Ear shut and Dentistry: ethical and legal approach / Ear shut e Odontologia: abordagem ética e legal

Introduction: As a health science, dentistry seeks to raise self-esteem and improve patients' quality of life. However, the emergence of the aesthetic procedure "ear shut," which proposes correcting protruding ears without surgery, has raised ethical and legal doubts in the dental profession, especially concerning the limits of professional activity. Objective: To conduct a survey of the laws, norms, and resolutions on the area of performance of dental surgeons, as well as to discuss the limits and consequences of their extrapolation from the perspective of the procedure propagated as "ear shut." Method: A search was carried out for administrative norms on the Federal Council of Dentistry (CFO) websites and the Federal Council of Medicine and legal provisions on the Portal da Legislação website. Results: In the civil sphere, the disclosure of procedures such as the "ear shut" can characterize a promise of result and lead to judicial accountability. Exceeding professional boundaries constitutes an illegal exercise and a crime under the Brazilian Penal Code. In addition to not covering the area of clinical practice of dentists, at the administrative level, CFO Resolutions No. 198/2019 and No. 230/2020 emphasize that ear procedures are not part of the scope of procedures relevant to Dentistry and may lead to ethical infractions and consequent administrative proceedings. Conclusion: At present, based on the skills, prohibitions, rights, and duties of dentists, it can be stated that performing the "ear shut" by these professionals confronts civil, criminal, and administrative obligations.

Introdução: Como ciência da saúde, a Odontologia busca elevar a autoestima e melhorar a qualidade de vida dos pacientes. Entretanto, o surgimento do procedimento estético "ear shut", que propõe a correção da orelha em abano sem cirurgia, gerou dúvidas de ordem ética e legal na classe odontológica, sobretudo no que diz respeito aos limites de atuação profissional. Objetivo: Realizar o levantamento das leis, normativas e resoluções sobre a área de atuação dos cirurgiões-dentistas, bem como discutir os limites e as consequências de sua extrapolação sob a perspectiva do procedimento propagado como "ear shut". Método: Foi realizada uma busca de normas administrativas nos sites do Conselho Federal de Odontologia (CFO) e do Conselho Federal de Medicina, bem como de dispositivos legais no site Portal da Legislação. Resultados: Em âmbito cível, a divulgação de procedimentos como o "ear shut" pode caracterizar promessa de resultado e levar à responsabilização judicial. Ultrapassar os limites profissionais constitui exercício ilícito e constitui crime segundo o Código Penal Brasileiro. Além de não abranger a área de atuação clínica dos cirurgiões-dentistas, no âmbito administrativo, as Resoluções do CFO N° 198/2019 e N° 230/2020 enfatizam que procedimentos na orelha não compõem o escopo de procedimentos pertinentes à Odontologia, podendo levar a infrações éticas e consequente processo administrativo. Conclusão: No momento atual, com base nas competências, vedações, direitos e deveres dos cirurgiões-dentistas, pode-se afirmar que a realização do "ear shut" por estes profissionais confronta obrigações de ordem cível, penal e administrativa.

Uso do retalho tubular retroauricular para reconstrução da hélice e lóbulo da orelha / Use of retroauricular tubular flap for ear helix and ear lobe reconstruction

Defeitos de orelha são frequentes e de etiologias diversas. Ainda assim, a reconstrução de orelha permanece um desafio dentro da cirurgia plástica reconstrutiva, principalmente devido a anatomia e a escassez de tecido local. Embora pouco utilizado, o retalho tubular retroauricular se apresenta como alternativa para reconstrução da hélice e lóbulo. No presente estudo os autores descrevem a técnica operatória, bem como relatam um caso em que foi utilizado. Realizou-se uma avaliação do resultado operatório de quatro casos de reconstrução de orelha utilizando o retalho tubular retroauricular, através de questionários encaminhados para avaliadores leigos e cirurgiões plásticos. O resultado estético final foi classificado como bom ou excelente por 35% dos avaliadores leigos e 50% dos cirurgiões plásticos. Já o resultado operatório foi avaliado como bom ou excelente por 70% dos leigos e 80% dos cirurgiões plásticos. Os resultados permitem concluir que a técnica do retalho tubular retroauricular para reconstrução de defeitos da borda de hélice pode ser indicada, com resultados satisfatórios.

Ear defects are frequent and result of many etiologies, even though ear reconstruction remains a challenge in plastic reconstructive surgery due to anatomy and local tissue paucity. Despite being rarely used, the tubular retroauricular flap presents as an alternative for helix and lobule reconstruction. In this article, the authors describe the operative technique and report a case in which it was used. Also, plastic surgeons and laypeople rated the operative results of four cases of ear reconstructions using the tubular retroauricular flap. The final esthetic result was rated as good or excellent by 35% of laypeople and 50% of plastic surgeons, whereas the operative result was rated as good or excellent by 70% of laypeople and 80% of plastic surgeons. Thereby the findings and authors' experience, we can recommend the tubular retroauricular flap technique for reconstructing ear helix border defects.

Rejuvenescimento cirúrgico do lóbulo senil: uma inovação técnica / Surgical rejuvenating for the aged earlobe: a technical innovation

Os autores apresentam técnica corretiva conservadora para o lóbulo senil. A literatura pertinente é rica em técnicas redutoras de lóbulos longilíneos ou rasgados. Os autores creem que a cirurgia para os lóbulos deve poupar tecidos in situ, a despeito de usuais técnicas de preenchimento com material orgânico e biocompatíveis. A presente técnica se baseia na clássica redução lobular periférica da borda livre, que agrega ao componente do face lifting para reduzir o lóbulo e ao mesmo tempo poupar tecidos e encorpá-lo na cicatriz oculta retrolobular. Resolução tripartite até hoje não apresentada na literatura. Com oito casos operados: seis tipo pec-man no passado; um na forma clássica marginal e três recentes com esta modificação técnica.

The authors present a new surgical approach to the aging earlobe. The technique is based on the classic marginal reduction technique of the earlobe contour that has been improved. In essence, it seeks to preserve the subdermal fat layer of the distal flap created for the purpose of raising the earlobe while being shortened, thickened and smooth, in a hidden scar. It is a tripartite resolution to this problem never seen in the relevant literature. Four 68-yearold women were treated: the first with the classic manner in 2009 and the others with this modification to improve the earlobe withered appearance in 2017-2019. The study shows a rejuvenating eutrophic reduction technique.

Recidiva de cicatriz queloide en pacientes tratados con resección quirúrgica más radioterapia / Keloid scar recurrence in patients treated with surgical resection plus radiotherapy

INTRODUCCIÓN. El proceso de cicatrización puede derivar en anomalías, que afectan el aspecto estético y funcional de la zona afectada; la combinación de tratamientos ha permi-tido resultados favorables. OBJETIVOS. Describir los factores que se dan en las recidivas de cicatriz queloide en pacientes tratados con resección quirúrgica más radioterapia. MA-TERIALES Y MÉTODOS. Estudio observacional, descriptivo y retrospectivo. Población de 2 960 Historias Clínicas, se tomó muestra de 100. Criterios de inclusión: diagnóstico de cicatriz queloide, edad de 12 a 75 años, combinación de tratamiento quirúrgico y radiotera-pia. Criterios de exclusión: edades fuera del rango, tratamiento diferente, en la Unidad de Plástica y Reconstructiva del Hospital de Especialidades Carlos Andrade Marín durante el período enero 2013 a diciembre 2019. Los datos fueron tomados del sistema AS400, el análisis se realizó en el programa estadístico International Business Machines Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, versión 22. RESULTADOS. La localización frecuente fue en el pabellón auricular con 83% (83; 100), de estos el 57% (57; 100) fueron poste-rior a perforación; la recidiva se presentó en el 24% (24; 100) y la principal complicación en los pacientes fue Radiodermitis. DISCUSIÓN. La evidencia científica guardó relación con el estudio referente a técnica, sexo, localización del queloide, causa y complicación. CONCLUSIÓN. Se pudo describir los factores que se dieron en las recidivas de cicatriz queloide en pacientes tratados con resección quirúrgica más radioterapia.

INTRODUCTION. The healing process can lead to anomalies, which affect the aesthe-tic and functional appearance of the affected area; the combination of treatments have allowed favorable results. OBJECTIVES. Describe the factors that occur in keloid scar recurrences in patients treated with surgical resection plus radiotherapy. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Observational, descriptive and retrospective study. Population of 2 960 Clini-cal Histories, a sample of 100 was taken. Inclusion criteria: diagnosis of keloid scar, age 12 to 75 years, combination of surgical treatment and radiotherapy. Exclusion criteria: ages outside the range, different treatment, in the Plastic and Reconstructive Unit of the Carlos Andrade Marín Specialty Hospital during the period January 2013 to December 2019. The data were taken from the AS400 system, the analysis was carried out in the program Sta-tistical International Business Machines Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, ver-sion 22. RESULTS. The frequent location was in the auricle with 83% (83; 100), of these 57% (57; 100) were after perforation; recurrence occurred in 24% (24; 100) and the main complication in patients was Radiodermatitis. DISCUSSION. The scientific evidence was related to the study referring to technique, sex, location of the keloid, cause and compli-cation. CONCLUSION. It was possible to describe the factors that occurred in keloid scar recurrences in patients treated with surgical resection plus radiotherapy.

Case for diagnosis. Pruritic erythematosquamous lesion in the auricle

Abstract Chromoblastomycosis is a subcutaneous mycosis with chronic evolution that mainly affects the lower limbs and, less frequently, the auricles. Clinically, it presents with papillary verrucous, nodular, and/or tumoral lesions, whether isolated or infiltrated, forming plaques and, sometimes, atrophic in some areas. Histopathologically, it is characterized by a dermal granulomatous inflammatory infiltrate, and the diagnosis can be confirmed by the presence of fumagoid bodies in anatomopathological or direct mycological exams. The treatment to be indicated will depend on the extent and location of the lesions, using systemic antifungals, surgical removal, cryotherapy, thermotherapy, and immunoadjuvants. The present study reports an atypical presentation of chromoblastomycosis on the auricle.

Sex Characteristics and Distribution of External Ear in Uygur Population of Xinjiang / 法医学杂志

Objective To analyze the characteristics of the bilateral external ears of Uygur adults by directly observing the morphological characteristics of the external ears of Uygur adults and classifying each feature. The frequency distribution of the characteristics was calculated to provide reference for forensic identification. Methods The 210 cases （75 males and 135 females） of bilateral external ear photos of Uygur adults in Xinjiang that met the inclusion criteria were collected. The frequencies of the features of the external ear were recorded and distinguished between the two sexes and the different sides. The data were statistically analyzed by SPSS 21.0 statistical software. Results The shapes of the external ears of males and females were commonly oblique or rectangular （34.67% of the left external ear of males and 41.33% of the right were oblique; 30.37% of the left and right external ear of females were rectangular）, while triangular ears were the rare variants and the least common. Sex and bilateral differences were observed as regards the form of the helix in the subjects. Normally rolled helix was the most common （58.67% males and 61.48% females for the left ear; 60.00% males and 72.59% females for the right ear）. Wide covering scapha helix was the most rare for the male left ear and flat helix was the most rare for the female right ear. Square and free earlobes were the most common （49.33% males and 62.96% females for the left ear; 40.00% males and 54.81% females for the right ear）, whereas triangular earlobes were rarely seen. Single knob tragus （40.00% males and 37.78% females for the left ear; 37.33% males and 33.33% females for the right ear） and projection type of Darwin's tubercle （50.67% males and 40.00% females for the left ear; 48.00% males and 39.26% females for the right ear） were found to be common. Conclusion The characteristics of the bilateral external ears of male and female Uygur adults have differences, which can be used for forensic identification.

Reconstrução da hélice: tripla transposição / Helix reconstruction: triple transposition

O câncer da pele não melanoma é a neoplasia maligna mais comum em humanos, sendo os carcinomas basocelulares responsáveis por aproximadamente 80% dos casos. A exposição cumulativa à radiação ultravioleta é o principal fator de risco associado ao carcinomas basocelulares, ocorrendo maior incidência nas áreas fotoexpostas, incluindo a região auricular. A região auricular é uma unidade cosmética nobre, cujas peculiaridades anatômicas tornam as cirurgias, com necessidade de excisão de grande quantidade de tecido, um desafio para o cirurgião dermatológico. Os autores apresentam caso de reconstrução da hélice e região retroauricular por meio de retalho com tripla transposição.

Non-melanoma skin cancer is the most common neoplasia in humans, and basal cell carcinomas (BCC) account for approximately 80% of cases. Cumulative exposure to ultraviolet radiation (UV) is the main risk factor associated to BCC, with a higher incidence in photoexposed areas, including the auricular region. The auricular region is a noble cosmetic unit, with anatomical peculiarities that lead surgeries to require the excision of a large amount of tissue, presenting a challenge for the dermatological surgeon. The authors present a case of helix reconstruction with a triple transposition flap.

Reconstrução da hélice da orelha sem triângulo de compensação / Ear's helix reconstruction without the compensation triangle

Os cânceres da pele na região da cabeça e do pescoço correspondem a 70-75% dos tumores cutâneos malignos, e, destes, 80% são do tipo carcinoma basocelular. O pavilhão auricular é a localização dos tumores cutâneos malignos em percentual que varia de três a 6% dos casos. Relatamos técnica alternativa para reconstrução da hélice após exérese de tumores sem a utilização do triângulo de compensação clássico, de modo a proporcionar cicatriz na dobra da hélice, com melhor resultado estético, sem retrações inestéticas ou cicatrizes transversais à hélice.

Skin cancers in the head and neck region account for 70-75% of malignant cutaneous tumors, of which 80% are basal cell carcinomas. Between 3-6% of malignant cutaneous tumors occur in the auricular pavilion. The authors of the present paper report an alternative technique for reconstructing the ear helix after excision of tumors, without the use of the classic compensation triangle. This method allows that the scar be located in the helical sulcus, resulting in a better aesthetic result, without unaesthetic retractions or scars located transversely to the helix.

Whole ear involvement in non-elder patients with relapsing polychondritis / 中华风湿病学杂志

Objective To investigate the clinical and audiological characteristics of non-elder patients with relapsing polychondritis (RP).Methods Clinical and audiological data of patients with RP under 60 years old were collected consecutively and analyzed.The t-test and Mann-Whitney U test were used for statistical analysis between the two groups in quantitative data in normal distribution and non-normal distribution respectively,while Chi-square test was use for qualitative data analysis.Results One hundred and seventy four patients with complete data who fulfilled the Michet criteria were enrolled with a M∶F=1∶1.1.The mean age of disease onset was (39±13) (8-60) years;the median time of disease duration was 12 (1-480) months;the median relapsing polychondritis disease activity index (RPDAI) was 38(10-77) and the median RPODI was 2.4(0.1-56).Auricular chondritis (32.8％,57/174),ocular involvement (24.7％,43/174) and airway chonchritis (21.3％,37/174) were the top three onset-pattern.All parts of external,middle and inner ear were involved in RP.Inner-ear damage was the most common (95.4％,166/174) with insidious cochlea and vestibule equally distributed.Auricular chondritis was predominant in external ear involvement (55.2％,96/174);ET dysfunction was included in eardrum abnormalities of neglected middle-ear involvement (29.9％,52/174).Positive HL by active detection was 71.8％(125/174) with 14.3(25/174) HL fulfilled world health organization (WHO)-2006 criteria,including 52.0％(13/25) disabling HL.Sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) was predominant in RP after 21 years old while 60.0％(6/10) was seen in childhood RP with non-SNHL.At least two parts of ear involvement were seen in almost all patients with heavy overlap.Conclusion All parts of ear are involved in non-elder RP with age related clinical characteristics.Active detection is a key to find insidious middle-and inner-ear involvement for early RP recognition.RPODI is a potential marker for RP evaluation.

Study in air-conducted and bone-conducted auditory brainstem responses in children with congenital external auditory canal atresia / 中华全科医师杂志

Objective To study the clinical value of air-and hone-conduction auditory brainstem responses(ABRs) in children with congenital aural atresia.Methods Air-and bone-conduction clickevoked ABRs in 38 children with congenital external auditory canal atresia were compared to those in 34 normal-hearing children.Results ABR threshold were (65.0 ± 8.7) dBnHL for air conduction and (10.6 ±7.0) dBnHL for bone conduction in children with congenital external auditory canal atresia;and (25.6 ± 1.7) dBnHL and (9.7 ± 6.7) dBnHL respectively in normal hearing children.There was statistically difference between the two groups in air-conduction ABR threshold(t' =21.59,P ＜ 0.01).There was no significance between the two groups in bone-conduction ABR (P ＞ 0.05).While the air-bone ABR threshold gap was greater in children with external auditory canal atresia than in normal hearing children (t' =13.78,P ＜ 0.01),bone-conduction ABR wave latencies were not statistically different between the two groups(all P ＞ 0.05).Conclusion Bone conduction ABR is valuable in assessing fuuction of cochlea,auditory nerve and brainstem in individuals with congenital external auditory canal atresia.It has important clinical value in objective differential diagnosis of conductive deafness with combined application of air-and bone-conduction ABRs.

Correlation between the characteristics of resonance and aging of the external ear / Correlação entre as características da ressonância e o envelhecimento da orelha externa

PURPOSE: Aging causes changes in the external ear as a collapse of the external auditory canal and tympanic membrane senile. Knowing them is appropriate for the diagnosis of hearing loss and selection of hearing aids. For this reason, the study aimed to verify the influence of the anatomical changes of the external ear resonance in the auditory canal in the elderly. METHODS: The sample consisted of objective measures of the external ear of elderly with collapse (group A), senile tympanic membrane (group B) and without changing the external auditory canal or tympanic membrane (group C) and adults without changing the external ear (group D). In the retrospective/clinical study were performed comparisons of measures of individuals with and without alteration of the external ear through the gain and response external ear resonant frequency and the primary peak to the right ear. RESULTS: In groups A, B and C was no statistically significant difference between Real Ear Unaided Response (REUR) and Real Ear Unaided Gain (REUG), but not for the peak frequency. For groups A and B were shown significant differences in REUR and REUG. Between the C and D groups were significant statistics to the REUR and REUG, but not for the frequency of the primary peak. CONCLUSION: Changes influence the external ear resonance, decreasing its amplitude. However, the frequency of the primary peak is not affected .

OBJETIVO: O envelhecimento ocasiona alterações de orelha externa como colabamento do meato acústico externo e membrana timpânica senil. Conhecê-las é oportuno para o diagnóstico da deficiência auditiva e para seleção do aparelho de amplificação sonora individual. Por esse motivo, o estudo propôs-se a verificar a interferência das alterações anatômicas da orelha externa na ressonância do meato acústico em idosos. MÉTODOS: A amostra foi composta por medidas objetivas de orelha externa de idosos com colabamento (grupo A), membrana timpânica senil (grupo B) e sem alteração de meato acústico externo ou membrana timpânica (grupo C) e de adultos sem alteração de orelha externa (grupo D). No estudo retrospectivo/clínico realizaram-se comparações de medidas de indivíduos com e sem alteração de orelha externa por meio do ganho e resposta de ressonância da orelha externa e da frequência de pico primário para orelha direita. RESULTADOS: Nos grupos A, B e C houve diferença estatisticamente significante entre Real Ear Unaided Response (REUR) e Real Ear Unaided Gain (REUG), mas não para a frequência de pico. Para os grupos A e B ocorreu diferença significativa na REUR e REUG. Entre os grupos C e D houve significância estatística para a REUR e REUG, mas não para a frequência do pico primário. CONCLUSÃO: As alterações na orelha externa influenciam na ressonância, diminuindo a sua amplitude. Todavia, a frequência do pico primário não é afetada. .

Correção de orelha de abano por técnica combinada: análise de resultados e alteração da qualidade de vida / Otaplasty using cambined techniques: analysis af results and changes in patient quality af life

Introduction: Prominent ears are relatively frequent and are the most common congenital ear deformity. Numerous otoplasty procedures are described in the literature, including some that recommend the use of combined techniques. Outstanding ears cause considerable aesthetic alteration of the facial symmetry and are associated with psychological and behavioral problems. Thus, it is important to assess the improvement in patient quality of life that this surgical procedure provides. This study aimed to analyze the results of otoplasty procedures using combined techniques and assess the improvement in patient quality of life after the procedure. Method: A retrospective analysis of the results of otoplasty procedures conducted between February 2010 and June 2012 using combined Stenstroem, Mustardé, and Furnas techniques was performed. Epidemiological data and incidence of complications were analyzed, and improvement of quality of life was assessed using the Glasgow benefit inventory questionnaire. Results: Forty patients were included in the study, corresponding to a sample of 77 ears subjected to surgery. The patients' mean age was 24.4 years. Of the patients, 80% were women. Seven complications (9%) were observed in 7 patients who underwent surgery. The Glasgow benefit inventory questionnaire was answered by 26 patients. The mean score for overall benefit was 62.45 points (range, 30.5-97.2 points). Conclusions: The use of the combined techniques in otoplasty showed low incidence of complications and yielded results similar to those described in the literature. Moreover, this study demonstrated that this procedure has the potential to improve the quality of life of patients with prominent ears.

Introdução: Orelhas proeminentes são relativamente frequentes, sendo a alteração congênita mais comum da orelha. Inúmeros procedimentos de otoplastia são descritos na literatura, dentre eles alguns que preconizam a utilização de técnicas combinadas. A orelha de abano, além de proporcionar considerável prejuízo estético para a harmonia facial, está relacionada a problemas psicológicos e de comportamento. Assim, torna-se importante a mensuração da melhora da qualidade de vida proporcionada por esse procedimento cirúrgico. Este estudo teve por objetivo analisar os resultados das otoplastias utilizando técnica combinada e avaliar a melhora na qualidade de vida advinda após esse procedimento. Método: Análise retrospectiva dos resultados das otoplastias realizadas no período de fevereiro de 2010 a junho de 2012, com técnica combinada de Stenstroem, Mustardé e Furnas. Foram analisados dados epidemiológicos e incidência de complicações, bem como foi avaliada a melhora da qualidade de vida pelo questionário Glasgow Benefit Inventory. Resultados: Quarenta pacientes foram incluídos no estudo, correspondendo a uma amostra de 77 orelhas operadas. A média de idade dos pacientes foi de 24,4 anos, sendo 80% do sexo feminino. Ocorreram 7 complicações na amostra (9%) em 7 pacientes operados. O questionário Glasgow Benefit Inventory foi respondido por 26 pacientes. A pontuação de benefício geral revelou uma média de 62,45 pontos (30,5 pontos a 97,2 pontos). Conclusões: A utilização de técnicas combinadas na correção da orelha de abano revelou baixa incidência de complicações, com resultados comparáveis aos da literatura. Este estudo demonstrou ainda que a realização desse procedimento apresenta a possibilidade de modificar positivamente a qualidade devida dos pacientes operados.

Apresentação do processo de confecção da cápsula do aparelho de amplificação sonora individual intra-aural por meio de digitalização / Presenting the process of making the capsule of intra-aural hearing aid through digitization

OBJETIVO: o objetivo deste estudo é apresentar as etapas do processo de confecção da cápsula do aparelho de amplificação sonora individual intra-aural por meio da digitalização. MÉTODO: foram utilizadas otoplásticas e os equipamentos Legato para realizar o escaneamento e Envisiontec para sinterização, ambos disponibilizados pela empresa Phonak. RESULTADOS: os resultados sinalizam para cápsula de aparelho de amplificação sonora individual intra-aurais, plenamente satisfatórias, sendo constatada todas as vantagens documentadas pelo fabricante. CONCLUSÃO: a nova técnica de confecção de cápsula por meio de processo de digitalização demonstrou ser eficaz com alta qualidade e mantendo a impressão fiel da orelha, além de durabilidade significativa.

PURPOSE: the objective of this study is to present the steps involved in making the capsule of intra-aural hearing aids through scanning. METHOD: we used the Legato otoplasty equipment in order to perform scanning and Enisiontec for sintering, both provided by the company Phonak. RESULTS: the results point out to capsule-ear hearing aid, as being fully satisfying and with all the benefits documented by the manufacturer. CONCLUSION: a new technique in order to make the capsule through the scanning process has been proven effective and with high quality and keeping the faithful imprint of the ear, in addition to significant durability.

Medida do grau de correção das orelhas proeminentes utilizando algoritmo de tratamento padronizado / Assessment of the degree of correction of prominent ears using a standardized treatment algorithm

The goal of aesthetic otoplasty is the correction of ear deformities by creating harmonious and symmetrical external ears, without visible scars. Otoplasty techniques based on the excision of postauricular skin are associated with high recurrence rates. Modern otoplasty is based on cartilage-cutting and cartilage-sparing techniques, alone or in combination, which lead to lower recurrence rates. Objective: We evaluated the efficacy of otoplasty combined with other techniques in the correction of ear deformities, based on a modified version of the "algorithm for otoplasty at the Craniofacial Center at Texas Children's Hospital". Methods: Forty patients, who underwent otoplasty for prominent ears in our institution between March and September of 2009, were prospectively assessed. The mastoid-helix distance was measured preoperatively (baseline) and at 1, 3, and 6 months postoperatively. Results: The most common deformities were scaphoconchal angle greater than 90° (51.3%, 41/80 ears) and conchal hypertrophy > 2.5 cm (46.3%, 37/80 ears). Recurrence occurred in 2 (5%) patients and partial stenosis of the ear canal in 1 (2.5%). Significant reductions in the mastoid-helix distance were observed at the three time points compared with baseline (P

O objetivo da otoplastia estética é a correção de deformidades da orelha, criando orelhas externas harmoniosas e simétricas. As técnicas de otoplastia, baseadas na excisão da pele pós-auricular, estão associados com a recorrência elevada. A otoplastia moderna é baseada nas técnicas de ressecção e/ou modelagem da cartilagem, que levam que menores taxas de recorrência. Objetivo: Foi avaliada a eficácia da otoplastia com técnica combinada na correção de deformidades da orelha, baseado numa versão modificada do "algoritmo para otoplastia", na Centro Craniofacial do Hospital Infantil do Texas". Método: Quarenta pacientes submetidos à otoplastia por orelhas proeminentes, entre março e setembro de 2009, foram avaliados prospectivamente. A distância mastoide-hélice foi medida no pré-operatório e após 1, 3 e 6 meses após a cirurgia. Resultados: As deformidades mais comuns foram ângulo escafo_concha I maior que 90° (51,3%, 41/80 orelhas) e hipertrofia de concha> 2,5cm (46,3%, 37/80 orelhas). Reduções significativas na distância mastoide_hélice foram observadas nos três períodos em comparação com os valores basais (P

The Importance of a Conchal Bowl Element in the Fabrication of a Three-Dimensional Framework in Total Auricular Reconstruction

BACKGROUND: To construct a sophisticated three-dimensional framework, numerous modifications have been reported in the literature. However, most surgeons have paid little attention to the anatomical configuration of the concha and more to its deepness and hollowness, leading to unsatisfactory outcomes. METHODS: For a configuration of the concha that is definitely anatomical, the author further developed and employed the conchal bowl element, which has been used by several surgeons although the results have not been published elsewhere. The author constructed the conchal bowl element in one of three patterns according to the amount of available cartilages: one block, two-pieces, or a cymba bowl element only. A total of 20 patients underwent auricular reconstruction using a costal cartilage framework between 2009 and 2012. The 8 earliest reconstructions were performed without a conchal bowl element and the latter 12 with a conchal bowl element. The patients were followed up for more than 1 year. The aesthetic results were scored by evaluating characteristics involving the stability of the crus helicis, the conchal definition, and the smoothness of the helical curve. RESULTS: The ears reconstructed early without a conchal bowl element showed a shallow and one or two incompletely separated concha with an obliterated cymba conchal space. They also did not have a realistic or smooth curve of the helix because of an unstable crus helicis. However, ears reconstructed later with the concha bowl element showed a definite crus helicis, deep cymba conchal space, and smooth helical curve. CONCLUSIONS: The construction of the conchal bowl element is simple, not time-consuming procedure. It is suggested that the conchal bowl element must be constructed and attached to the main framework for natural configuration of the reconstructed ear.

Enxerto composto auricular na reconstrução da asa nasal / Use of a composite auricular na reconstrução da asa nasal", "_e": "n

O nariz ocupa o centro da face, o que torna pequenas assimetrias e imperfeições evidentes. Uma de suas subunidades é a asa nasal, região que exige não apenas resultados estéticos, mas também funcionais, em sua reconstrução, tornando-se um desafio ao cirurgião plástico. Neste artigo são descritos 3 casos em que foi utilizado enxerto composto auricular para reconstrução da asa nasal. Os enxertos apresentaram integração total, com resultados estéticos e funcionais adequados. Segundo revisão da literatura, não há diferença nos índices de complicação comparando-se os enxertos com os retalhos locais e, a longo prazo, a cartilagem auricular tende a manter-se no formato moldado, sofrendo raras distorções e mínima ou nenhuma absorção, diferentemente das cartilagens costais e dos enxertos ósseos. O enxerto composto auricular é uma técnica versátil e segura, com excelentes resultados na reconstrução da asa nasal e com baixa morbidade das áreas doadoras, cumprindo com eficiência seu objetivo reparador.

Since the nose is located in the center of the face, small asymmetries and imperfections are easily recognized. One subunit of the nose is the nasal ala, a region that, when reconstructed, requires the achievement of esthetic and functional results. This poses a challenge to the plastic surgeon. In this article, we describe 3 cases of composite auricular grafts used for nasal alar reconstruction. The grafts presented total integration and provided satisfactory esthetic and functional results. A literature review revealed no differences in the complication rates between grafts and local flaps. Moreover, the shape of the auricular cartilage was maintained over time, showing rare distortions and no or minimal absorption, contrary to costal cartilage and bone grafts. The use of composite auricular grafts is versatile and safe. This procedure ensures excellent results in nasal alar reconstruction and guarantees low morbidity within the donor areas. Therefore, the use of this technique efficiently enables the repair of nasal defects.

Real ear unaided gain and its relation with the equivalent volume of the external and middle ear

Introduction: Old age is associated with changes in the characteristics of the middle ear transmission system and in external ear resonance, and these carry implications for the hearing aid (HA) verification process for which targets and measures of the real ear insertion gain (REIG) are used. Aim: To compare the real ear unaided gain (REUG) and the equivalent volumes of the external ear (VeqEE) and the middle ear (VeqME) between elderly and adult patients. Methods: This is a retrospective study in which the medical records of 28 elderly patients (aged between 61 and 102 years, average hearing thresholds between 38.75 and 85 dB HL) and 23 adult patients (aged 20-59, mean hearing thresholds between 31.25 and 116.25 dB HL) with bilateral sensorineural hearing loss and no history of middle ear abnormalities were analyzed. Immittance measurements (VeqEE, VeqME, and pressure of the peak of maximum compliance) and the REUG (frequency and amplitude of the primary peak) were recovered for a total of 40 ears. These data were compared between elderly and adults as well as between men and women, using Student's t test. Correlations (Pearson) between immittance and REUG data were also verified. Results: No statistically significant differences (p < 0.01) were found for immittance and REUG data between elderly and adults, or between men and women. A negative and weak but significant correlation was observed between the REUG primary peak and VeqEE. Conclusion: Hearing aid verification can be performed with target and measures of the REIG in the elderly population...

Ear reconstruction after traumatic injuries / Reconstruções auriculares após lesões traumáticas

BACKGROUND: Congenital or traumatic ear deformities are difficult and complex issues in plastic surgery due to the increasing number of cases and high degree of difficulty involved in surgeries to restore facial harmony. The authors assessed the techniques used in ear reconstruction, their complications, and the degree of esthetic and functional satisfaction. METHODS: A retrospective cross-sectional study was performed, including cases of post-traumatic ear reconstruction in which costal cartilage graft was employed; the study took place at Hospital Geral de Goiânia Dr. Alberto Rassi and a private clinic from February 2005 to March 2010. Patient satisfaction with respect to esthetic and functional aspects was recorded during postoperative visits. RESULTS: Thirty-four cases were analyzed including 14 (41.1 percent) women and 20 (58.9 percent) men (range, 13-56 years). The average time for reconstruction after trauma was 6-8 months, and the average interval between surgeries was 6 months. Five patients had complications; only 1 required re-intervention due to posterior atrial contraction. Of all patients, 30 reported being satisfied with both the esthetic and functional results; 4 were dissatisfied, and 1 of them underwent subsequent retouching. CONCLUSIONS: Ear reconstruction after trauma is a complex issue in plastic surgery; however, with the standardization and systematization of techniques and a well-established learning curve, the results are very satisfactory; facial harmony can be restored with low complication rates.

INTRODUÇÃO: As deformidades auriculares congênitas ou traumáticas representam um tema de expressividade e complexidade em cirurgia plástica, pelo aumento de casos e pelo alto grau de dificuldade observado nos procedimentos de reparação, necessários para a restauração da harmonia facial do indivíduo. Os autores avaliam a técnica utilizada nas reconstruções auriculares e suas complicações, bem como o grau de satisfação estética e funcional. MÉTODO: Foi realizado um estudo retrospectivo, transversal, analisando os casos de reconstrução de orelha pós-trauma, operados no Hospital Geral de Goiânia Dr. Alberto Rassi e em clínica particular, de fevereiro de 2005 a março de 2010, em que foi empregado enxerto de cartilage costal. O grau de satisfação dos pacientes foi aferido nas consultas de pós-operatório com relação aos aspectos estéticos e funcionais. RESULTADOS: Foram analisados 34 casos, sendo 14 (41,1 por cento) mulheres e 20 (58,9 por cento) homens, com faixa etária entre 13 e 56 anos. O tempo médio para a reconstrução após o trauma foi de cerca de seis meses a oito meses e de um ato cirúrgico para outro, de seis meses. Cinco pacientes apresentaram complicações, e apenas um deles necessitou reintervenção em decorrência de retração auricular posterior. Do total de pacientes avaliados, 30 se definiram como satisfeitos com o resultado tanto estético como funcional e os outros 4, como insatisfeitos, sendo um deles submetido a retoque posterior. CONCLUSÕES: A reconstrução auricular após trauma é um tema complex da cirurgia plástica, mas com a padronização e a sistematização de técnicas e uma curva de aprendizagem bem executada os resultados são muito satisfatórios, devolvendo harmonia facial ao indivíduo, com baixa taxa de complicações.

Classificação cirúrgica de Firmin para deformidades de orelha: análise crítica de série de casos operados no Brasil / Firmin’s surgical classification for ear deformities: critical analisys of a series operated in Brazil

A reconstrução para corrigir as deformidades auriculares, congênitas ou adquiridas, é uma cirurgia desafiadora devido à grande variabilidade clínica e dos tipos de tratamento. Firmin descreveu uma classificação cirúrgica com a finalidade de auxiliar o cirurgião plástico na realizaçãodo tratamento. Objetivo: Demonstrar que não existe uma regra única entre os tipos clínicos e os possíveis tipos de incisão na pele e apresentar a melhor maneira de utilizar a classificação cirúrgica de Firmin. Método: Foram avaliados 12 pacientes, todos portadores de deformidades congênitas ou adquiridas. Os pacientes foram classificados clínica e cirurgicamente pela autora sênior. Foram excluídos do estudo os pacientes submetidos à reconstrução de orelha sem a necessidadede cartilagem costal, utilizando cartilagem conchal da orelha contralateral. Todos os pacientes foram submetidos à reconstrução de orelha e acompanhados por um ano. Foi avaliado também o índice de complicações. Resultados: As classificações cirúrgicas de incisão na pele foram: 3 pacientes tipo II, 2 pacientes tipo IIIa e 4 pacientes tipo IIIb. Os tipos de maquete foram: 5 pacientes tipo I e 4 pacientes tipo III. Não houve mudanças das indicações cirúrgicas. O índice de complicações foi considerado baixo. Conclusão: A classificação cirúrgica de Firmin para reconstrução auricular demonstrou ser uma excelente ferramenta para direcionar o cirurgião plástico no planejamento terapêutico. O tipo de incisão, proposto por Firmin, a ser utilizado na correção cirúrgica tem relação com o tamanho e a localidade do remanescente auricular ou com sua ausência, e é independente da classificação clínica.

The reconstruction to correct microtias and acquired ear deformities is a defying surgery due to clinical variations and many forms of treatment. Rogers and Tanzer described the clinical classification that is the most utilized in the literature and Firmin described a surgical classification to assist the plastic surgeon in the treatment. Objective: Demonstrate that there is no strict indications between the clinical types and types of skin incision and to present the best way to use Firmin’s surgical classification. Methods: 12 patients with congenital (microtias) or acquired (burn sequela) ear deformities were evaluated. The patients were categorized clinically and surgically by the senior author. All patients under went reconstructive surgery and were followed up for one year. It was also evaluated the complication index. Results: The clinical classification was: 3 patients as small anomaly, 4 as lobular type, 3 as conchal type and 2 patients with total defect / burn sequel. The surgical classification of skin incision was: 3 patients as type II, 2 as type IIIa and 4 as type IIIb. For the framework was: 5 patients type I and 4 patients type III. The complication index was low. Conclusion: The Firmin’s surgical classification for ear reconstruction demonstrated to be an excellent tool to guide the plastic surgeon in the therapeutic treatment. The Firmin’s types of incision utilized in the corrective surgery have a relationship with the size and location of the auricular remanent and are independent of the clinical classification.

Reparo de fissura de lóbulo auricular usando cola cirúrgica de menor custo / Cleft earlob repair by use of low cost surgical glue

Introdução: As vantagens dos cianoacrilatos em síntese cutânea têm sido sobejamente demonstradas na literatura. Entretanto, estes produtos têm sido subutilizados no Brasil devido aos elevados custos do 2-octilcianoacrilato. Ademais, a forma mais economicamente acessível, o 2-etilcianoacrilato (ECA), tem sido pouco estudada como adesivo cutâneo. Relato do Caso: No caso descrito, os autores relatam a eficiência e as vantagens do fechamentode uma laceração de lóbulo auricular de uma criança usando o ECA de menor custo como alternativa à sutura.

Background: The advantages of the cyanoacrylates in cutaneous synthesis have been frequently shown in the literature. However, these products have not been very used in Brazildue to the high costs of the 2-octilcyanoacrylate. Besides, the form more economically accessible, the 2-etilcyanoacrylate (ECA) has not been much studied as cutaneous adhesive. Case Report: The authors describe the efficiency and the advantages of a laceration closing of a child’s ear lobe using the low cost ECA as alternative to the suture.