ABSTRACT
Abstract Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) are a promising alternative to integrated control in many fruit pests. Few studies were made on the relationship of Anastrepha fraterculus natural population with native EPNs population and other biotic and abiotic factors. The aim of this work was to verify the occurrence of endemic nematodes in an apple orchard, concerning environmental conditions and technical procedure, and access isolates virulence to A. fraterculus larvae. The experiment was conducted during a year taking monthly soil samples from an apple orchard, with and without fallen fruits just above the soil. Samples were baited with Tenebrium molitor and A. fraterculus larvae in laboratory. Canopy and fallen fruits were sampled to access the pest infestation. Seventy three EPN isolates were captured, in 23.2% soil samples, more with T. molitor than with A. fraterculus baits. From the 20 isolates tested against A. fraterculus, only five were pathogenic, and they were identified as Oscheius sp. The nematodes were captured during all seasons in a similar frequency. Soil and weather conditions, presence of fruit over the orchard soil, and A. fraterculus pupae in the fruits had no significant influence on the capture. As a conclusion, nematodes of the genera Oscheius are found in an apple orchard of Porto Amazonas constantly along the year, independently of fluctuations in A. fraterculus population, climate conditions and presence of fruit over the soil. Some of the isolates are pathogenic to A. fraterculus.
Resumo Nematoides entomopatogênicos (NEPs) são alternativa promissora para o controle integrado de várias pragas de frutíferas. Foram feitos poucos estudos ecológicos sobre a relação de populações naturais de Anastrepha fraterculus com a de NEPs nativos e outros fatores bióticos e abióticos. O objetivo desse trabalho foi verificar a ocorrência de nematoides endêmicos de um pomar de macieira, considerando condições ambientais e procedimentos técnicos, e testar a virulência de isolados para larvas de A. fraterculus. O experimento foi conduzido durante um ano coletando mensalmente amostras de solo de um pomar de macieira com e sem frutos acima do solo. Foram feitas armadilhas com larvas de Tenebrium molitor e de A. fraterculus em laboratório. Frutos na copa e caídos no solo foram amostrados para quantificar a infestação da praga. Setenta e três isolados de NEPs foram capturados em 23,2% das amostras de solo, mais em armadilhas de T. molitor do que em A. fraterculus. Dos 20 isolados testados contra A. fraterculus, apenas cinco foram patogênicos, e eles foram identificados como Oscheius sp. Os nematoides foram capturados durante todas as estações e em frequência similar. Condições edáficas e climáticas, presença do fruto acima do solo amostrado e de pupas de A. fraterculus nos frutos não tiveram influência significativa na captura. Como conclusão, nematoides do gênero Oscheius ocorrem em pomar de macieira de Porto Amazonas de forma constante ao longo do ano, independentemente de flutuações na população de A. fraterculus, condições climáticas e presença de fruto sobre a superfície do solo. Alguns isolados são patogênicos para A. fraterculus.
Subject(s)
Animals , Malus/parasitology , Tephritidae/parasitology , Larva/parasitology , Nematoda/pathogenicity , Pupa/parasitology , Soil/parasitology , Virulence , Brazil , Biological Control Agents , Nematoda/classificationABSTRACT
El SUDEP se refiere a la muerte súbita e inesperada con o sin testigos, no traumática, y no por ahogamientos en un paciente epiléptico, con o sin evidencia de que haya sufrido una crisis epiléptica al morir, en el que se haya descartado un estado convulsivo como causa de muerte y en el que la autopsia no proporcione evidencia alguna de una causa anatómica o tóxica de la muerte. Aunque SUDEP ha sido reconocida desde el siglo XIX, sólo en las últimas dos décadas se le ha dado la importancia que ¨¦sta requiere. La frecuencia de SUDEP depende de la severidad de la epilepsia pero en general el riesgo de muerte súbita es de 20 veces mayor que el de la población en general. El edema pulmonar neurógeno, la apnea central y la arritmia cardiaca, inducidos por una descarga Á-adrenérgica de origen central, constituyen los tres mecanismos fisiopatogínicos más estrechamente relacionados con la SUDEP. Por lo anterior obliga al clínico a realizar una minuciosa autopsia la cual deber¨ªa incluir un examen neuropatol¨®gico que documente los cambios cerebrales que subyacen a la epilepsia, toxicología y el examen del corazón, los pulmones y otros órganos.
The SUDEP refers to the sudden and unexpected death with or without witnesses, non-traumatic, and not drowning in an epileptic patient, with or without evidence that he suffered a seizure at death, in which a state is ruled seizure as the cause of death in the autopsy did not provide evidence of a toxic or anatomic cause of death. Although SUDEP has been recognized since the nineteenth century, only in the last two decades has been given the importance it requires. SUDEP frequency depends on the severity of epilepsy but in general the risk of sudden death is 20 times higher than the general population. Neurogenic pulmonary edema, central apnea and cardiac arrhythmias induced by ¦Á-adrenergic shock of central origin, pathophysiologic mechanisms are the three most closely related to SUDEP. Therefore forcing the clinician to perform a thorough autopsy, which should include neuropathological examination to document brain changes that underlie epilepsy, toxicology and examination of the heart, lungs and other organs.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Arrhythmias, Cardiac , Death, Sudden , EpilepsyABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: We investigated gender differences in event-related potential (ERP) responses to subliminally presented threat-related stimuli. METHODS: Twenty-four participants were presented with threat-related and neutral pictures for a very brief period of time (17 ms). To explore gender differences in ERP responses to subliminally presented stimuli, we examined six ERP components [P1, N170, N250, P300, Early Posterior Negativity (EPN) and Late Positive Potential (LPP)]. RESULTS: The result revealed that only female participants showed significant increases in the N170 and the EPN in response to subliminally presented threat-related stimuli compared to neutral stimuli. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that female participants exhibit greater cortical processing of subliminally presented threat-related stimuli than male participants.
Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Male , Evoked Potentials , MasksABSTRACT
El SUDEP se refiere a la muerte súbita e inesperada con o sin testigos, no traumática, y no por ahogamientos en un paciente epiléptico, con o sin evidencia de que haya sufrido una crisis epiléptica al morir, en el que se haya descartado un estado convulsivo como causa de muerte y en el que la autopsia no proporcione evidencia alguna de una causa anatómica o tóxica de la muerte. Aunque SUDEP ha sido reconocido desde el siglo XIX, solo en las últimas dos décadas se le ha dado la importancia que ésta requiere. La frecuencia de SUDEP depende de la severidad de la epilepsia pero en general el riesgo de muerte súbita es de 20 veces mayor que el de la población en general. El edema pulmonar neurógeno, la apnea central y la arritmia cardiaca, inducidos por una descarga a-adrenérgica de origen central, constituyen los tres mecanismos fisiopatogénicos más estrechamente relacionados con la SUDEP. Por lo anterior obliga al clínico a realizar una minuciosa autopsia la cual debería incluir un examen neuropatológico que documente los cambios cerebrales que subyacen a la epilepsia, toxicología y el examen del corazón, los pulmones y otros órganos...
Subject(s)
Humans , Anticonvulsants , Epilepsy , Death, Sudden/etiology , Death, Sudden/pathology , Costa RicaABSTRACT
An organophosphorus insecticide EPN, O-ethyl-O, 4-nitrophenyl phenylphosphonothioate, is a stronger inhibitor of ChE activity than leptophos or cyanofenphos which are delayed neurotoxic organophosphorus insecticides, and it is usually difficult to demonstrate its delayed neurotoxicity with a single oral dose without atropinization. In this study, delayed neurotoxic effect of EPN was observed in non-atropinized hens by using the repeated pretreatment method.<BR>1) Three groups of hens were given preliminarily small dose of EPN such as 10mg/kg/day for 10 days, 5 mg/kg/day for 20 days and 10mg/kg/day for 20 days. Another group was not given any preliminary dose. After each pretreatment, these groups received a large amount of dose called ‘challenge dese’, 150mg/kg, 200mg/kg or 300mg/kg of EPN. During the pretreatmental period, only 2 out of 60 hens which received the pretreatment died.<BR>2) The mortality rate due to the acute toxicity after the challenge does in the group pretreated by 10 mg/kg/day for 20 days was significantly lower than in the non-pretreated group.<BR>3) It is clear that EPN shows delayed neurotoxicity in hens. Delayed neurotoxic effect was observed in all groups which were given repeatedly the pretreatment of EPN prior to each challenge dose. While the survived hens from the acute death in the non-pretreated group did not show any sign of delayed neurotoxicity. The specific relationship, however, was not observed between the anount and times of pretreatment and the incidence of delayed neurotoxicity.<BR>4) Delayed neurotoxic effects of EPN such as clinical symptomes, the cource of body-weight change and the findings of histopathological changes were just similar to those of leptophos and cyanofenphos.<BR>5) The results of this study suggest that the using of the repeated pretreatment method allows to give high concentrated organophosphorus compound without atropinization and to accurate assessment of delayed neurotoxicity of some organophosphates; these effects would otherwise not be detected using a single dose of LD<SUB>50</SUB>.