Validación de la escala de suicidalidad OKASHA para adolescencia temprana en Chile / Validation of the "OKASHA" suicidal scale for the Chilean early adolescent population

El suicidio adolescente es un problema a nivel mundial que ha impulsado diversos esfuerzos de prevención, siendo relevante poder detectar a tiempo el riesgo a edades tempranas. A pesar de que existen diversos instrumentos para este propósito, sobre todo en adultos, en Chile no existe uno validado en población menor a 15 años de edad, donde se ha visto un aumento progresivo del riesgo durante los últimos años. Este estudio es una validación de la escala de suicidalidad OKASHA en población de 10 a 14 años. El instrumento presentó buenas propiedades psicométricas, tanto en la predicción de intentos reales de suicidio como en su correlación con otros predictores de riesgo descritos en la literatura. Debido a su buen poder predictivo, fácil administración y poco tiempo requerido, el instrumento resulta idóneo para ser utilizado en contextos como la atención primaria de salud o en la comunidad, donde la detección oportuna del riesgo y la adecuada derivación son de vital importancia, especialmente en una población donde dicho riesgo ha sido muchas veces invisibilizado y por ende no abordado hasta cometerse el acto propiamente tal.

Adolescent suicide is a worldwide problem that has triggered diverse prevention efforts. Detecting the risk as quickly as possible at an early age is highly relevant. Although there are various instruments that exist for this very purpose, mostly for adults, there is no validated instrument for those under 15 years of age. Incidentally, in the past couple of years this same age group has had an increased risk in this area. This study is a validation of the suicidal scale "OKASHA" for the population between 10 and 14 years old. The instrument presented good psychometric properties in both the prediction of real suicidal attempts and in its correlation with other risk predictors taken from literature. Due to its good predictive ability, easy administration, and the little time that is required, the instrument is ideal for being used in contexts such as in primary healthcare. It can also be used in the community, where detecting risk and referral in a timely fashion are of vital importance, especially in a population where such risk has been made invisible and for this reason, has not been detected until the final act has been accomplished.

Relaciones románticas tempranas y su asociación con comportamientos de riesgo en salud durante la adolescencia / Early romantic relationships and their association with health risk behaviors during adolescence

RESUMEN Antecedentes: La evidencia científica sugiere que el inicio de las relaciones románticas en la adolescencia temprana expone a los adolescentes a otros comportamientos no normativos, como inicio sexual más temprano, mayor número de parejas sexuales, inicio del consumo de alcohol y drogas, entre otros, lo que resultara en una desventaja persistente para su vida futura. Objetivo: Analizar la asociación entre relaciones románticas tempranas y comportamientos de riesgo en salud en adolescentes chilenas. Método: Estudio transversal y analítico en una población de 4.398 adolescentes mujeres quienes contestaron una encuesta al ingreso de su primera consulta. Se compararon adolescentes que iniciaron relaciones románticas en la adolescencia temprana (13 y menos años), adolescencia media (14 y 16 años) y adolescencia tardía (17 y 19 años). Se analizó la asociación entre edad inicio relaciones románticas y variables personales, familiares, y de comportamiento. Resultados: El 50,1% inició relaciones románticas en la adolescencia temprana; el 48,3% en la adolescencia media y el 1,7% en la adolescencia tardía. El 84,17% del total de la muestra había iniciado actividad sexual y un 26,6% de ellas lo hizo antes de los 15 años. Se observó que las adolescentes que habían iniciado relaciones románticas en la adolescencia temprana con mayor frecuencia habían iniciado actividad sexual a edad más temprana, tenían más parejas cuando se comparan con los otros grupos. La menor edad de inicio de relaciones románticas también se asoció al consumo de marihuana. Conclusión: El inicio de las relaciones románticas en la adolescencia temprana se asoció a inicio sexual más temprano, tener más parejas sexuales, consumo de marihuana en adolescentes mujeres.

SUMMARY Background: Scientific evidence suggests that starting romantic relationships in early adolescence exposes people to other non-normative behaviors such as earlier sexual initiation, a larger number of sexual partners, and the start of alcohol and drug use, among others, leading to persistent disadvantages later in life. Objective: To analyze the association between early romantic relationships and health-risk behaviors in female Chilean adolescents. Method: Cross-sectional and analytic study in a population of 4.398 female adolescents who answered a survey during first medical appointment. The study compared adolescents who started romantic relationships in early adolescence (13 years and under), middle adolescence (14 and 16 years), and late adolescence (17 and 19 years). The association between the starting age of romantic relationships and personal, family and behavioral variables was analyzed. Results: 50.1% of the participants engaged in romantic relationships in early adolescence; 48.3% in middle adolescence, and 1.7% in late adolescence. 84.17% of sample had initiated sexual activity and 26.6% had done so before the age of 15. It was observed that adolescents who had had their first romantic relationships in early adolescence were more at risk of starting sexual activity at an earlier age, and having more sexual partners compared to the other groups. An earlier starting age of romantic relationships was also associated with marijuana use. Conclusion: The start of romantic relationships in early adolescence was associated with earlier sexual initiation, more sexual partners, and marijuana use in female adolescents.

Levantamento de manifestações clínicas na infância e adolescência de fatores precoces do transtorno bipolar / Survey of clinical manifestations in childhood and adolescence of early factors of bipolar disorder

Objetivo: Identificar em pacientes com transtorno bipolar (TB) manifestações clínicas de fatores precoces apresentadas na infância e adolescência. Métodos: A amostra foi composta por 44 indivíduos, sendo 22 pacientes com diagnóstico clínico de TB da cidade de Tubarão - SC, no ano de 2010, e com um dos familiares desses sujeitos (pai, mãe e/ou responsável), perfazendo um total de 22 familiares. A coleta de dados foi realizada através da utilização de questionário composto por questões relacionadas com informações sociodemográficas do paciente, aspectos biopsicossociais e condições de saúde na infância e adolescência do paciente. Para a análise dos dados foi utilizado o programa estatístico SPSS versão 17.0, por meio de distribuições de frequências simples e aplicação do teste Quiquadrado, para comparação das variáveis (p< 0,05). Resultados: A maioria dos pacientes era do sexo feminino (73%) com média de idade de ±46 anos e o primeiro diagnóstico com média de idade de 32 anos. Em relação ao estado civil, 55% não possuía companheiro e 45% cursaram até o ensino superior. As variáveis introspecção (p=0,005), oscilação de humor durante o dia (p=0,029) e ansiedade (p=0,018) apresentaram níveis de significância. Conclusão: A percepção de pacientes e familiares diferiu em relação a alguns dos itens questionados. Foram relatados com frequência episódios de depressão e oscilações de humor, irritação, distração, delírios de grandeza, alterações no sono, alucinações e tentativa de suicídio. Entretanto, a introspecção, oscilação de humor durante o dia e ansiedade foram os comportamentos presentes percebidos significativamente, tanto para os pacientes quanto para os familiares...

The Moderating Effects of Social Problem-Solving in the Relationship between Risk Factors and Peer Victimization in Colombian Early Adolescents / Efectos Moderadores de la Habilidad de Solución de Problemas Sociales en la Relación entre Factores de Riesgo y Victimización en Adolescentes Colombianos / Efeitos Moderadores da Habilidade de Solução de Problemas Sociais na Relação entre Fatores de Risco e Vitimização em Adolescentes Colombianos

This study assessed the moderating effect of social problem-solving (SPS) in the association between risk factors and peer victimization in a sample of Colombian adolescents. Using structural equation modeling techniques, this study assessed the extent to which changes in victimization varied as a function of the interaction between risk factors and social problem-solving. Results showed that both aggression and avoidance were predictive of initial scores on victimization, but only avoidance was found to predict its change over time. Only a main effect of SPS was found at the beginning of the year; no moderating effects were found. Results are consistent with previous findings by confirming that avoidance and aggression are risk factors for peer victimization.

Este estudio examinó el rol moderador de la habilidad para resolver problemas sociales (SPS) en la asociación entre factores de riesgo y la victimización, en una muestra de adolescentes colombianos. Mediante el uso de técnicas de ecuaciones estructurales se evaluó qué tanto cambió la victimización a lo largo del tiempo, en función de la interacción entre factores de riesgo y la SPS. Los resultados mostraron que la agresión y la evitación son factores de riesgo y predicen puntajes iniciales en la victimización. Sin embargo, únicamente la evitación predijo los cambios de dicha variable en el tiempo. Adicionalmente, se encontró un efecto de la SPS en la victimización al inicio del año escolar, pero no se encontraron efectos moderadores. Los resultados son consistentes con estudios previos en los que se observa que la evitación y la agresión son factores de riesgo en la victimización.

Este estudo examinou o papel moderador da habilidade para resolver problemas sociais (SPS) na associação entre fatores de risco e a vitimização, em uma amostra de adolescentes colombianos. Mediante o uso de técnicas de equações estruturais, avaliou-se quanto a vitimização ao longo do tempo mudou, em função da interação entre fatores de risco e a SPS. Os resultados mostraram que a agressão e a evitação são fatores de risco e predizem pontuações iniciais na vitimização. Contudo, unicamente a evitação prediz as mudanças de dita variável no tempo. Adicionalmente, constatou-se um efeito da SPS na vitimização ao início do ano escolar, mas não se encontraram efeitos moderadores. Os resultados são consistentes com estudos prévios nos quais se observa que a evitação e a agressão são fatores de risco na vitimização.

Analysis of Interference Pattern of Quantitative Electromyography in Early Adolescence

OBJECTIVE: To establish turns-amplitude, activity-envelope amplitude and activity-number of small segements (NSS) clouds of normal early teens using interference pattern. METHOD: Forty four healthy early adolescence from 11 to 15 years old participated in this study. The interference patterns were analyzed using quantitative electromyography of the biceps brachi and tibialis anterior muscles. The interference patterns were measured at 3 to 5 different force levels ranging from minimum to maximum and turns, mean amplitude, activity, envelope amplitude, NSS were analyzed. By turns/amplitude, activity/envelope amplitude and activity/ NSS ratio, normal clouds of gender related each parameters were obtained. RESULTS: The turns-amplitude, activity-envelope amplitude and activity-NSS ratio of the biceps brachii and tibialis anterior muscles were obtained. Normal clouds of gender related turns-amplitude, activity-envelope amplitude and activity-NSS for each muslces were established. CONCLUSION: By using normal cloud patterns of turns- amplitude, activity-envelope amplitude and activity-NSS, automatic interference pattern analysis may contribute to diagnose neuromuscular disease in early adolescent patients.

Children's Self-Concept Differences in Age,Sex and Area During Early Adolescence / 中国临床心理学杂志

Objective: To explore children's self-concept differences in age,sex and area during early adolescence.Methods: 533 children aged from 8 to 13 years were surveyed with the Piers-Harris Children's Self-Concept Scale.Results: ①Children's self-concept as well as its six components developed unequally as age grew.Significant differences existed in the Intellectual and School Status Subscale and the Physical Appearance and Attributes Subscale among children of different ages.②Girls did significantly better than boys in Behavior,Intellectual and School Status and Popularity subscales.③Children in urban areas scored significantly higher than those from the countryside in Physical Appearance and Attributes Subscale.Conclusion: There is certain uniqueness in children's general self-concept as well as its different components,according to children's ages,sexes and areas during early adolescence.