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Abstract Introduction: Cognitive distortions of child sexual offenders have been researched because they might be the foundation for tort conduct. Objective: the aim of this study was to analyze cognitive distortions in individuals convicted for statutory rape against children and/or teenagers and verify connections with their family of origin, early maladaptive schema, self-esteem, and self-efficacy, as well as to assess the predictive power of these variables in the occurrence of cognitive distortions. Method: this was a descriptive, correlational and explanatory research performed with 49 men currently serving time without parole. The following instruments were administered: Family Background Questionnaire, Young Schema Questionnaire, General Self-Efficacy Scale, Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, as well as a documentary review of the legal proceedings of the participants. Results: the study revealed connections between cognitive distortions and substance abuse by the father (r=0,417; p=0,034), as well as vulnerability to harm (r=0,416; p=0,008), defectiveness (r=0,405; p=0,013), and grandiosity (r=0,339; p=0,040) schema. The vulnerability to harm scheme was the only predictive variable for cognitive distortions, accounting for 73,4 % of the variance. Conclusion: importance of analyzing cognitive distortions in child sexual victimizers and the possibility of schema therapy as an alternative treatment.
Resumo Introdução: As distorções cognitivas de indivíduos que vitimizam sexualmente crianças e/ou adolescentes vêm sendo objeto de investigação, pois podem estar na base da conduta delitiva. Objetivo: analisar as distorções cognitivas de indivíduos presos pelo crime de estupro de vulnerável contra crianças e/ou adolescentes e verificar associações com experiências na família de origem, esquemas iniciais desadaptativos, autoestima e autoeficácia, bem como avaliar o poder preditivo dessas variáveis para a ocorrência de distorções cognitivas. Método: Tratase de uma pesquisa descritiva, correlacional e explicativa, realizada com 49 homens cumprindo pena em regime fechado. Foram aplicados os instrumentos Family Background Questionnaire, Young Schema Quetionnaire, General Self-Efficacy Scale, Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale e foi feito um levantamento documental dos processos judiciais dos participantes. Resultados: O estudo revelou associações entre as distorções cognitivas e o abuso de substâncias paterno (r=0,417; p=0,034), assim como com os esquemas de vulnerabilidade ao dano (r=0,416; p=0,008), defectividade (r=0,405; p=0,013) e grandiosidade (r=0,339; p=0,040). O esquema de vulnerabilidade ao dano foi a única variável preditiva das distorções cognitivas, explicando 73,4 % da variância. Conclusão: importância da análise de distorções cognitivas em vitimizadores sexuais infantis e a possibilidade da terapia dos esquemas como alternativa de tratamento.
Resumen Introdución: Las distorsiones cognitivas de individuos que victimizan sexualmente a niños han sido objeto de investigación, pues pueden ser la base de un comportamiento criminal. Objetivo: Analizar las distorsiones cognitivas de personas encarceladas por el delito de violencia sexual contra niños y / o adolescentes y verificar las asociaciones con experiencias en la familia de origen, esquemas iniciales desadaptativos, autoestima y autoeficacia, así como evaluar el poder predictivo de estas variables en las distorsiones cognitivas. Método: Es una investigación descriptiva, correlacional y explicativa, llevada a cabo con 49 hombres encarcelados en régimen cerrado. Se aplicaron los instrumentos Family Background Questionnaire, Young Schema Quetionnaire, General Self-Efficacy Scale, Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale y se realizó una encuesta documental de los procesos judiciales de los participantes. Resultados: El estudio reveló asociaciones entre las distorsiones cognitivas y el abuso de sustancias paterno (r = 0,417; p = 0,034), así como con los esquemas de vulnerabilidad a daños (r = 0,416; p = 0,008), defectos (r = 0,405; p = 0,013) y magnitud (r = 0,339; p = 0,040). El esquema de vulnerabilidad al daño fue la única variable predictiva para las distorsiones cognitivas, explicando el 73,4 % de la varianza. Conclusiones: importancia de analizar las distorsiones cognitivas en los abusadores sexuales infantiles y la posibilidad de la terapia de esquema como un tratamiento alternativo.
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Objective:To evaluate the effect of mindfulness-base cognitive therapy (MBCT) in improving patients with depression, and to explore its effect on patients early maladaptive schemas (EMSs).Methods:Sixty patients with depressive disorder were included in the pre- and post-control design, and MBCT treatment was carried out for 8 weeks. The Hamilton depression scale-17 (HAMD-17), Hamilton anxiety scale (HAMA), five facet mindfulness questionnaire (FFMQ), and Young schema questionnaire-short form (YSQ-SF) were used for evaluation. The scores of the three time points were compared by one-way repeated measure ANOVA and Kruskal Wallis test. Pearson correlation analysis and multiple linear regression analysis were used to explore the relationship between the improvement degree of depression and anxiety symptoms, as well as the changes of mindfulness level and schema.Results:There were significant differences in the total scores of HAMD-17, HAMA and FFMQ at baseline((15.4±5.0), (21.0±9.6), (115.8±11.7)), 4 weeks after intervention((11.4±6.7), (15.9±10.1), (121.9±14.2)) and 8 weeks((11.0±6.2), (15.4±8.7), (122.6±15.5)) after intervention ( F=25.22, 20.95, 14.02, all P<0.01). Further pairwise comparison, compared with baseline, the total scores of HAMD-17 and HAMA in patients with depression decreased (all P<0.05), and the total scores of FFMQ increased (all P<0.05) in 8 weeks and 4 weeks after treatment.There were no significant differences in the total scores of HAMD-17, HAMA and FFMQ between 8 weeks and 4 weeks after treatment (all P>0.05). There were significant differences on the scores of the emotional deprivation, abandonment/instability, failure, vulner ability to harm or illness, enmeshment/undeveloped self, unrelenting standards/hypercriticalness, and entitlement/grandiosity subscales in the YSQ-SF( H=2.00-17.11, all P<0.05). Regression analysis showed that the FFMQ total score difference has a linear relationship with the HAMA total score difference ( β=-0.363). There was a linear relationship between the emotional deprivation scale score difference and the HAMD-17 total score difference ( β=-0.292). Dependence/incompetence and submission scale score difference showed a linear relationship with the HAMA total score difference ( β=0.334, 0.278). Conclusion:MBCT can improve the anxiety and depression symptoms of patients with depression, and the improvement of some EMSs may be the mechanism of MBCT in the treatment of depression.
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OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to develop a brief schema questionnaire for adults (BSQ-A) and investigate its validity and reliability. METHODS: A 36-item questionnaire was developed or selected by six psychiatrists. The questionnaire was administered to 209 subjects in Seoul and Gyeonggi area. The construct validity was investigated by performing principal component analysis, and the reliability was assessed in terms of the internal consistency using Cronbach's alpha. RESULTS: The principal component analysis revealed 18 factors underlying 18 early maladaptive schemas (EMSs). These 18 factors accounted for 87.488% of the common variance. The Cronbach's alpha was high, indicating that the reliability of the questionnaire was satisfactory. Every schema showed a positive correlation with most psychological measures. CONCLUSION: The results indicate that the BSQ-A is a reliable and valid scale for assessing EMSs. Although there are many limitations, the present study is expected to form the basis of future research.
Subject(s)
Adult , Humans , Principal Component Analysis , Psychiatry , Reproducibility of Results , SeoulABSTRACT
Esquemas iniciais desadaptativos são elaborados ao longo da vida; embora duradouro e resistente à mudança, o esquema pode ser definido como uma rede de crenças estruturadas, inter-relacionadas, que norteiam o comportamento do indivíduo, podendo ser denominado de crença. Serve como modelo de processamento da informação para as vivências do indivíduo, fazendo da terapia um desafio. Este estudo visa investigar os principais esquemas/crenças disfuncionais e esquemas iniciais desadaptativos afetados no transtorno de estresse pós-traumático. Através de uma revisão sistemática em bases de dados eletrônicas entre os anos de 2000 e 2009, constatou-se uma associação entre o transtorno de estresse pós-traumático e esquemas/crenças disfuncionais; os esquemas mais afetados relacionam-se à visão de si, dos outros e do mundo. No que tange aos esquemas iniciais desadaptativos, os mais afetados são isolamento/alienação social e vergonha/defectividade. Esses resultados são clinicamente relevantes, pois é preciso considerar as distorções cognitivas subjacentes à sintomatologia pós-traumática...
Early Maladaptive Schemas are developed throughout life, long term structures and resistant to change, on the other hand schemes can be defined as a network of structured and interrelated beliefs that guide individual's behavior, often called belief. Therapy becomes a challenge since schemas are used as information processing models for personal experiences. This study aims to investigate the main dysfunctional schemas/beliefs and Early Maladaptive Schemas affected in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. A systematic review in electronic databases between the years 2000 and 2009 was conducted and showed an association between Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and dysfunctional schemas/beliefs, and the most affected are related to perception of self, others and the world. With respect to Early Maladaptive Schemas, the most affected are isolation/social alienation and shame/defective. These results are clinically relevant since it is necessary to consider the cognitive dysfunctions underlying posttraumatic symptomatology...
Subject(s)
Humans , Adjustment Disorders , Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic , Stress, PhysiologicalABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of childhood trauma on early maladaptive schema domains. METHODS: A total of 305 graduate students completed the Young Schema Questionnaire-Short Form, the Korean version of the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (K-CTQ), and the Beck Depression Inventory. RESULTS: According to the classification based on the total score of the K-CTQ, the group that experienced childhood trauma (n=41) showed higher scores than the group with no trauma (n=264) in all five schema domains. Subsequent multiple regression analyses revealed that four out of five schema domains were significantly explained by childhood trauma ; among them, childhood trauma was the most significant predictor of the Disconnection and Rejection schema domain, accounting for 15% of the total variance in this domain (F=8.1, p<0.001). In terms of the types of childhood trauma, emotional neglect had significant general effects on all schema domains except the Impaired Limits domain. CONCLUSION: These findings in a nonclinical sample support the notion that childhood traumatic experiences may significantly impact the maladaptive schema domains, particularly the Disconnection and Rejection schema domain. In addition, this study emphasized the diffuse impact of emotional neglect upon schema domains, which may be overlooked because of its implicit nature.
Subject(s)
Humans , Depression , Surveys and QuestionnairesABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES: Early maladaptive schemas (EMS) are assumed to be stable emotional and cognitive patterns that begin early in our development and are repeated throughout life. The primary aim of this study was to examine the two-year stability of EMS using the Young Schema Questionnaire (YSQ). In addition, we investigated the relationship between EMS and depressive symptoms over time. METHODS: Seventy-nine medical students completed the YSQ-short form 3, the Beck Depression Inventory, and the Symptom Checklist-90-Revised during their first and third years of medical school. RESULTS: After controlling for depression severity, YSQ subscales showed significant test-retest correlations for all of the subscales (r between 0.49 and 0.77, ps<0.001). Mean scores for all of the subscales did not differ significantly at retest, with the exception of a significant reduction of vulnerability to harm/illness (t=3.71, p<0.001). Concerning the relationship with depression, some YSQ subscales showed association with the severity of depressive symptoms at each time point, as well as changes between two time points. In particular, the schemas of Defectiveness/Shame and Dependence/Incompetence showed a strong association with changes of depressive symptoms. CONCLUSION: These findings demonstrated that EMS measured using the YSQ may show con-siderable temporal stability over time, but, in part, may be affected by an individual's state, such as depression.