ABSTRACT
Abstract In 1862, the French philosopher Albert Lemoine (1824-1874) published one of the earliest books on the philosophy of psychiatry and psychopathology. Although brought up as a Spiritualist thinker in the mould of Maine de Biran and Royer-Collard, he attempted to reconcile the speculative neurobiological account of madness predominant in his time (particularly amongst alienists interested in its medicalization) with a broader approach that conceived of the mind as a psychological space populated by dynamic forces and elements also relevant to the causality and meaning of madness. In the ongoing debate on whether Psychology or Physiology was the most appropriate science for the study of Madness he rightly stood in the middle. His views remain important for the issues that he dealt with have not yet been resolved.
Em 1862, o filósofo francês Albert Lemoine (1824-1874) publicou um dos primeiros trabalhos sobre a filosofia da psiquiatria e da psicopatologia. Embora criado como um pensador espiritualista nos moldes de Maine de Biran e Royer-Collard, ele tentou reconciliar o relato neurobiológico especulativo da loucura predominante em seu tempo (particularmente entre alienistas interessados em sua medicalização) com uma abordagem mais ampla, que concebeu a mente como um espaço psicológico povoado por forças dinâmicas e elementos também relevantes para a causalidade e o significado da loucura. No debate em curso sobre se a ciência mais apropriada para o estudo da loucura seria a psicologia ou a fisiologia, ele corretamente ficou no meio. Suas opiniões continuam importantes, pois as questões de que ele tratou ainda não foram resolvidas.
En 1862, le philosophe français Albert Lemoine (1824-1874) a publié l'un des premiers ouvrages sur la philosophie de la psychiatrie et de la psychopathologie. Malgré le fait d'avoir reçu une formation de penseur spiritualiste selon Maine de Biran et Royer-Collard, il tenta de réconcilier le récit neurobiologique spéculatif de la folie prédominant à son époque (en particulier chez les aliénistes intéressés par sa médicalisation) avec une approche plus large qui conçoit l'esprit en tant qu'espace psychologique peuplé de forces dynamiques et d'éléments qui sont tout aussi pertinents pour la causalité et le sens de la folie. Dans le débat en cours qui essayait de décider si la science la plus appropriée pour l'étude de la folie serait la psychologie ou la physiologie, il se tenait à juste titre au milieu. Ses opinions restent d'ailleurs pertinentes, car les questions abordées par ce philosophe n'ont toujours pas été résolues.
En 1862, el filósofo francés Albert Lemoine (1824-1874) publicó uno de los primeros libros sobre la filosofía de la psiquiatría y de la psicopatologia. A pesar de haber sido criado como un pensador de la corriente espiritualista, en los moldes de Maine de Biran y de Royer-Collard, intentó reconciliar el relato neurobiológico especulativo de la locura predominante en su tiempo (particularmente entre alienistas interesados en su medicalización) con un enfoque más amplio, que concibió la mente como un espacio psicológico poblado por fuerzas dinámicas y elementos también relevantes para la causalidad y el significado de la locura. En el debate en curso sobre si la psicología o la fisiología eran las ciencias más apropiadas para el estudio de la locura, se mantuvo en la mitad. Sus puntos de vista siguen siendo importantes porque los problemas que abordó aún no se han resuelto.
Im Jahr 1862 veröffentlichte der französische Philosoph Albert Lemoine (1824-1874) eines der ersten Bücher zur Philosophie der Psychiatrie und Psychopathologie. Obwohl er ein spiritistischer Denker im Sinne von Maine de Biran und Royer-Collard war, versuchte er, die spekulative neurobiologische Darstellung des Wahnsinns, welche in seiner Zeit vorherrschte (insbesondere unter den Nervenärzten, die an seiner Medikalisierung interessiert waren) mit einem großzügigeren Ansatz zu verbinden. Dieser konzipierte den Verstand als psychologischen Raum, der von dynamischen Kräften und Elementen besetzt ist, die auch für die Kausalität und Bedeutung des Wahnsinns relevant sind. In der anhaltenden Debatte darüber, ob die Psychologie oder die Physiologie die am besten geeignete Wissenschaft für das Studium des Wahnsinns sei, stand er richtigerweise in der Mitte. Seine Ansichten sind bis heute relevant, da die Fragen, die er anging bis heute noch nicht gelöst sind.
ABSTRACT
From a cross-sectional observational study with convenience samples, 347 blood samples from horses were collected from different physiographic regions, as follows: Santa Catarina Plateau (Santa Catarina State - SC), Médio Paraíba do Sul (São Paulo State - SP and Rio de Janeiro State RJ), Mountainous and Metropolitan regions (Rio de Janeiro State - RJ). Samples were tested for the presence of antibodies (IgG) anti Neorickettsia risticii by indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA). The frequency obtained in this study corroborates with the ones obtained in the U.S.A., which refers to endemic regions. Fisher's exact test showed significant differences in the number of positive animals between regions, indicating that the probability of an animal becoming infected varies depending on the area. The CI 95% revealed no association between infection and geopolitical space. Moreover, Odds ratio test showed differences of an animal getting infected in different regions. This event could be influenced by the type of treatment used in each area, as the seasonal frequency of injury or even potential vectors. Therefore, there are seropositive animals for N. risticii in the studied areas, suggesting that this agent may be circulating in those regions. Future studies mainly based on molecular analyzes are needed to confirm these serological findings.
A partir de um delineamento observacional transversal com amostras de conveniência, 347 amostras de sangue foram coletadas de diferentes regiões fisiográficas: Planalto de Santa Catarina (Estado de Santa Catarina - SC), Região do Médio Paraíba do Sul (Estados de São Paulo - SP e Rio de Janeiro - RJ), Região Serrana e Metropolitana (ambas do Estado do Rio de Janeiro - RJ). As amostras foram testadas para a presença de anticorpos (IgG) anti-Neorickettsia risticii por imunofluorescência indireta (IFI). A prevalência obtida no presente estudo corrobora com demais resultados obtidos nos Estados Unidos da América. O Teste Exato de Fisher demonstrou diferença significativa no número de animais positivos entre as regiões, indicando assim que a probabilidade de um animal se infectar varia dependendo da região. O intervalo de confiança (IC 95%) revelou não haver associação entre a infecção e o espaço geopolítico, este evento pode ser influenciado pelo tipo de tratamento em cada área, como sazonalidade do agravo ou frequência de potenciais vetores. Assim, a soropositividade ora encontrada sugere a circulação de N. risticii nas áreas estudadas. Estudos futuros baseados, principalmente, em análises moleculares serão importantes para a confirmação dos achados sorológicos no presente trabalho.
Subject(s)
Animals , Horse Diseases/diagnosis , Horse Diseases/epidemiology , Infections/epidemiology , Infections/veterinary , Fever/veterinary , Neorickettsia risticii/cytology , Neorickettsia risticii/pathogenicityABSTRACT
Objective This study investigated high fat diet influence on the changes of vitamin D receptor (VDR) expression and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) in apolipoprotein E-deficient(apoE-/-) mice.MethodsApoE-/- mice and C57BLP6J mice were divide into two groups (normal control and high fat diet),high fat diet group were feed high fat feedstuff.Plasma 25-(OH)D levels were determined by competitive protein binding radioimmunity,VDR expression were determined by immunofluorescence and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction.The levels of NO and eNOS were determined by nitrate reductase.ResultsCompared with normal control group,high fat diet caused more severe dam-age of atherosclerosis in wild type mice and apoE-/- mice.In apoE-/- mice,the levels of plasma 25-(OH)D were significantly decreased [(26.44±1.28) ng/mL,(22.68±2.07)ng/mL,(17.46±2.22)ng/mL,(15.88±0.97)ng/mL,P＜0.01],the expression of VDR protein and mRNA were significantly increased[VDR :0.244±0.088,0.346±0.132,0.547±0.128,0.768±0.162;VDRmRNA:0.228±0.083,0.375±0.103,0.451±0.117,0.597±0.131,P＜0.01],and the levels of NO and eNOS were significantly increased[NO:(39.74±4.81)μmol/L,(48.1±5.24 )μmol/L,(67.34±6.14 )μmol/L,(86.74±8.05)μmol/L;eNOS:(8.6±0.77 )U/L,(12.28±1.42)U/L,(15.96±0.92)U/L,(18.68±1.15)U/L,P＜0.01].These changes were more significantly in high fat diet group(P＜0.01).ConclusionsThere were abnormalities of plasma 25-(OH)D level,VDR expression and the level of NO and eNOS in apoE-/- mice.These changes were more significantly in high fat diet group.
ABSTRACT
Objective This study aimed to investigate the expression of Cyclin E protein in the progress of occurrence and development of gastric cancer and lymphonode metastatic cancer.Methods The expression of Cyclin E protein analyzed by immunohistochemistry in gastric tissue array included of normal gastric mucosa,cancer side tissues,atypical hyperplasia tissues,primary cancer tissues and lymphonode metastatic cancer tissues.Results The positive expression rate of Cyclin E protein was 14.3％,20.0％,34.7％,85.1％ and 82.9％ in normal gastric mucosa,atypical hyperplasia tissue,carcinoma side tissue,primary cancer and lymphonode metastatic cancer,respectively.Compared with normal gastric mucosa and carcinoma side tissues and atypical hyperplasia tissues,the Cyclin E protein in primary cancer and lymphonode metastatic carcinoma tissues was over-expression ( P ＜ 0.01 ).Conclusions The Cyclin E protein was a possible molecular marker that can be used to diagnosis gastric cancer and lymphaden metastasis cancer.