ABSTRACT
Objective@#To explore the time and genotype distribution of human enterovirus (HEV) isolated from sewage in Shanghai in 2013-2014.@*Methods@#One sewage sample each was collected from two local sewage plants located in Minhang District and Jiading District on the same day at the day 24-28 of every month from 2013 to 2014. Each sample weighed 1 L. The specimens were concentrated by anionic membrane absorption, eluted with beef extract solution, and then used to inoculate RD, HEp-2, and L20B cell lines. A total of 249 enterovirus strains were isolated from sewage samples during the study period, including 185 non-polio enterovirus (NPEV) and 64 poliovirus (PV) strains, which were identified as vaccine strains. RT-PCR and Sanger sequencing were performed to identify HEV genotypes. Homologous analysis of VP1 sequences was conducted using BioEdit (version 7.0.0). Phylogenetic analysis was performed using the neighbor-joining method based on the alignment of VP1 gene sequences using MEGA (version 4.0.2).@*Results@#Among 185 NPEV strains, 178 strains were successfully sequenced and classified into 15 genotypes, including coxsackievirus group B (CVB) 2, 3, and 5; enteric cytopathic human orphan (ECHO) virus 1, 3, 6, 7, 11, 13, 19, 20, 24, 25, and 30; and coxsackievirus group A 4. CVB5 and ECHO6 genotypes accounted for 33.5% (56 strains) and 24.9% (43 strains) of NPEV isolates, respectively. During the study period, HEV isolates were mainly isolated in summer and autumn in Minhang District. ECHO6 strains were frequently isolated from June 2013 to July 2014. Thereafter, the number of ECHO6 strains gradually reduced in the second half of 2014. CVB5 strains demonstrated scattered distribution from 2013 to the first half of 2014 and gradually increased in the second half of 2014. The distribution of ECHO6 and CVB5 strains in Jiading District was similar to that in Minhang District. In 2013-2014, CVB5 strains comprised C6 and C8 subgenotypes, which belong to two transmission chains and show large differences compared with foreign strains isolated during the same period. ECHO6 strains comprised C6, C8, and D9 subgenotypes, which belong to three transmission chains. Moreover, ECHO6 subgenotype D9 was a dominant subgenotype in Shanghai, with broad geographical distribution both at home and abroad.@*Conclusion@#Poliovirus was identified as a vaccine strain in environmental surveillance from June 2013 to April 2014 in Shanghai. Several transmission strains of ECHO6 and CVB5 were identified, which were the dominant serotypes.
ABSTRACT
Introducción: entre los principales virus causales de meningoencefalitis de evolución benigna en el 95 % de los niños están los enterovirus. Ante la infrecuencia de la gravedad de estos procesos, presentamos dos infantes complicados a Echovirus 30 recluidos en la unidad de terapia intensiva del Hospital Pediátrico Provincial Docente Eduardo Agramonte Piña de Camagüey, con el objetivo de mostrar la capacidad de estos agentes de producir daños severos del sistema nervioso central. Casos clínicos: se presentaron niños de 11 meses y un año de edad respectivamente ambos remitidos del municipio de Florida en la provincia de Camagüey que presentaron fiebre, vómitos, somnolencia, astenia y anorexia; por lo que se les realizó punciones lumbares con resultados de aumento de las células a predominio linfocitario, además uno de ellos presentó graves trastornos de perfusión, edema cerebral severo, y leucograma con granulaciones tóxicas; el otro paciente a las 72 horas de su ingreso comenzó con irritabilidad, ataxia y movimientos incordinados de los brazos; por lo que se le diagnosticó una cerebelitis con pronóstico reservado. El estudio virológico de las heces de ambos enfermos realizado en el Instituto de Medicina Tropical en La Habana, arrojó ECHO virus 30. Los dos enfermos tuvieron estadía hospitalaria de 15 y 20 días respectivamente con diagnóstico de meningoencefalitis viral. Conclusiones: los casos expuestos nos muestran el potencial de los enterovirus como el ECHO 30 de producir meningoencefalitis de evolución seria e impredecible, aunque nuestros pacientes resolvieron sin secuelas, es importante la vigilancia mantenida hacia los enterovirus en la población infantil para prevenir las infecciones del sistema nervioso central.
Introduction: enteroviruses are among the main causal viruses of meningoencephalitis of mild evolution in the 95 % of children. Given the infrequency of the seriousness of these complaints, the cases of two infants complicated with echovirus 30 are presented. The patients were confined to the intensive care unit of the Eduardo Agramonte Piña Teaching Provincial Pediatric Hospital. The cases are presented with the objective of showing the capacity of these agents of producing severe damage in the central nervous system. Clinical cases: the cases of two infants of 11 months and one year old are presented; both infants were brought about a remission of the Florida municipality, province of Camagüey. Both patients presented vomits, sleepiness, asthenia, and anorexia; because of that, they underwent a lumbar puncture the results of which were as follow: increase of the cells with lymphocytic predominance. One of the patients also presented serious disorders of perfusion, severe brain edema and the leucograma produced the presence of toxic granulations; the other patient started presenting irritability, ataxia, and uncoordinated movements of the arms 72 hours after being admitted and was diagnosed with cerebellitis with a reserved prognosis. The virology study of the feces of both patients was made in the Tropical Medicine Institute in Havana; the study produced the following result: echovirus 30. The patients had a hospital stay of 15 and 20 days respectively and were diagnosed with viral meningoencephalitis. Conclusions: the cases presented show us the potential of enteroviruses like ECHO 30 of producing meningoencephalitis of serious and unpredictable evolution. Although the patients recovered without aftereffects, a maintained vigilance on enteroviruses in children is important to prevent infections in the central nervous system.
ABSTRACT
Echovirus type 5 was isolated from 3 out of 20 cases with clinical pictures stimulating poliomyelitis. The procedures used for identification were described, clinical data presented and the paper was discussed. (Summary)