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Background:Emergency medical service has been a well-know n subject of discussion in India where the population is vast and the health care system is inadequate. Essential drugs are a category of drugs that are needed during the golden hour of saving a patient’s life. It becomes necessary that time, when a simple drug can save the life of a patient, a competent health care provider, is needed to administer the drug to the patient. In such a situation, any health care provider in the vicinity of the person who needs medical assistance must get an alert so that the health care provider can reach the site of the emergency and provide assistance. EMS belt is a system in which with the help of a mobile application, any person in case of a medical emergency can get service from a nearby health care provider within a few minutes. The concept is to raise an alarm alerting the nearby health care practitioners about the person in need of medical assistance. This concept is promising with the advantage that it doesn’t need any special manufacturing of the device. Conducting trials on this concept shall yield good observations and produce hopes for a cost-effective EMS system in India.
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Growth arrest specific protein 6 (GAS6) plays an important role in the occurrence and development of tumors, and its signal transduction is involved in cell proliferation, adhesion and migration, but its related functions and molecular mechanisms in endometriosis (EMs) are still unclear. In this study, we searched and downloaded the transcriptome datasets of EMs from GEO database and performed GEO online analysis, and then screened out the differentially expressed genes and performed cluster analysis based on GO and KEGG pathway. The mRNA levels of the differentially expressed genes shared by more than three datasets were verified by qRT-PCR in the endometrium of ten women with no endometriosis and no clear disease and the ectopic endometrium of 11 patients with ovarian chocolate cysts. Immunohistochemistry and qRT-PCR were used to verify the expression of GAS6 and epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) marker genes, and immunofluorescence was used to co-label GAS6 and E-cadherin in endometriosis clinical samples. In this study, a total of 47 differentially expressed genes were screened out of the four transcriptome datasets, which were mainly enriched in processes such as cell migration and related signal pathways such as MAPK, PI3K-AKT, and tight junction. The mRNA levels of the nine differentially expressed genes shared by more than three datasets in endometriosis patients were consistent with the results of bioinformatics analysis. GAS6 expression levels in ectopic endometrium of EMs patients are higher than the control group (P < 0. 05), and EMs patients have the characteristics of EMT in the ectopic endometrial tissue, that is, the expression of E-cadherin is down-regulated (P < 0. 05) and the expression of vimentin is up-regulated (P < 0. 01). The expression of E-cadherin in the ectopic endometrial glandular epithelial cells of EMs patients is low while the expression of GAS6 is up-regulated, suggesting that GAS6 may mediate the EMT process in endometriosis. In conclusion, this study reveals that GAS6 is highly expressed in endometriosis patients and may mediate the EMT process to participate in the occurrence and development of endometriosis, providing a potential target for clinical treatment of endometriosis.
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OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to achieve expert consensus for the evaluation of Emergency medical system operation fund (EMSOF) support projects using the Delphi method in Korea. METHODS: The Delphi study was performed in June 2018. Experts who are members of the policy committee of the Korean Society of Emergency Medicine (KSEM) participated in the study. Respondents were asked to express their level of agreement of appropriateness for the following 6 categories for 21 projects: project contents, amount of support, indicators, performance, overall evaluation, and need to maintain. With a possible score of 9 points, the project categories were classified into 3 groups, inappropriate, moderate and appropriate, based on the median score of the respondents' ratings in each question. RESULTS: Sixteen of the 18 policy committee members participated in the survey. Their average professional work years were 8.2 years. All 21 projects were evaluated as appropriate for content. Amount of support and indicators were evaluated as moderate. Only 5 out of the 21 projects were evaluated as having appropriate indicators. No projects were evaluated as ineffective. Comprehensive evaluation of the projects was evaluated as moderate, and no project was evaluated as inappropriate in fund support. CONCLUSION: Overall, the contents of the EMSOF assistance project were rated high; however, there was a disagreement on the amount of support and evaluation indicators for each project. The results of this study are expected to be used as basic data to improve the use of EMSOF.
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Committee Membership , Consensus , Delphi Technique , Emergencies , Emergency Medicine , Financial Management , Korea , Methods , Resource Allocation , Surveys and QuestionnairesABSTRACT
Objective To investigate the impact of different kinds of laparoscopic surgery including conventional blunt elimination and modified acute elimination on sex hormone, antral follicle count and ovarian volume of patients with endometriosis (EMs). Methods 100 patients with EMs were chosen from January 2013 to April 2016 and randomly divided into control group (50 patients) with conventional blunt elimination and observation group (50 patients) with modified acute elimination; and the thickness of elimination lesion, the removal rate of ovary cortex, the thickness of ovarian cortex, the level of serum sex hormones, the AFC number of affected side and the volume of ovary before and after operation of the two groups were compared. Results There was no significant difference in the thickness of lesion elimination, the removal rate and removed thickness of ovarian cortical between the two groups (P > 0.05). The thickness of lesion elimination and the thickness of ovarian cortex in middle position of observation group were significantly lower than that in control group (P 0.05). There was no significant difference in the levels of AFC number of affected side before and after treatment (P > 0.05). The levels of AFC number of affected side in hilus ovarii of control group after treatment were significantly lower than that before treatment (P < 0.05). The volume of ovary of both groups after treatment were significantly lower than that before treatment (P < 0.05). The volume of ovary of observation group after treatment were significantly higher than that in control group (P < 0.05). Conclusion Compared with conventional blunt elimination, modified acute elimination in the treatment of patients with EMs can efficiently shorten the operation time, reduce the surgical trauma degree, speed up the recovery process after operation, regulate the level of FSH and AMH and be helpful to protect the ovarian reserve function.
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Objective To analyze the clinical effect of laparoscopic ovarian endometriosis (EMs) cyst resection and the influence of different operative methods on follicle loss.Methods Selected 86 EMs patients with laparoscopic ovarian cyst resection in our hospital from January 2013 to January 2016 and randomly divided them into two groups.The control group adopted traditional blunt tearing method,while the observation group adopted sharp isolating method.The specimen thickness along with the number,thickness and grading of specimen with ovarian cortex at hilus orarii,middle part of ovarian fossa and ovarian fossa were observed.Meanwhile,the influence on ovarian function and follicle loss of the two operation methods were compared.Results The specimen thickness close to the hilus orarii was more than that of the ovarian fossa and the middle part of ovarian fossa (t =4.474,t =3.520,P ＜ 0.001).The thickness of specimen with ovarian cortex at ovarian fossa was significantly less than that of the middle part of ovarian fossa and the hilus orarii (t =1.705,t =4.428,P =0.046,P =0.000).The number of specimen ovarian cortex grading of 3 to 4 at hilus orarii was 20,which was significantly more than 2 at the ovarian fossa and 2 at the middle part(x2 =19.790,x2 =19.790,P ＜ 0.001).The specimen thickness and ovarian cortical thickness of the middle part of the observation group were less than those of the control group (t =3.897,t =2.166,P =0.000,P =0.017).The specimen number of ovarian cortex at the hilus orarii was significantly less than the control group(x2 =5.512,P =0.019),and the specimen thickness and the ovarian cortex thickness were obviously less than those of the control group (t =4.992,t =2.349,P =0.000,P =0.011).After operation,the differences between FSH,LH,and E2 levels in the two groups were not statistically significant(P ＞ 0.05),but the ovarian sinus follicle number and ovarian volume of the observation group were significantly more than those of the control group (t =7.181,t =10.921,P ＜ 0.00 001).The pregnancy rate of the observation group was 60.0％,which was significantly higher than 43.75 ％ of the control group (x2 =5.289,P =0.021).Conclusion The laparoscopic ovarian EMs cyst resection can cause the great loss of follicle in the progress of resecting cyst at hilus orarii,and advanced sharp separation can obviously reduce the loss of normal ovarian follicles and cause smaller influence on ovarian function.
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Purpose To explore the effect of EMS1-siRNA on the growth,invasion and migration of human gastric cancer cell line MGC803.Methods It used the Colony formation assay to determine the abilities of proliferation,and flow cytometry analysis to asses cell cycle distribution and apoptosis,transwell invasion and migration experiment to determine the ability of cell invasion and migration after knockdown the expression of EMS1 in MGC803.Results These results suggested that EMS1 gene down-regulated have no affect on cell cycle and cell apoptosis,but the ability of colony formation depressed and migration lowerd obviously (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion The results shows EMS1 gene is related to proliferation and migration of tumor.
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Objective: The in vitro mutation system of Stevia rebaudiana induced by ethylmethane sulfonate (EMS) was established, and the salt-tolerant mutants were identified by SRAP. Methods: S. rebaudiana plantlets were inoculated on MS media containing NaCl with different concentration to screen the salt-tolerant critical concentration. Plantlets were treated with EMS at different concentration and for different time periods, and EMS mutagenized stems were inoculated on MS medium containing critical NaCl concentration to screen the tolerant variants by SRAP markers. Results: The critical salt concentration of S. rebaudiana plantlets was 1.0%, and the suitable concentration and time of EMS were 0.8%-1.0% and 8-10 h. Among the screened 41 S. rebaudiana tolerant mutants by SRAP molecular markers, four were mutated at DNA level, and the mutation rate was 9.76%. Conclusion: The in vitro mutagenesis system of S. rebaudiana with EMS has been established, which provides a new breeding way for high-yield salt-tolerant S. rebaudiana.
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PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to identify the degree of satisfaction with indirect medical oversight programs and its determinants. METHODS: Gumi 119 rescuers participated in indirect medical oversight programs, including Emergency Medical Services (EMS) record review, weekly visiting education, and monthly EMS conference from March 2012 to February 2013. Data were collected using a mail survey with a self-administered questionnaire. The degree of satisfaction with the programs was categorized according to two groups (1=satisfied, 2=unsatisfied). Then the Mann-Whitney U test and Fisher's exact test were performed in order to find statistically significant factors influencing satisfaction. RESULTS: Cronbach alpha of questionnaires was 0.869. Among the 59 questionnaires, 55(93.2%) were returned. No differences in sex, age, career, EMS record review, monthly conference, linkage with direct medical direction, and improvement of confidence in ER medical team were observed between the two groups. Qualification, weekly visiting program, and improvement in reliability to hospital showed statistical significance (p=0.017, 0.040 and 0.001, respectively). CONCLUSION: The level of qualification of 119 rescuers and weekly visiting education at the fire department by doctors has had a significant influence on satisfaction with indirect medical oversight.
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Education , Emergency Medical Services , Fires , Postal Service , Surveys and QuestionnairesABSTRACT
PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to identify the degree of satisfaction with indirect medical oversight programs and its determinants. METHODS: Gumi 119 rescuers participated in indirect medical oversight programs, including Emergency Medical Services (EMS) record review, weekly visiting education, and monthly EMS conference from March 2012 to February 2013. Data were collected using a mail survey with a self-administered questionnaire. The degree of satisfaction with the programs was categorized according to two groups (1=satisfied, 2=unsatisfied). Then the Mann-Whitney U test and Fisher's exact test were performed in order to find statistically significant factors influencing satisfaction. RESULTS: Cronbach alpha of questionnaires was 0.869. Among the 59 questionnaires, 55(93.2%) were returned. No differences in sex, age, career, EMS record review, monthly conference, linkage with direct medical direction, and improvement of confidence in ER medical team were observed between the two groups. Qualification, weekly visiting program, and improvement in reliability to hospital showed statistical significance (p=0.017, 0.040 and 0.001, respectively). CONCLUSION: The level of qualification of 119 rescuers and weekly visiting education at the fire department by doctors has had a significant influence on satisfaction with indirect medical oversight.
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Education , Emergency Medical Services , Fires , Postal Service , Surveys and QuestionnairesABSTRACT
PURPOSE: This study was performed to identify patient satisfaction with the emergency medical services (EMS) and its determinants. METHODS: Data were obtained from the first wave of the 2008 Korea Health Panel Survey. The unit of analysis was a case of patient visit of emergency department (ED) (n=1,280). Patient satisfaction with the EMS was categorized into two levels (1=satisfied, 2=dissatisfied). X2-test and logistic regression analysis were employed to find factors influencing the degree of EMS satisfaction. RESULTS: Among the 1,280 cases, 70.16% of patients were satisfied with the EMS. Patients who visited ED for accidents (odds ratio (OR)=1.42, p<0.05) were more satisfied with the services than those who visited ED for disease (reference). Also, patients who visited ED by private car (OR=3.05, p<0.05) or taxi (OR=4.00, p<0.05) or work (OR=4.78, p<0.01) showed higher satisfaction than those who visited ED by ambulance (reference) or 119 (OR=2.49, p<0.09). In addition, patients who experienced delay (reference) in ED admittance displayed lower satisfaction than those who did not (OR=2.06, p<0.001). Finally, patients who transferred to other hospitals (reference) after service completion indicated lower satisfaction than those who went back home (OR=4.04, p<0.0001) or were admitted (OR=5.69, p<0.0001). CONCLUSION: EMS policymakers should pay more attention not only to improve the quality level of ambulance or 119 service, but also to prevent ED delay.
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Humans , Ambulances , Emergencies , Emergency Medical Services , Korea , Logistic Models , Patient SatisfactionABSTRACT
PURPOSE: The "golden hour" concept in trauma is pervasive despite little evidence to support it. This study addressed the association between prehospital time and in-hospital mortality in seriously injured abdominal trauma victims. METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted over a three-year period from 2006 to 2008. We analyzed trauma victims with abdominal injuries who underwent an emergency laparotomy in a local emergency center located in a city with a population of 2,500,000. According to the 'golden hour' concept, we separated the trauma victims into two groups (Gourp 1: prehospital time 1hour) and investigated several factors, such as time, process, and outcome. RESULTS: During the period from January 2006 to December 2008 139 trauma victims underwent an emergency laparotomy, and 89 of them were enrolled in this study. Between the two groups, emergency department (ED) access, transportation, and injury mechanism showed statistically meaningful differences, but no statistically meaningful differences were observed in various measures of the outcome, such as length of hospital stay, length of Intensive Care Unit stay, and mortality. In a univariate logistic regression study, age (odds ratio [OR]: 1.101; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.026 to 1.182), Revised Trauma Score (RTS) (OR: 0.444; 95% CI 0.278 to 0.710), hemoglobin (OR: 0.749; 95% CI: 0.585 to 0.960), and creatinine (OR: 24.584; 95% CI: 2.019 to 299.364) were significant prognostic factors, but prehospital time was not. In a multivariate logistic regression study, age and RTS were significant associated with mortality. CONCLUSION: In this study, we found no association between prehospital time and mortality among abdominal trauma patient who underwent an emergency laparotomy. We suggest that in our current out-of-hospital and emergency care system, until arrival at the hospital time may be less crucial for trauma victims than once thought.
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Humans , Abdominal Injuries , Creatinine , Emergencies , Emergency Medical Services , Hemoglobins , Hospital Mortality , Intensive Care Units , Laparotomy , Length of Stay , Logistic Models , Retrospective Studies , TransportationABSTRACT
Objective: To investigate the expression of EMS1 in laryngeal carcinoma and its clinical signifi-cance. Method:The expression of EMS1 protein was measured in 40 samples of, 40 samples of para carcinoma tis-sues (which were near to cutting margin of laryngeal carcinoma tissuse over 0. 5 cm) ,and 20 samples of normal la-ryngeal mucosa as controls by Flow Cytometere( Epics-XL Ⅱ ). Results:The quantity and percentage of EMS1 pro-tein expression in laryngeal carcinoma tissues was significantly higher than those in para carcinoma and in normal laryngeal mucosa tissues respectively(P<0. 05). There was no significant expression difference between the para carcinoma tissues and normal laryngeal mucosa tissues. There were positive correlation between the expressions of EMS1 protein and metastasis, pathological grade and clinical stage in laryngeal carcinoma. But there were not rela-tionship with patients' clinical classification, tumor size, smoking history, age and sex. Conclusion: The high ex-pression of EMS1 may contribute to the carcinogenesis and development of laryngeal carcinoma. The expression of EMS1 protein is an important index of judging differentiation, infiltration, metastasis and staging of laryngeal car-cinoma.
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Emergency Medical Service (EMS) of Beijing Olympic Games needs to cover not only all the venues of the Olympic and Paralympic Games, but also emergency medical service for citizens at large and other emergency events. To this end, Beijing Emergency Medical Center made efficient preparations for the Olympic Games, namely upgraded dispatch system, first-aid stations, ambulances and equipment, and volunteer recruitment among others. Thanks to such efforts made, the EMS successfully served the Beijing Olympic Games and citizens at large. Furthermore, the Beijing Olympic Games promoted the development of the Beijing EMS system.
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Objective To evaluate the efficacy of the continuation of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) following transportation to the emergency department in a Chinese hospital after unsuccessful emergency medical services (EMS) CPR. Methods From January 2002 to December 2007, emergency records of non-traumatic patients who were transported to a tertiary teaching hospital after unsuccessful EMS CPR were reviewed. Results Eigty-five patients were included, and 13 patients (15%) accomplished restoration of spontaneous circulation in our emergency department. Resuscitative possibility reached zero at around 23 minutes. One patient was discharged with a favourable neurologic outcome. Conclusions This study shows that the continuation of CPR is not futile and may improve outcomes. The outcomes should be re-evaluatad in the future when prehospital information can be combined with in-hospital information.
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Inappropriate use or misuse of EMS (Emergency Medical Service) is a potential waste of resources and diversion of needed service from another in need. One of the most serious consequences of an inappropriate use of EMS is emergency department (ED) overcrowding. ED overcrowding in large hospitals, especially university hospitals, has been a persistent and unsolvable problem worldwide. The issues have drawn the attention of media and have been discussed in many conferences. Currently, various studies have identified the causes and suggested the solutions for these problems. The inappropriate use of EMS are mainly caused by the misguidance of EMS providers and misuse of the public user. In order to solve this problem, the EMS system provider should make an effort to improve and develop the system. The government will also need to step up publicity activity on the awareness for an appropriate use of EMS system through mass media. ED overcrowding are caused by misuse of both EMS and medical transfer system. And inefficiency of hospital operating system is another cause. The hospital and its ED have to respond more rapidly to eliminate the unnecessary wait time of ED patients. Relocation of boarding ED patient to other inpatients area, such as hallways, conference rooms, is the first thing to do. To improve the flow of ED patients, the persons in charge of every department will have to come together to coordinate the early discharge of hospital patients and the scheduling of elective and surgical patients. The suggested solutions must be put in practice immediately.
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Humans , Congresses as Topic , Emergencies , Emergency Medical Services , Fees and Charges , Hospitals, University , Inpatients , Korea , Mass MediaABSTRACT
Objective:To investigate Cx43 expression and gap junctional intercellular communication(GJIC) in ectopic and eutopic endometrial stromal cells in endometriosis(EMs),and to explore the influence of aberrant GJIC in stromal cells on pathogenesis of EMs. Methods:The stromal cells were isolated from samples including 24 ectopic endometriotic tissues located in ovaries,41 eutopic endometria with endometriosis and 30 normal endometria. The endometrial stromal cells models were established in vitro by being cultured in manual conditions mimicked with estrogen and progesterone. Laser scanning confocal microscopy(LSCM) was used to determine the expression of Cx43 protein and the function of GJIC in three groups stromal cells. Results:The success rate of isolation and culture of endometriotic stromal cells was 45.8%(11/24);of eutopic endometrial stromal cells with EMs was 92.7(38/41);of normal endometrial stromal cells was 93.3%(28/30). The purities of ectopic and eutopic endometrial stromal cells were 95% and 98% respectively. The level of Cx43 protein and the function of GJIC in stromal cells from ectopic endometrial tissues were much lower than those from the other two groups,the highest level of Cx43 protein and the function of GJIC were observed in normal endometrial stromal cells group,and the differences among these groups were significant (P﹤0.01). Conclusions:(1) It will be helpful to establish models of normal,ectopic and eutopic endometrial stromal cells in vitro simultaneously when investigating the pathgenesis of EMs. (2)Downregulation of Cx43 expression and aberrant function of GJIC are related to pathogenesis of EMs. Regulation of Cx43 or GJIC in endometrial stromal cells is implied to be a potential strategy to treat EMs.
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Cardiac Arrest victims are increasing but EMS is not ready for them, in Korea. At this time, we need to know the exact status about the chain of survival of CPR and the outcome after out-of-hospital arrest. More than 90% of out-of-hospital arrest was witnessed, and about a half at home, but bystander CPR was done in only about 10%. EMS is activated by the unified phone number (119), but in only 1%, EMS was dispatched for CPR, nationwide. EMS responders were not educated and organized specific for CPR situation. BLS and equipped AED were not always utilized to whom needed. Pre-hospital ACLS were exceptionally done by first responder. Initial ECG findings, most of which were recorded at Hospital ED(more than 20 minutes after collapse), were VF/Pulseless VT(11-12%), Asystole(63-64%), and PEA(24-26%). Initial ROSC rate was 44-45%, and final Discharge Alive rate was 5-10%. The outcome of out-of-hospital arrest was dependent on bystander CPR and initial ECG finding. Most of lay-person are aware to CPR, but not adequately educated to do CPR when needed. We should organize the efforts to improve the quality of EMS and build up the education system of CPR nationwide, at now.
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Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation , Education , Electrocardiography , Heart Arrest , Korea , Out-of-Hospital Cardiac ArrestABSTRACT
Targeting induced local lesions in genomes (TILLING) is a reverse genetics method for functional genomics research.It is possible to screen for point mutations in the populations of EMS mutagenesis with highthroughput and lowcost. EcoTILLING a method based on TILLING ,was developed for detecting multiple types of polymorphisms in germplasm collections,such as single nucleotide polymorphism,small deletion and insertion etc.Rice is a very important food crop and a model plant for genome research also. There are complete genome sequence and a lot of other bioinformatics resources about it.So the markerassisted breeding is becoming more and more important in rice breeding. Some issues based on TILLING about identifying germplasm based on gene sequence,EMS mutagenesis breeding,developing functional marker in rice breeding in future were discussed.
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Objective To study the feasibility,superiority and curative effect of percutaneous nephrolithotomy with fibrous sheath and Swiss LithoClast Master (EMS Ⅲ) through T-tube tract for retained choledocholithiasis. Methods This study involved 32 patients with hepatolithiasis who were treated in our hospital from August 2004 to August 2007. By combining percutaneous nephrolithotomy (with a fibrous sheath on) and Swiss LithoClast Master (EMS Ⅲ) through a T-tube tract,retained choledocholithiasis was removed. Results The 32 patients totally underwent 36 operations. The mean operation time was 43 minutes (ranged from 33 to 78 minutes). In 28 of the cases,the stones were extracted completely by one session; and 2 were cured by two operations. The final stone-free rate was 94% (30/32). Follow-up was carried out in all the patients for 26 to 48 months (mean,29 months),during which no patients developed abdominal pain,jaundice or fever,no recurrence was detected by B-ultrasonography. Two patients showed residual stones after the treatment,one of them received Roux-en-Y hepatocholangioenterostomy because of extensive multiple biliary stones in the liver,which could no be removed completely after three sessions of nephrolithotomy; another patient who was a 70-year old man refused the secondary operation and thus retained a few stones in the right inferior lobe of the liver. In this series of 32 cases,no bile duct tear,massive hemorrhage,biliary leakage,cholangitis or abdominal distension occurred. Conclusions It is a safe,convenient,and simple method to combine percutaneous nephrolithotomy with Swiss LithoClast Master via T-Tube tract for retained choledocholithiasis. The procedure results in less pain in patients,and reduced equipment spoilage,while the cost is low. As the surgery is easy to perform,it is worth being widely used.
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PURPOSE: To evaluate the usefulness of the electroretinogram using EMS (Electrophysiology Modular System; TMS, Luneberg, Germany), a simpler method compared with standard ERG as a preoperative evaluation of cataract. METHOD: Forty-six eyes of 25 patients who had undergone cataract surgery were included. Scotopic, photopic and 30 Hz flicker response were examined with EMS. On the basis of fundus finding, the subjects were classified into two groups: Group 1 (cataract with normal fundus) and group 2 (cataract with abnormal fundus). On the basis of lens opacity, group 1 was subclassified into the following three sub-groups: mild, moderate, and severe opacity. We analyzed the differences of the ERG values of these three sub-groups. And also we analyzed the difference of the ERG values of two groups and postoperative visual acuity. RESULTS: In group 1, the ERG responses were generally reduced as the lens opacity increased and the photopic a wave amplitude was significantly reduced especially when the opacity was severe. But there was no significant difference between the lens opacity and the prognosis of postoperative visual acuity. In group 2, scotopic b wave and photopic a, b wave amplitude were significantly reduced and the prognosis of postoperative visual acuity was poor (P>0.05). Conclusion: Our results show that the ERG would be a clinically significant test in evaluating the function of the retina and detecting the retinal lesions, and it can be used in the prediction of the prognosis of postoperative visual acuity. And the EMS shows similar results comparable to the previous reports, so it can be used clinically in more simple manners.