Morphological development of larvae and juveniles of Prochilodus argenteus / Desenvolvimento morfológico de larvas e jovens de Prochilodus argenteus

ABSTRACT: Prochilodus argenteus is an endemic fish species from the São Francisco River basin that is of high economic and environmental importance. The present study aimed to contribute with information to the taxonomic identification of larvae and juveniles of this species. Larvae , obtained from induced spawning of wild animals, were reared in ponds. Individuals were collected daily and classified into larval stages or juvenile phase. Morphological descriptions and morphometric measurements were performed, together with a piece wise linear regression analysis of the body proportions throughout the development process. Individuals in the preflexion stage had a standard length (SL) of 4.48 to 6.64mm, long to moderate body (BH/SL), small to moderate head (HL/SL), and a small to moderate eye (ED/HL). In the flexion stage, the SL varied from 6.60 to 11.00mm, long to moderate body, moderate head, and small to moderate eye. Larvae in the postflexion stage presented SL of 10.54-19.93mm, moderate body, moderate to big head and small eye. The juvenile phase included specimens with a SL of 18.27 to 42.21mm which presented a moderate to high body, big head and small to moderate eye. Regression analysis showed significant moments of change in rate of increase of the body proportions, presenting a change in the growth pattern from allometry to isometry during the early development.

RESUMO: Prochilodus argenteus é uma espécie de peixe endêmica da bacia do Rio São Francisco, com importância econômica e ecológica para a região. O objetivo deste trabalho foi contribuir com informações para a identificação taxonômica de larvas e jovens da espécie. As larvas foram obtidas através de reprodução induzida de animais selvagens e cultivadas em viveiros. Os peixes foram coletados diariamente e classificados nos estágios larvais e fase juvenil. Foi realizada a descrição morfológica e medidas morfométricas, além de uma análise de regressão linear segmentada das proporções corporais ao longo do desenvolvimento. O estágio de pré-flexão apresentou indivíduos com comprimento padrão (CP) de 4,48 a 6,64mm, corpo longo a moderado (AC/CP), cabeça pequena a moderada (CC/CP) e olho pequeno a moderado (DO/CC). Em flexão, o CP variou de 6,60 a 11,00mm com corpo longo a moderado, cabeça moderada e olho pequeno a moderado. No estágio de pós-flexão, as larvas apresentaram CP de 10,54 a 19,93mm, corpo moderado, cabeça moderada a grande e olho pequeno. A fase juvenil compreendeu indivíduos de 18,27 a 42,21mm CP, corpo moderado a alto, cabeça grande e olho pequeno a moderado. As análises de regressão evidenciaram os momentos significativos de mudança no ritmo de incremento das proporções corporais, demonstrando uma mudança no padrão de crescimento de alométrico para isométrico durante o desenvolvimento inicial.

Maternal bedside care on early development of newborn and maternal depression and anxiety,lactation / 中国基层医药

Objective To investigate the influence of maternal and child care bedside on early development of newborns and maternal depression and anxiety,lactation.Methods From January 2013 to June 2015,120 cases of healthy full -term newborns and maternal admitted in our hospital were randomly divided into control group and observation group,60 cases in each group.The two groups of newborns and mothers were given routine care,including care and neonatal umbilical buttocks care,maternity care,including genital or abdominal incision dressing,newborns were routinely vaccinated.In the control group,the newborns were taken to a public bath chamber concentrated bath. The observation group was implemented maternal and child care bedside manner Based on this,at the bedside of the newborn bathing and massage,swimming daily with newborns.Anxiety score (SAS)and depression scale score (SDS)for depression and anxiety were evaluated before and after the two groups of mothers nursing,and maternal milk yield variation were observed at different time,measured neonatal neurological assessment score (NBNA)and height,body mass index,head circumference growth.Results After treatment,the SAS and SDS scores of mothers of the two groups were decreased compared with before treatment,which in the observation group decreased more significantly, the differences were statistically significant (t =3.46,4.21,all P <0.05).After care,the maternal milk productions of the two groups started to grow,which of the observation group were always increased better than the control group, the differences were statistically significant (χ2 =9.34,4.53,6.79,all P <0.05).The newborn NBNA scores,head circumference,height,improvement in the quality index of growth in the observer group were better than the control group,the differences were statistically significant (t =1.98,1.65,2.73,3.63,all P <0.05).Conclusion Maternal and child bedside care can significantly improve maternal depression and anxiety scores,increase maternal lactation, and has a certain role in promoting early neonatal development,it is worth clinical application.

Habilidade de comunicação intencional de bebês: o que pensam as mães? / Babies' intentional communication ability: what the mothers think?

Este estudo investigou as percepções maternas acerca da habilidade comunicativa intencional infantil. Pesquisas destacam o impacto dessas percepções nas interações estabelecidas entre mãe e bebê e suas repercussões no desenvolvimento da linguagem e da cognição social infantil. Participaram do estudo 40 mães de bebês de 4 e 9 meses. Os resultados mostram variações nas percepções maternas quanto às habilidades de comunicação intencional dos bebês. Os relatos maternos sobre os bebês de 9 meses evidenciam o uso de recursos comunicativos intencionais expressos por vocalizações, alternância do olhar, e gesto de apontar. Discutem-se as implicações dessas percepções nas interações adulto-bebê, no desenvolvimento sociocomunicativo infantil e em contextos de desenvolvimento e educação infantil...

This study investigated maternal perceptions of infant intentional communicative ability. Researchs highlight the impact of these perceptions on the interactions established between mother and baby and their repercussions on language development and infant social cognition. The study included 40 mothers of babies aged 4 and 9 months. The results show variations in maternal perceptions about infants' intentional communicative abilities. Maternal reports about babies 9 months demonstrate the use of intentional communicative resources expressed by vocalizations, gaze alternation and pointing gesture. We discuss the implications of these perceptions in adult-child interactions, in child sociocomunicativo development and in contexts of child development and education...

Larval development of Evermannia zosterura (Perciformes: Gobiidae)

Gobiidae is the most specious fish family in the world with almost 2 000 species, however only 11% of them have been described for their larval stages. The entire life cycle information is essential to understand the biology and ecology of this important fish group. Previous studies on zooplankton samples from Ensenada de La Paz, México, have shown the presence of several Gobiidae larvae and juveniles which were identified as Evermania zosterura. The main objective of this work was to describe the larval stages of this species, widely distributed in the Eastern tropical Pacific. The development of E. zosterura larvae was described based on 66 specimens. A total of 53 specimens were used to describe morphometrics and pigmentation patterns, while 13 specimens were cleared and stained, to obtain meristic characteristics. Cleared specimens had 30 to 31 total vertebrae; dorsal-fin elements: IV; I, 13-14, anal-fin elements: I, 13-14, and most had pterygiophore formula 4-111100. The combination of these characteristics confirmed these specimens as E. zosterura. The pigment pattern is similar throughout ontogeny. Larvae are characterized by having three to five dendritic melanophores along the post-anal ventral margin, four to nine smaller melanophores along the ventral margin between the isthmus and anus, and one on the midpoint of the dorsal margin of the tail. There is one small pigment spot on the angle of the jaw, and other on the tip of lower lip. There is an elongated internal pigment under the notochord, between the head and gas bladder. Notochord flexion starts near 3.5mm BL and ends at 4.6mm BL; transformation to the juvenile stage is at about 13.6mm BL. Our conclusion is that the most useful characters to distinguish this species early-larval stages from those of similar species in the area, are the number of myomeres, the large melanophores (approximately uniformly in size) on the post anal ventral margin, and the elongate internal pigment under the notochord, anterior to the gas bladder. Rev. Biol. Trop. 62 (2): 603-610. Epub 2014 June 01.

La familia Gobiidae es la más diversa de los peces en el mundo con casi 2 000 especies, sin embargo solo el 11% de ellos han sido descritos en sus estadios larvarios. El conocimiento del ciclo de vida completo es esencial para entender la biología y ecología de este importante grupo de peces. Muestras de zooplancton obtenidas de la Ensenada de La Paz, México, mostraron la presencia de varias larvas y juveniles de Gobiidae, las cuales fueron identificadas como Evermania zosterura. El principal objetivo de este trabajo fue describir los estadios larvarios de esta especie ampliamente distribuida en el Pacífico tropical Oriental. Se describió el desarrollo larvario de E. zosterura con base en 66 especímenes recolectados en la Ensenada de La Paz, México. Sólo 53 especímenes se usaron para describir la morfometría y el patrón de pigmentación, mientras que 13 ejemplares transparentados y teñidos se utilizaron para obtener las características merísticas. Los especímenes transparentados tuvieron de 30 a 31 vertebras totales; los elementos de las aletas dorsales fueron IV; I, 13-14, los de la aleta anal I, 13-14 y la mayoría tuvo una formula pterigiofórica de 4-111100. La combinación de estas características, confirmó que pertenecen a E. zosterura. El patrón de pigmentación es muy similar a lo largo del desarrollo. Las larvas se caracterizan por tener de tres a cinco melanóforos de tipo dendrítico sobre el borde ventral post-anal, de cuatro a nueve melanóforos más pequeños sobre el borde ventral pre-anal, entre el istmo y el ano, otro melanóforo se presenta a la mitad del margen dorsal de la cola. Hay una pequeña mancha de pigmento en el ángulo de la maxila y otra en la punta del labio inferior. Hay un pigmento interno alargado por debajo de la notocorda, entre la cabeza y la vejiga natatoria. La flexión de la notocorda se inicia a los 3.5mm BL y termina a los 4.6mm BL; la transformación al estadio juvenil es cercana a los 13.6mm BL. Nuestra conclusión es que los caracteres más importantes para distinguir las larvas de esta especie de aquellas similares en el área son el número de miómeros, los melanóforos grandes (aproximadamente iguales en tamaño) en el margen ventral post-anal y el pigmento interno alargado debajo de la notocorda, anterior a la vejiga gaseosa.

Trocas alimentares entre bebês irmãos de autistas e suas mães: risco ou recurso? / Exchanges of food among siblings of autistic babies and their mothers: risk or resource? / Echanges de nourriture entre bébés frères et sÅ"urs d'autistes et de leurs mères: risque ou ressource? / Intercambios de alimentación entre bebés hermanos de niños con autismo y sus madres: riesgo o recurso?

Partindo da importância que a ingestão de alimentos tem para a construção da realidade interna do bebê, este trabalho propõe discutir a relação que mães de um primeiro filho diagnosticado como autista estabelecem com seus filhos mais novos durante a alimentação. Serão apresentadas vinhetas clínicas que enfatizam as noções de necessidade e demanda, aspectos da relação entre os pais e a criança e os efeitos terapêuticos que as entrevistas de pesquisa podem gerar nas famílias.

Based on the fact that food intake is significant for the construction of a baby's internal reality, the present article discusses the relationship that mothers - whose oldest child was diagnosed with autism - established with their younger children at meal time. Clinical vignettes are presented to call attention to the concepts of need and demand, aspects of the relationship between parents and children, and the therapeutic effects that the research interviews may bring about in the families.

En prenant comme point de départ l'importance de l'ingestion des aliments pour la construction de la réalité interne du bébé, cet article vise à discuter le rapport que les mères de premiers-nés autistes établissent avec leurs autres enfants pendant leur alimentation. Nous présentons des vignettes cliniques qui mettent l'accent sur les notions de besoin et de demande, les aspects du rapport entre les parents et l'enfant et les effets thérapeutiques qui peuvent résulter des entretiens de la recherche pour les familles.

Asumiendo la importancia que la ingesta de alimentos tiene para construir la realidad interna del bebé, este estudio discute la relación que las madres del primer hijo diagnosticado como autista establecen con sus hijos pequeños durante la alimentación. Se presentaran viñetas clínicas enfatizando las nociones de necesidad y de demanda, en las relaciones entre padres y niños y los efectos terapéuticos que pueden generar las entrevistas de investigación en las familias.

La percepción del habla durante el primer año de vida / Speech Perception in the First Year of Life

La adquisición del lenguaje implica una serie de habilidades complejas que evolucionan y se correlacionan haciendo que quien aprende por primera vez a hablar -o a expresarse mediante el lenguaje de señas- alcance los mejores resultados con el mínimo esfuerzo, siempre y cuando lo haga en el lapso de tiempo adecuado. En este sentido, se ha propuesto que la percepción temprana del habla tiene un papel primordial en la adquisición del lenguaje. En este artículo se presentan los resultados de las investigaciones más relevantes sobre la discriminación de clases y tipos de palabras, la discriminación prosódica e interidiomática, la discriminación fonológica y fonotáctica y el reconocimiento de regularidades de distribución entre los elementos de la señal del habla, con el fin de brindar un panorama del conocimiento científico actual sobre las capacidades de los menores de un año para percibir el lenguaje hablado.

Language acquisition involves a number of complex skills that evolve in correlation with each other, thus making it possible for learners of their first spoken language -or sign language- to achieve the best results with minimal effort, as long as they do so within the appropriate period of time. In this regard, it is proposed that early speech perception has a primary role in language acquisition. In order to provide an overview of the current scientific knowledge as to the capabilities of children under the age of one to perceive spoken language, this paper presents the results of the most relevant research on discrimination of classes and types of words, interidiomatic and prosodic discrimination, phonological and phonotactic discrimination, as well as recognition of distributional regularities amongst the elements of the speech signal.

Winnicott: la experiencia de ser en el mundo / Winnicott: the experience of being in the world

El objetivo del presente trabajo es reflexionar acerca de los siguientes conceptos planteados por Winnicott: la función de la madre ambiente en el desarrollo temprano, verdadero y falso self. Se aplican dichos conceptos en un análisis poético intentando establecer un puente entre ambos lenguajes cargados de imágenes y metáforas.

The aim of this paper is to reflect on the following concepts introduced by Winnicott: the role of the environment-mother in early development, true and false self. These are applied in a poetic analysis trying to build a bridge between both languages lo aded with images and metaphors.

Sexual Dimorphism and deviation en the proportion of sexes in preimplantory embryos / Dimorfismo sexual y desviación en la proporción de los sexos en embriones preimplantatorios / Dimorfismo sexual e desvio na proporção dos sexos em embriõespré-implantatorios

Sexual differences in size and morphology are common in the animal kingdom and they have been mainly explained by sexual selection. According to classic theory of sexual determination and differentiation, the morphologic differences between the same specie individuals both different sex starts to show up soon after and as a consequence of the gonads formation and development. However, increasing evidence coincide in signaling that differences between males and females star to be evident long before of gonads formation, from preimplantatory stadium [week 1] or even from zygotic stadium [day 1]. Differences in kinetics of development and in energetic preimplantatory metabolism have been explained by genetic and epigenetic differences which underlie it and, in the case of get persistent, they can take them until disrupting the normal sex ratio. In this review about sexual dimorphism in preimplantatory embryos hypothesis, accumulated evidences and scenarios [in vivo e in vitro] are explored, as well as the last findings and possible changes that will have to be faced by the embryology.

Las diferencias sexuales en tamaño y morfología son comunes en el reino animal y se han explicado principalmente por la selección sexual. De acuerdo con la teoría clásica de la determinación y diferenciación sexual, las diferencias morfológicas entre individuos de la misma especie pero de diferente sexo se empiezan a manifestar poco después ycomo consecuencia de la formación y desarrollo de las gónadas. No obstante, evidencia creciente coincide en señalarque las diferencias entre machos y hembras se comienzan a manifestar mucho antes de la formación de las gónadas, desde el estado preimplantatorio [semana 1] e inclusive desde el estado cigótico [día 1]. Diferencias en la cinética dedesarrollo y en el metabolismo energético preimplantatorio han sido explicadas por diferencias genéticas y epigenéticas que les subyacen y que de persistir pueden llegar hasta afectar la normal proporción de los sexos. En la presente revisión sobre el dimorfismo sexual de embriones preimplantatorios se exploran las hipótesis, las evidencias acumuladas, los escenarios [in vivo e in vitro] y, a la luz de los últimos hallazgos, los posibles cambios que deberá enfrentar la embriología.

As diferenças sexuais no tamanho e morfologia são comuns no reino animal e foi explicado principalmente pelaseleção sexual. De acordo com a teoria clássica da determinação e diferencia sexual, as diferencias morfológicasentre indivíduos da mesma espécie, porém de diferente sexo começam a manifestar pouco depois e comoconsequência da formação e desenvolvimento das gônadas. Contudo, evidencia crescente coincide em assinalar que as diferenças entre machos e fêmeas começam a se manifestar muito antes da formação das gônadas, desde o estadopreimplantatorio [semana 1] e inclusive desde o estado cigótico [dia 1]. Diferenças na cinética de desenvolvimento e no metabolismo energético preimplantatorio foram explicadas por diferenças genéticas e epigenêticas que lhes segueme que de persistir podem chegar até em afetar a normal proporção dos sexos. Na presente revisão sobre o dimorfismosexual de embriões preimplantatorios são exploradas as seguintes hipóteses, as evidencias acumuladas, os cenários[in vivo e in vitro] e, à luz dos últimos descobrimentos, as possíveis mudanças que deverá enfrentar a embriologia.

Embryonic development and larval stages of Steindachneridion parahybae (Siluriformes: Pimelodidae): implications for the conservation and rearing of this endangered Neotropical species

Steindachneridion parahybae is a freshwater catfish endemic to the Paraíba do Sul River and is classified as an endangered Neotropical species. An increasing number of conservation biologists are incorporating morphological and physiological research data to help conservation managers in rescue these endangered species. This study investigated the embryonic and larval development of S. parahybae in captivity, with emphasis in major events during the ontogeny of S. parahybae. Broodstocks were artificially induced to reproduce, and the extrusion occurred 200-255 degree-hours after hormonal induction at 24°C. Larval ontogeny was evaluated every 10 minutes under microscopic/stereomicroscopic using fresh eggs samples. The main embryogenic development stages were identified: zygote, cleavage, including the morula, blastula, gastrula phase, organogenesis, and hatching. The extruded oocytes showed an average diameter of 1.10 ± 0.10 mm, and after fertilization and hydration of eggs, the average diameter of eggs increased to about 1.90 ± 0.60 mm, characterized by a large perivitelline space that persisted up to embryo development, the double chorion, and the poles (animal and vegetative). Cell division started about 2 minutes after fertilization (AF), resulting in 2, 4, 8 (4 x 2 arrangement of cells), 16 (4 x 4), 32 (4 x 8) and 64 (2 x 4 x 8) cells. Furthermore, the blastula and gastrula stages followed after these cells divisions. The closed blastopore occurred at 11 h 20 min AF; following the development, the organogenetic stages were identified and subdivided respectively in: early segmentation phase and late segmentation phase. In the early segmentation phase, there was the establishment of the embryonic axis, and it was possible to distinguish between the cephalic and caudal regions; somites, and the optic vesicles developed about 20 h AF. Total hatching occurred at 54 h AF, and the larvae average length was 4.30 ± 0.70 mm. Gradual yolk sac reduction was observed during the first two days of larval development. The first feeding occurred at the end of the second day. During the larval phase, cannibalism, heterogeneous larval growth and photophobia were also observed. This information will be important in improving the artificial reproduction protocols of S. parahybae in controlled breeding programs.(AU)

Steindachneridion parahybae é um bagre de água doce, endêmico do rio Paraíba do Sul e é classificado como espécie neotropical ameaçada. Um número crescente de biólogos conservacionistas estão incorporando dados de pesquisas morfológicas e fisiológicas para ajudar os gestores de conservação no resgate destas espécies ameaçadas de extinção. Este estudo investigou o desenvolvimento embrionário e larval de S. parahybae em cativeiro, com ênfase nos principais eventos durante a ontogenia de S. parahybae. Reprodutores foram artificialmente induzidos à reprodução e a extrusão ocorreu com 200-255 horas-graus após a indução hormonal a 24°C. A ontogenia larval foi avaliada a cada 10 minutos sob microscópio/ estereomicroscópio, utilizando-se amostras de ovos recém coletados. Os principais estágios de desenvolvimento embrionário foram identificados: zigoto, clivagem, incluindo as fases, mórula, blástula e gástrula, organogênese e eclosão. Os ovócitos extrusados apresentaram uma média de diâmetro de 1,10 ± 0,10 mm e depois da fertilização e hidratação dos ovos, a média de diâmetro dos ovos aumentou para 1,90 ± 0,60 mm, caracterizado pelo grande espaço vitelínico que persistiu até o desenvolvimento do embrião, duplo córion e os polos (animal e vegetal). A divisão celular iniciou-se aproximadamente dois minutos após a fertilização (AF), resultando em 2, 4, 8 (4 x 2 arranjo das células), 16 (4 x 4), 32 (4 x 8) e 64 (2 x 4 x 8) células. Adicionalmente, seguiram as fases de blástula e gástrula depois das divisões celulares. O fechamento do blastóporo ocorreu às 11 h 20 min AF; seguindo o desenvolvimento, os estágios de organogênese foram identificados e subdivididos, respectivamente em: fase de divisão inicial e fase de divisão avançada. Na fase de divisão inicial, depois do estabelecimento do eixo do embrião, foi possível distinguir as regiões cefálica e caudal; os somitos e as vesículas ópticas se desenvolveram com aproximadamente 20 h AF. A eclosão total ocorreu com cerca de 54 h AF e o comprimento médio foi de 4,30 ± 0,70 mm. A redução gradual do saco vitelínico foi observada durante os primeiros dois dias de desenvolvimento larval. A primeira alimentação ocorreu no final do segundo dia. Durante a fase larval, canibalismo, crescimento larval heterogêneo e fotofobia também foram observados. Estas informações serão importantes para aperfeiçoar o protocolo de reprodução artificial em S. parahybae em programas de reprodução controlada.(AU)

Influence of spawning procedure on gametes fertilization success in Salminus hilarii Valenciennes, 1850 (Teleostei: Characidae): Implications for the conservation of this species

Artificial reproduction and gamete fertilization were evaluated in Salminus hilarii wild and domesticated broodstocks. Wild and domesticated broodstocks were artificially induced to reproduction using a carp pituitary treatment. Four groups were considered: Group 1 (G1), fish caught in the wild maintained for three years in the same conditions as the domesticated broodstocks and spawned naturally; Group 2 (G2), broodstock born and raised in captivity and spawned naturally; Group 3 (G3), wild broodstocks, which were manually stripped for gamete collection and dry fertilization; and Group 4 (G4), domesticated males and females, also manually stripped. Oocytes, eggs, and larvae were sampled at different time intervals throughout embryonic development. Yolk sac absorption occurred approximately 24-29 h after hatching. Twenty-six h after hatching, the larvae mouths opened. Cannibalism was identified just 28-30 h after hatching. There was no morphological difference in embryonic development among all groups. The number of released eggs per gram of female was: G1: 83.3 ± 24.5 and G2: 103.8 ± 37.4; however, the fertilization success was lower in G2 (42.0 ± 6.37 percent) compared with G1 (54.7 ± 3.02 percent) (P = 0.011). Hand-stripping of oocytes was not successful and the fertilization rate was zero. The reproduction of this species in captivity is viable, but it is necessary to improve broodstock management to enhance fertilization rates and obtain better fingerling production for restocking programs.

A reprodução artificial e fertilização dos gametas foram avaliados em reprodutores selvagens e de cativeiro de Salminus hilarii. Reprodutores selvagens e de cativeiro foram induzidos artificialmente à reprodução utilizando hipófise de carpa. Quatros grupos foram considerados: Grupo 1 (G1), peixes capturados na natureza, mantidos por três anos nas mesmas condições de reprodutores de cativeiro e desovados naturalmente; Grupo 2 (G2), reprodutores nascidos e criados em cativeiro e desovados naturalmente; Grupo 3 (G3), reprodutores selvagens que foram extrusados manualmente para a coleta de gametas e fertilização a seco; e Grupo 4 (G4), com machos e fêmeas domesticadas, também extrusados manualmente. Oócitos, ovos e larvas foram amostrados em diferentes intervalos de tempo ao longo do desenvolvimento embrionário. A absorção do saco vitelínico ocorreu aproximadamente 24-29 h após a eclosão. Vinte e seis h após a eclosão, as larvas abriram a boca. O canibalismo foi identificado apenas 28-30 h após a eclosão. Não houve diferença morfológica no desenvolvimento embrionário entre todos os grupos. O número de ovos liberados por grama de fêmea foi: G1: 83,3 ± 24,5 e G2: 103,8 ± 37,4; embora, o sucesso na fertilização tenha sido menor no G2 (42,0 ± 6,37 por cento) em comparação com G1 (54,7 ± 3,02 por cento) (P = 0,011). A extrusão manual dos oócitos não foi bem sucedida e a taxa de fertilização foi zero. A reprodução em cativeiro desta espécie é viável, mas é necessário um melhor manejo dos reprodutores para aumentar as taxas de fertilização, visando a obtenção de uma melhor produção de alevinos para os programas de repovoamento.

Relação mãe-cuidadores de gemelares no primeiro ano após o nascimento / Mother-caregivers twins relationship in the first year after birth

As relações precoces do bebê, principalmente de zero a três anos, são fundamentais para o desenvolvimento e estruturação da personalidade. O objetivo deste projeto foi observar as interações entre mãe/cuidadores-gemelares, dos gêmeos entre si e identificar fatores que influenciam o desenvolvimento dos gêmeos no primeiro ano de vida. Quatro gestantes foram acompanhadas desde o parto até os gêmeos completarem um ano. Foram realizadas cinco filmagens dos bebês e seus cuidadores com duração de aproximadamente quarenta minutos e intervalos de três meses entre cada uma, iniciando no dia do parto. As filmagens foram analisadas pelas autoras do trabalho e variáveis qualitativas, como a qualidade e peculiaridades dos vínculos e do desenvolvimento dos gêmeos, foram avaliadas. O estudo evidenciou que a qualidade do vínculo parental influi no desenvolvimento dos gemelares durante o primeiro ano de vida, destacando que eles necessitam ser nutridos afetivamente por cuidadores adultos. Observaram-se escassas interações dos gêmeos entre si durante o período do estudo, reforçando a importância das relações com os cuidadores

Rehabilitation and Aids during the Developing Years in Italy / 中国康复理论与实践

The rehabilitation of children with disabilities should be initiated as early as possible,as soon as problems or disorders are diagnosed in the development,to prevent or promptly counteract the consolidation of disability.In Italy the institutes involved in the rehabilitation of children with serious disability must be by law highly specialized.The devices have a key part in rehabilitation courses in developmental age.They are often planned and designed in the same rehabilitation center.La Nostra Famiglia has been in Italy one of the first specialized rehabilitation centers for children and adolescents.By La Nostra Famiglia have been designed aids for children which later became a model throughout Europe.Our National Health System provides free aids for children and adolescents and describes in detail the characteristics of great adaptability that aids for children and adolescents should have.The pressure mapping allows you to test the effects of adapted aids versus aids not properly adapted to the size and needs.

Prevalence of early neurodevelopmental disabilities in Mexico: a systematic review / Prevalencia de neuro-discapacidades tempranas en México: una revisión sistemática

OBJECTIVE: Early neurodevelopment disabilities (END) such as cerebral palsy (CP), deafness, blindness, epilepsy, and mental retardation (MR) are very important public health concerns. Although no strong data on END can be obtained in Mexico, the few papers concerning END epidemiology deserve systematic and critical review. Thus, this was the objective of the present paper. METHOD: We performed a systematic review of papers published reporting on the prevalence of END in Mexico. We performed a search in several medical data bases such as PubMed, Artemisa, ImBioMed, and LiLaCS. Each paper was downloaded, read and discussed. We only selected papers published between 1999 and 2008. RESULTS: No data on CP and epilepsy prevalence in infants have been found. Data on deafness prevalence report hearing loss in 0.65/1,000 healthy newborns, and in 2.6/100 in high-risk very premature infants. With regard to blindness, prevalence of retinopathy of premature infants in any stage was reported at ca 10.61 and 22.2/100 in high-risk premature infants. Congenital hypothyroidism (CH) prevalence in infants was found in 4.2/10,000 live newborns after a national universal screening survey. CONCLUSION: No universal data regarding the prevalence of END in Mexico have been investigated, with the exception of CH. Mexico needs more research to determine epidemiologic data focused on designing actions to prevent, treat, and rehabilitate END.

OBJETIVO: Las neuro-discapacidades tempranas (NDT) como la parálisis cerebral (PC), hipoacusia, debilidad visual, epilepsia y retardo mental (RM) son problemas muy importantes de salud pública. Aunque no existen suficientes datos sobre la prevalencia de NDT en México, el objetivo de este trabajo es hacer comentarios sistemáticos y críticos sobre los ya estudios existentes. MÉTODO: Realizamos una búsqueda sistemática de artículos publicados sobre NDT en México. La búsqueda comprendió las siguientes bases de publicaciones: PubMed, Artemisa, ImBioMed y LiLaCS. Cada artículo fue descargado, leído cuidadosamente y comentado. Se seleccionaron aquellos trabajos publicados entre 1999-2008. RESULTADOS: No se han publicado datos sobre la prevalencia de PC y epilepsia en niños mexicanos. La prevalencia de hipoacusia se ha reportado entre 0.65/1,000 en recién nacidos sanos y 2.6/100 en recién nacidos de alto riesgo. La prevalencia de retinopatía de la prematurez como indicador de debilidad visual ha sido reportada entre 10.61-22.2/100 recién nacidos de alto riesgo. La prevalencia de hipotiroidismo congénito (HC) como indicador de RM ha sido encontrada en 4.2/10,000 recién nacidos en el estudio nacional de tamizaje. CONCLUSIÓN: No hay datos sobre la prevalencia de NDT con la excepción del HC en México. Se necesita más investigació.

The early development of the Patagonian squid Loligo gahi D'Orbigny, 1835 in Peruvian Waters (Cephalopoda: Loliginidae)

The early development of the Patagonian squid, Loligo gahi D'Orbigny,1835, was studied in the field and in the laboratory. Egg strands, spawned off San Lorenzo Island, Peru, were collected, carried to the laboratory, and incubated in a closed sea water system. Egg capsules ranged from 88 to169 mm in length, and each capsule contained between 56 and 114 fertilized eggs. Individual eggs ranged from 1,7 to 2,1 mm in length, and the mantle length of hatchlings varied from 1,9 to 2,8 mm. Development took about 20 days at a mean temperature of 19 ºC. The pattern of embryonic development is similar to that previously observed in other species of Loligo. Following hatching, paralarvaes survived for 45 days with a diet of zooplankton (copepods, mysids and polychaete larvaes).

El desarrollo temprano del calamar patagónico, Loligo gahi D'Orbigny, 1835 fue estudiado en el campo y en el laboratorio. Las puestas colectadas en la Isla San Lorenzo, Perú, fueron transferidas al laboratorio, e incubadas en un sistema cerrado de agua marina. Las cápsulas midieron de 88 a 169 mm de longitud y cada cápsula contenía entre 56 y 114 huevos fertilizados. Los huevos midieron de 1,7 a 2,1 mm de longitud y la longitud del manto de los individuos eclosionados varió de 1,9 a 2,8 mm. El desarrollo de las paralarvas se logró a los 20 días, a una temperatura promedio de 19 ºC. El patrón de desarrollo embrionario es similar al observado en otras especies de Loligo. Las paralarvas sobrevivieron 45 días con una dieta de zooplancton (copepódos, micidáceos y larvas de poliquetos)

Early Development of the Nose in Human Embryo: A Stereomicroscopic and Histologic Analysis / 대한이비인후과학회지

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: We aimed to analyze the morphologic features of the nose in the human embryo from 4th to 8th developmental weeks according to the Carnegie stage. MATERIALS AND METHOD: A total of 27 cases of embryos, ranging from Carnegie stage of 13 to 23, were analyzed. The external morphology was observed with a stereomicroscope, photographed and analyzed. The histologic features were observed with a light microscope in the horizontally-transected specimens stained with hematoxylin-eosin staining. RESULTS: The nasal placode was observed at the stage 13, and it became flat or even concave at the stage 14. At the stage 15, the nasal pit was formed. At the stage 16, the nasal sac and nasal fin were observed. At the stage 17, the oronasal membrane was formed by thinning of the nasal fin. At the stage 18, the primitive choana was established by rupture of the oronasal membrane. At the stage 19, the lateral palatine process projected vertically below the level of the tongue. The cartilaginous nasal capsule was formed at the stage 20. At the stage 21, the olfactory area was localized to the upper portion of the lateral nasal wall and the nasal septum. At the stage 22, the lateral palatine process developed in a somewhat horizontal orientation. At the stage 23, the premaxilla and primitive choana were formed. CONCLUSION: The development of the nose is most active from the Carnegie stage of 13 to 19, which corresponds to the end of the 4th embryonic week to the end of the 7th week. Thus, this period is considered to be the most important period in human nasal embryonic development.

A Study on the Early Development of the Hip Joint in Staged Human Embryos and Fetuses in Korean / 체질인류학회지

The author has studied 33 cases of Korean embryos of Carnegie stage 11 ~23 and 18 cases of fetuses to demonstrate the development of the hip joint. The external feature of the lower extremity was observed by stereoscope and digital camera, and the internal structures were studied by light microscopic observation. The results obtained were as follows: In stage 13 lowerlimb buds were appeared. In stage 17 mesenchymal condensation for femur and hip bone, and one -layered interzone were observed. In stage 18 cartilage models for ilium and ischium were visible. In stage 22 three -layered interzone between the head of femur and hip bone was formed. In stage 23 acetabular labrum and distinct three -layered interzone was visible. In the 9th weeks mesenchymal ligamentum capitis femoris and transverse acetabular ligament are appeared, and acetabular labrum was reacted tracely to trichrome stain. In the 10th week the joint space was formed between the femoral head and hip bone, and shallow depression in acetabulum is found. In the 12th week the articular capsule was directed lateral to acetabular labrum, and numerous blood vessels were found in acetabular fossa and ligamentum capitis femoris, and cartilage canal were developed in femoral neck. In the 14th week cartilage canal was found in middle of femoral head, and synovial fold were developed, and ligamentum capitis femoris was shown strongly positive reaction. In the 16th week cartilage canals were more found, and numerous blood vessels were observed in fovea capitis. In the 18nd week the neck of femur was narrow, and femoral head was lied deeply in acetabulum with acetabular labrum. Consequently the lower extremity of Korean embryos and fetuses was first appeared in stage 13, and hip joint development was started at stage 17. The articular cavity was first formed at the 9th week of development, the acetabulum labrum was developed at stage 23. The mesenchymal ligamentum capitis femoris was appeared at the 9th week. At the same time the transverse acetabular ligament fully encircled the femoral head. The articular capsule has lined the articular cavity at the 12th week, and synovium was formed at the 14th week of development. At the 18th week the hip joint has attained its final shape.