRL severity and EC-SOD. The Mn-SOD level from surgical tissues, but not blood cells, also shows a corresponding positive relationship to PRL severity, which indicates that elevated Mn-SOD might only happen in PRL tumorigenesis tissues. CONCLUSIONS: Extracellular superoxide dismutase is an extracellular protein and the serum EC-SOD could be a good candidate for the diagnoses of prolactinoma.

OBJETIVO: Investigar los cambios de niveles del superóxido dismutasa extracelular (EC-SOD) y el superóxido dismutasa de manganeso (Mn-SOD) durante el desarrollo del prolactinoma (PRL). MÉTODOS: Los tejidos quirúrgicos de 37 pacientes hembras con PRL fueron examinados para investigar los niveles de cambio de Mn-SOD, mediante la técnica de Western Blot. El nivel de Mn-SOD de las células sanguíneas fue investigado para ver si la variación de Mn-SOD puede indicar la localización de tejidos de tumorigénesis. RESULTADOS: Según el análisis de la edad de los pacientes, la edad de 20-40 años presenta un alto riesgo de desarrollar PRL. Hay una relación positiva entre la severidad del PRL y el EC-SOD. El nivel de Mn-SOD en los tejidos quirúrgicos - a diferencia de lo que ocurre en las células sanguíneas - muestra una relación positiva con respecto a la severidad del PRL, lo cual indica que un Mn-SOD elevado, sólo podría tener lugar en los tejidos de la tumorigénesis del PRL. CONCLUSIONES: El superóxido dismutasa extracelular (EC-SOD) es una proteína extracelular, y el EC-SOD sérico podría ser un buen candidato para diagnosticar el prolactinoma.

Dietary Copper Intakes and Nutritional Status of Copper in Serum among Elementary Schoolchildren in Chungnam Province in Korea: Comparison between Remote Rural and Urban Areas

This study is performed to compare the dietary intakes and food sources of copper (Cu) using the database of Cu content developed in this study between the elementary schoolchildren in remote rural areas (RA, n=58, 9.9+/-1.7 yrs) and those in urban area (UA, n=60, 9.4+/-1.8 yrs), and to analyze the relationship between serum Cu concentration and serum antioxidant status in the RA. The results obtained in this study were as followings: 1) Dietary intakes of calorie, calcium and iron in the RA were in the 3/5-4/5 of the Korean RDA while the UA were similar to or more than the Korean RDA, 7th ed. except iron. 2) More than 273 kinds of food consumed by the subjects were analyzed the content of Cu and database of Cu content were developed in the present study. The mean dietary intake of Cu per day in the RA was 0.99+/-0.07 mg/d (170.0+/-13.2% of the USA RDA) while it was 1.22+/-0.07 mg/d (203.4+/-13.1% of the RDA) in the UA. The percentage of dietary intakes of Cu less than 2/3 of the RDA was 8.6% in the RA in comparison to 0% in the UA. 3) The RA and the UA consumed more than 80% of total dietary intakes of Cu from plant foods. Thus, the RA and the UA consumed Cu from cooked rice, vegetables and fruits as a major source. However the RA had less Cu from meat and their products than did the UA (p < 0.05). 4) Crab stew including crab and juice was the highest food source of Cu for the total subjects, followed by seasoned bud of aralia, cooked; beef rib meat, roasted; soybean paste soup w/ mallow; and soybean paste soup w/ mallow & beef. Major food source of Cu was similar for the RA and the UA such as cooked rice, vegetables and fruits. 5) Mean concentration of serum Cu in the RA was 18.1+/-0.7 micrometer/L that was in the normal value, and all subjects in this group were in more than normal value. In the RA serum Cu concentration related positively with serum ceruloplasmin concentration, serum vitamin C concentration and EC SOD activity, respectively. However, serum Cu concentration did not relate with serum TBARS concentration in the RA. Above results showed that the RA had good status of Cu nutrition based upon dietary intake and serum concentration, however some of the RA had lower intake of Cu than the RDA. The overall children in the UA had good Cu nutrition. Therefore, the subgroup of the RA should be supported to improve their Cu nutrition, and this support could give them better antioxidant status based upon positive relationship between serum Cu concentration and serum antioxidant status in the RA.

The Role of Extracellular Superoxide Dismutase (EC-SOD) in Skeletal Muscle Ischemia-reperfusion Injury / 대한정형외과학회잡지

PURPOSE: This study investigated the role of extracellular superoxide dismutase (EC-SOD), which is a major extracellular antioxidant enzyme in skeletal muscle ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) injury. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The pedicled cremaster muscle flaps from homozygous EC-SOD knockout (EC-SOD-/-), heterozygous CuZn-SOD knockout (CuZn-SOD+/-) and wild-type (WT) mice were subjected to 4.5 hour ischemia followed by 90 min reperfusion. The pedicled cremaster muscle flaps were examined by functional analysis during the reperfusion. The mRNA and protein expressions of each SOD after I/R were evaluated using quantitative real-time PCR and western blot. RESULTS: The results showed that the EC-SOD-/- mice had a more profound I/R injury than the CuZn- SOD+/- or WT mice. In particular, there was a delayed and incomplete recovery of the arterial diameter and blood flow during reperfusion and as well as there being more severe inflammation. After 90 min reperfusion, the EC-SOD mRNA levels increased more in the CuZn-SOD+/- mice than in the WT mice. However, the CuZn-SOD and Mn-SOD mRNA levels decreased similarly in all 3 groups. The CuZn-SOD protein levels decreased in all groups. The EC-SOD protein levels decreased in the CuZn-SOD+/- and WT mice, but the Mn-SOD protein levels were unchanged or slightly increased in all groups. The histological results showed diffuse edema and inflammatory cell infiltration around the muscle fibers and these changes were more severe in the EC-SOD-/- mice. CONCLUSION: EC-SOD plays an important role in protecting the skeletal muscle from I/R injury caused by the excessive generation of reactive oxygen species.