Effect of state anxiety on sleep-wake cycle in mice / 中国药理学通报

Aim To observe the effect of state anxiety on the sleep-wake cycle of mice in the Triple test.Methods Eighteen male ICR mice were selected, and the electroencephalogram(EEG)and electromyogram(EMG)electrodes were embedded in the cortex and neck muscles of the mice under the conditions of anesthesia.There was a continuous 24 h tracing of mice under normal conditions after the recovery period.The model replication and behavioral evaluation of the state anxiety took place in the Triple test and the mouse sleep for 24 h was recorded for 7 consecutive days after the daily test.Results The behavioral evaluation showed that compared with 1st d, the time spent in central and% time in OF on 3 ?4 ?5 ?7 d of modeling was significantly reduced(P<0.05; P<0.01); the number of entries and% time of 4-7 d in EPM signifi-cantly increased(P<0.01); 2nd and 4th day of time spent in dark compartment of LDB increased significantly(P<0.05; P<0.01).The results of EEG analysis showed that compared with the sleep-wake cycle under normal conditions, the sleep and wake cycles had undergone significant changes, and the awakening time and its proportion were significantly prolonged(P<0.05; P<0.01), NREM sleep and its proportion markedly decreased on the 1-5 and 7 d(P<0.05; P<0.01), and a significant increase occurred in REM sleep and its proportion on 1st, 2nd, and 4th day(P<0.05).Conclusion The sleep-wake cycle of state anxiety mice replicated with the Triple test changes, and the impact on daytime sleep is more obvious.

Correlation between elevated plus and zero mazes as two animal models of state anxiety in Kunming mice / 中国药理学通报

Aim To explore the correlation between elevated plus maze (EPM) and elevated zero maze (EZM),as two type animal models of state anxiety in Kunming mice. Methods The behavior of adult,♂/♀,Kunming mice in EPM and EZM was recorded by sequence,for 5 min,with a one-week inter-trial interval. The following parameters were evaluated:percentage of time in open arms (Otime%) and total entries into open and closed arms(Entries). Subsequently,descriptive analysis,fac-tor analysis,cluster analysis,correlation analysis and consisten-cy test were calculated for these parameters. Results T test showed that, compared with EPM, Otime% of EZM (male/fe-male/both sex) decreased, while Entries (male/both sex) in-creased significantly;Fiedman test showed that Otime% (male/female/both sex) and Entries(female/both sex) of both EPM and EZM had great difference between the 5 repeated fragments;Wilcoxon test showed that, compared with EPM, Otime% of EZM in 1st min (male/female/both sex), 2nd min (male/fe-male/both sex),3rd min (female/both sex) decreased, while the Entries in 1st min (male/both sex), 4th min (male/fe-male/both sex),5th min(both sex) increased markedly. Clus-ter analysis showed that EPM and EZM parameters could be clustered into two groups:EPM group and EZM group(male/fe-male/both sex). Factor analysis indicated that the EPM and EZM parameters could be extracted as two factors: EPM factor and EZM factor (male/female/both sex). Correlation analysis displayed either general(in Otime%) or poor(in Entries) cor-relation(male/female/both sex) between EPM and EZM param-eters. Consistency test displayed general consistency (male/fe-male/both sex) in Otime% between EPM and EZM. Conclu-sions Despite of the similar internal principles to induce state anxiety,the different external environment(structure) results in different behavioral patterns,different structure dimensions,fair correlation and concordance between EPM and EZM, and the stable index of EPM and EZM might be preferred to Otime%.

Acompanhamento da capacidade funcional de pacientes com artrite reumatoide por três anos / Monitoring the functional capacity of patients with rheumatoid arthritis for three years

Objetivo Quantificar a modificação da capacidade funcional em um período de três anos em um grupo de pacientes com artrite reumatoide (AR), utilizando os inventários HAQ e EPM-ROM. Métodos Quarenta pacientes com AR em tratamento com metotrexato (MTX) como fármaco antirreumático modificador da doença (DMARD) foram acompanhados por até três anos. O estado funcional foi avaliado no início e no final do período por HAQ e EPM-ROM. Resultados Trinta e dois pacientes foram recuperados, com escore HAQ inicial de 1,14 ± 0,49 (média ± DP) e EPM-ROM de 5,8 ± 2,75. Após um período médio de três anos, o HAQ foi de 1,13 ± 0,49 e EPM-ROM em 6,81 ± 3,66. No subgrupo de sete pacientes submetidos a cirurgia ortopédica, o HAQ diminuiu de 0,84 ± 0,72 para 1,64 ± 0,56; e o EPM-ROM, de 5,8 ± 1,80 para 8,3 ± 0,74. No subgrupo de pacientes não operados, o HAQ variou de 1,2 ± 0,45 para 1,07 ± 0,70; e o EPM-ROM, de 5,7 ± 3,06 para 6,4 ± 3,90. Conclusão Em um grupo de pacientes com AR medicados apenas com MTX como DMARD, houve pouca mudança nas pontuações HAQ e EPM-ROM durante o período médio de três anos. Observou-se agravamento da capacidade funcional no grupo de pacientes operados, em comparação com os não operados. Este fato nos alerta para a necessidade do uso de esquemas terapêuticos mais abrangentes e de maior disponibilidade de cirurgias musculoesqueléticas, em tempo hábil, em pacientes com AR. .

Objective To quantify modification of functional capacity in a three-year period in a group of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) using HAQ and EPM-ROM inventories. Methods Forty patients with RA on methotrexate (MTX) as disease-modifying antirheumatic drug (DMARD) were followed for up to three years. The functional status was assessed at the beginning and end of the period by HAQ and EPM-ROM. Results Thirty-two patients were retrieved, with initial HAQ score of 1.14 ± 0.49 (mean ± SD) and EPM-ROM score of 5.8 ± 2.75. After an average period of three years, the HAQ score was 1.13 ± 0.49 and EPM-ROM score, 6.81 ± 3.66. In the subgroup of seven patients submitted to orthopedic surgery, HAQ score decreased from 0.84 ± 0.72 to 1.64 ± 0.56 and the EPM-ROM score, from 5.8 ± 1.80 to 8.3 ± 0.74. In the subgroup of non-operated patients, HAQ score varied from 1.2 ± 0.45 to 1.07 ± 0.70 and EPM-ROM score, from 5.7 ± 3.06 to 6.4 ± 3.90. Conclusion In a group of RA patients in use of only MTX as DMARD, there was little change on HAQ score and EPM-ROM scores over the average period of three years. Worsening functional capacity was observed in the group of operated patients in comparison to the not operated ones. This fact alerts us to the need for use of broader therapeutic regimens availability of musculoskeletal surgeries in a timely manner in patients with RA. .

Protective effects of oxytocin on maternal aggression in stress model rats / 中华行为医学与脑科学杂志

Objective To explore the effect of the different doses of oxytocin(OXT) on stress model aggressive behaviour in Wistar rats.Methods According to random number table,40 pregnant rats were divided into experimental stress groups (A, B, C) and control group(D) with 10 samples in each group.Before forced swimming test, rats in experimental groups (A, B, C)were given OXT via intraperitoneal injection with 0.3 mg/kg, 1.0 mg/kg,2.0 mg/kg;rats in group D were given equal volume of normal saline in the same way.At the 3rd day all rats were tested with maternal aggression,including mothers' following indices as total aggression times,biting times,pinning times,attack latency and duration of attack.Elevated plus maze (EPM) test was applied to analyze the behavioral changes.Results In terms of the duration of attack and attack latency,the indexes of group A and group D were significantly different from relevant data ((147.60±23.92) s and(79.70±9.88) s, P＜0.05), while other indexes had no difference(P＞0.05).The duration of attack and attack latency had a significant difference ((3.10±0.87) times, (13.60±5.14)times, (91.30±9.74)s and(167.20±30.02) s, P＜0.01) between group B and group D except total aggression times(P＞0.05).Group C and group D in given indexes had significant differences showing (6.40± 1.34) times, (15.10±4.35) times, (23.70±3.46) times, (49.80± 5.53) s and (215.60± 39.55) s (P＜0.01).Group A and group B in given indexes had significant differences (P＜ 0.05);and group B and group C had a significant difference (P＜0.01)except pinning times(P＞0.05).In EPM ,the open arm entry ratio and the open arm time ratio of both group A and group D were significantly different from respective percentage (0.47±0.13) and (0.13±0.05) (P＜0.01).The significant difference was found in group B and group D(P＜0.01);group A and group B had a statistical difference(P＜0.05);there was no difference in both groups in open arm time ratio(P＞0.05).Conclusion Oxytocin potentially mediates maternal aggression by attenuating stress, and improves the intimate bonding between mother and pups,which means dose dependency of OXT in this process.

Anxiolytic effect of antianxietic compound prescription capsule on acute stress in rats and influence upon expression of ERK/CREB signaling pathway and BDNF in the brain of rats / 中国药理学通报

Aim To study the pharmacodynamics of antianxietic compound prescription capsule ( ACPC ) on acute stress in rats and the influence upon the ex-pression of ERK/CREB signal pathway and brain-de-rived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF) in the cerebral cor-tex and hippocampus of rats. Methods The elevated plus maze ( EPM ) test was applied to observe the effects of ACPC on acute stress rats administered 7 d low-, medium- and high-dose ( 0. 75 , 1. 5 , 3 g · kg-1 ) . The expression of ERK/CREB signal pathway and BDNF in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus of rats were studied by using Western blot method. Re-sults In EPM, high-dose of ACPC increased signifi-cantly the rat open arm time ( OT%) ( P<0 . 05 ) and the percentage of open arm entries ( OE%) ( P <0. 05). In Western blot, the medium-dose of ACPC reduced significantly p-ERK1/2 expression in hippo-campus ( P <0. 05 ) , and high-dose group decreased significantly the expression of p-ERK1/2 and p-CREB in the cortex and hippocampus of rats ( P <0. 05 ) . High-dose group increased significantly the expression of BDNF in the cortex and hippocampus of rats ( P<0. 05 , P<0. 01 ) . Conclusion ACPC has anti-anxie-ty effect in the model of EPM, and its mechanism may be related to the ERK/CREB signal pathway and in-creased BDNF expression.

Servicios públicos domiciliarios: ¿derechos humanos o productos para la venta? Caso Medellín / Home utilities: are they human rights or products for sale? The Medellin Case

El presente artículo presenta los resultado de investigación encaminada a demostrar y visibilizar, en la ciudad de Medellín, las múltiples afectaciones a personas por la ausencia de servicios públicos domiciliarios en sus viviendas, aún y la capacidad técnica, operativa y financiera de la empresa prestadora de servicios en la ciudad: Empresa Públicas de Medellín (Epm E.S.P), lo que supone una inadecuada lectura de la realidad de la ciudad, principalmente en las zonas periféricas y zonas de alto riesgo. Esta situación lleva a que los ciudadanos recurran a las vías judiciales o a las vías de hecho para proveerse del servicio y en cualquiera de las dos vías se termina por generarle una serie de dificultades de orden jurídico, social y económico al Municipio que es, según la Ley 142 de 1994, el responsable de garantizar el derecho a los servicios públicos domiciliarios; situaciones que pudiesen contar con una solución más adecuada en tanto que ajustada a las realidad de la ciudad.

This current paper introduces the research results aiming at demonstrating and identifying, in the city of Medellin, the multiple effects to people by the lack of home utilities, still and the technical, operational, and financial capacities of the company providing services in the city: Public Companies of Medellin (EPM -ESP), which supposes an inadequate reading of the reality of the city, mainly on the outskirts and high-risk areas. This situation makes the citizens resort to the judicial routes or assault and battery in order for them to provide with the service, and in either of the two routes, a series of legal, social, and economic difficulties are derived, which becomes a problem to the Municipality, which according to the Law 142 as of 1994, is responsible for ensuring the people the right to home utilities, situations which could have a moreadequate solution to the extent that it can be adjusted to the reality of the city.

Lafora disease: A case report, pathologic and genetic study.

A 19-year-old male patient presented with progressive myoclonic seizures and speech disorder. The patient had photosensitivity, a few episodes of sudden transient blindness, and infrequent complex visual auras, dysarthria and mild ataxia, frequent myoclonic jerks prominently in the legs and severe dementia. Microscopic examination of the axillary skin biopsy revealed periodic acid-Schiff positive inclusion bodies in abluminal side of the apocrine sweat gland acini. Molecular screening showed a homozygous R241X mutation in EPM2A. Genotyping helps in the correct diagnosis of the Lafora disease (LD), which may be difficult to diagnose based on the available histopathological testing only. Our study is an effort to determine the distribution of mutations in LD patients in our region.

Influence of orofacial pain, in superficial and deep tissue, on the anxiety levels in rats / Influência da dor orofacial, em tecidos superficiais e profundos, no nível de ansiedade em ratos

Purpose: The present study aimed to determine the influence of orofacial pain in superficial and deep tissue on anxiety levels in male Wistar rats. Methods: Orofacial pain was induced by injecting 50 µL of 1% formalin in the lip (superficial tissue) and in the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) (deep tissue) of male Wistar rats. The anxiety level was measured by the elevated plus maze (EPM) test. The standard measures (number of entries into open and enclosed arms, and time spent in opened ones), were recorded. The three measures of plus-maze behavior calculated were the percentage of entries into the openarms (% EOA) (100 X open/total), the percentage of time spent in the open arms (% TSOA) (100 X open/total) and the number of entries into the closed arms (NECA). Data were analyzed with ANOVA and Tukey's tests. Results: The formalin injection in the lip and in the TMJ region significantly increased the anxiety level as measured by the percentage of time spent inside and the number of entries in the open arms of the EPM test, but did not increase the general activity measured by the number of entrances in the closed and opened arms. Anxiety response was significantly reduced by Diazepam® administration (1 mg/kg) before the formalin injection to lip/TMJ. Conclusion: The results suggest that the orofacial nociceptive response induced by the injection of 1% formalin in the lip or TMJ region increases the anxiety level in rats and that Diazepam® can reduce it.

Objetivo: Este estudo objetivou determinar a influência da dor orofacial, em tecidos superficiais e profundos, sobre o nível de ansiedade em ratos machos Wistar. Metodologia: A dor orofacial foi induzida pela injeção de 50 µL formalina a 1%, na região de lábio (tecido superficial) e da articulação temporomandibular (ATM) (tecido profundo) de ratos machos Wistar. A ansiedade foi medida utilizando o teste do labirinto em cruz elevado (LCE). Resultados: Os resultados demonstraram que as injeções de formalina no lábio e na ATM aumentaram significativamente o nível de ansiedade, medido pela porcentagem de tempo gasto nos braços abertos e pela porcentagem de entrada nos braços abertos do LCE, masnão aumentou a atividade geral medida pelo número de entradas nos braços abertos e fechados do LCE. A ansiedade foi significantemente reduzida pela administração de Diazepam® (1 mg/kg), previamente à injeção de formalina no lábio e na ATM. Conclusão: Os resultados sugerem que a dor orofacial induzida pela injeção de formalina 1% na região do lábio e da ATM é capaz de aumentar o nível de ansiedade em ratos e que a administração de Diazepam® pode reduzir esta resposta.

Role of nitric oxide in the periaqueductal gray in defensive behavior in mice: influence of prior local N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor activation and aversive condition

Glutamate N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor activation within the dorsal column of the periaqueductal gray (dPAG) leads to antinociceptive, autonomic, and behavioral responses characterized as the fear reaction. Activation of NMDA receptors in the brain increases nitric oxide (NO) synthesis, and NO has been proposed to be a mediator of the aversive action of glutamate. This paper reviews a series of studies investigating the effects of neuronal NO synthase (nNOS) inhibition in the dPAG of mice in different aversive conditions. nNOS inhibition by infusion of Nω-propyl-L-arginine (NPLA) prevents fear-like reactions (e.g., jumping, running, freezing) induced by NMDA receptor stimulation within the dPAG and produces anti-aversive effects when injected into the same midbrain site in mice confronted with a predator. Interestingly, nNOS inhibition within the dPAG does not change anxiety-like behavior in mice exposed to the elevated plus maze (EPM), but it reverses the effect of an anxiogenic dose of NMDA injected into the same site in animals subjected to the EPM. Altogether, the results support a role for glutamate NMDA receptors and NO in the dPAG in the regulation of defensive behaviors in mice. However, dPAG nitrergic modulation of anxiety-like behavior appears to depend on the magnitude of the aversive stimulus.

Effects of Glycyrrhizae Radix on Repeated Restraint Stress-induced Neurochemical and Behavioral Responses

Glycyrrhizae radix (GR) is an herbal medicine that is commonly used in the East Asia for treating a variety of diseases, including stomach disorders. The objective of the present study was to examine the anti-stress effects of GR on repeated stress-induced alterations of anxiety, learning and memory in rats. Restraint stress was administered for 14 days (2 h/day) to the rats in the Control and GR groups (400 mg/kg/day, PO). Starting on the eighth day, the rats were tested for spatial memory on the Morris water maze test (MW) and for anxiety on the elevated plus maze (EPM). We studied the changes of the expressions of cholineacetyl transferase (ChAT) and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) in the locus coerleus (LC) using immunohistochemistry. The results showed that the rats treated with GR had significantly reduced stress-induced deficits on their learning and memory on the spatial memory tasks. In addition, the ChAT immunoreactivities were increased. Gor the EPM, treatment with GR increased the time spent in the open arms (p<0.001) as compared to that of the control group. Moreover, GR treatment also normalized the increases of the TH expression in the LC (p<0.001). In conclusion, administration of GR improved spatial learning and memory and reduced stress-induced anxiety. Thus, the present results suggest that GR has the potential to attenuate the behavioral and neurochemical impairments caused by stress.

A Case of Extrapontine Myelinolysis with both Frontal Lobe Dysfunction and Decreased Perfusion in SPECT

A thirty-nine year old woman was consulted because of personality change, agitation and memory disturbance. She received chemotherapy and oral steroids because of carcinoma within the bronchus. She had a high serum osmolarity caused by hyperglycemia and hypernatremia, and it was corrected rapidly. Her brain MRI showed EPM (extrapontine myelinolysis). Brain SPECT showed hypoperfusion in the bilateral orbitofrontal regions. We report a patient with EPM with typical frontal lobe dysfunction as an initial manifestation and bilateral orbitofrontal hypoperfusion.