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1.
Rev. bras. educ. espec ; 29: e0185, 2023. tab, graf
Article in Portuguese | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1449597

ABSTRACT

RESUMO: Um dos fatores de maior preocupação dos pais de filhos com autismo é o déficit na comunicação social. O ensino dos pais de como desenvolver tal habilidade em seu filho, além de ser uma forma de ampliar o tempo de intervenção é um tratamento com resultados satisfatórios. Destaca-se a importância do ensino do ecoico no desenvolvimento da fala da criança por ser um prérequisito para a instalação de comportamentos mais complexos. No que se refere ao cenário pandêmico de isolamento social, faz-se necessária uma intervenção comportamental a distância, e o pacote de Behavior Skills Training (BST) tem sido útil para ensinar pais a aplicarem procedimentos comportamentais em seus filhos. O presente estudo teve como objetivo verificar os efeitos do pacote de treinamento ministrado de modo remoto aos pais sobre o ensino da aplicação do protocolo teste do repertório de ecoico a crianças com autismo. Por meio de um delineamento de linha de base múltipla, foram observados os resultados de três mães participantes, das quais uma apresentou 24% de acertos em linha de base, atingindo 100% após a introdução do BST, o que indicou a eficácia do procedimento de ensino. Após o aprendizado, as mães não voltaram a aplicar o procedimento nos filhos.


ABSTRACT: One of the factors of greatest concern for parents of children with autism is the deficit in social communication. Teaching parents how to develop this ability in their child, in addition to being a way to extend the intervention time, is a treatment with satisfactory results. The importance of teaching the echoic in the development of the child's speech is highlighted, as it is a prerequisite for the installation of more complex behaviors. With regard to the pandemic and social isolation scenario, a remote behavioral intervention is necessary, and the Behavior Skills Training (BST) package has been useful to teach parents to apply behavioral procedures to their children. This study aimed to verify the effects of the training package given remotely to parents on teaching the application of the echoic repertoire test protocol to children with autism. Through a multiple baseline design, the results of three participating mothers were observed, one of which had 24% of correct answers at baseline, reaching 100% after the introduction of BST, indicating the effectiveness of the teaching procedure. After learning, the mothers did not apply the procedure to their children again.

2.
Psicol. USP ; 31: e190061, 2020. graf
Article in Portuguese | LILACS, INDEXPSI | ID: biblio-1101324

ABSTRACT

Resumo O ensino de intraverbais para indivíduos com autismo tem sido realizado, principalmente, através de procedimentos que envolvem reforçamento diferencial. Recentemente, o procedimento de observação de pareamento de estímulos (SPOP) surgiu enquanto alternativa para verificar a emergência de repertórios verbais. O SPOP implica o pareamento de estímulos sem exigir outra resposta que a observação do pareamento. O ecoico tem sido apontado como facilitador na emergência de operantes verbais. O presente estudo comparou, com um delineamento de sondas múltiplas concorrentes com tratamento alternado adaptado, a eficácia do SPOP com um procedimento de apresentação contígua de estímulos com requisição de resposta ecoica na emergência de intraverbais em três crianças com autismo. Observou-se a eficácia do SPOP na indução de intraverbais e verificou-se o papel facilitador do ecoico. Discutem-se possíveis efeitos de interferência dos tratamentos, da extinção de respostas no contexto experimental e da utilização de reforçadores condicionados como parte do SPOP.


Abstract Intraverbals have been taught to individuals with autism primarily through procedures involving differential reinforcement. Recently, Stimulus Pairing Observation Procedure (SPOP) emerged as an alternative to verify the emergence of verbal repertoires. The SPOP consists in the simultaneous presentation of two stimuli and requires only the observation response by the participant. The echoic behavior had been pointed out as a mediator in the emergence of verbal operants. This study compared the efficacy of the SPOP and of a contiguous stimulus presentation procedure with an echoic response requirement in emergence of intraverbals in three children with autism by using a concurrent multiple probe design with an adapted alternating treatment. The results showed the SPOP's efficacy for intraverbals induction and suggested a facilitating role of the echoic. A possible carry-over effect between treatments, extinction in the experimental context and the use of conditioned reinforcers in SPOP are discussed.


Résumé L'enseignement de l'intraverbal chez des individus autistes a été principalement réalisé avec des procédures impliquant le renforcement différentiel. Plus récemment, la Procédure d'Observation de Paires des Stimuli (SPOP en anglais) s'est imposée comme alternative pour vérifier l'émergence de répertoires verbaux. Le SPOP implique l'appariement des stimuli sans exiger d'autre réponse que l'observation des paires. Par ailleurs, l'échoïque a été signalé comme facilitateur de l'émergence d'opérants verbaux. Nôtre étude a comparé, avec un plan expérimental de sondes multiples concurrents et traitements alternés adapté, l'efficacité du SPOP en comparaison à une procédure de présentation du stimulus contigu avec réponse échoïque dans l'émergence du comportement intraverbal chez trois enfants autistes. Nous avons pu observer l'efficacité du SPOP dans l'induction de l'intraverbal ainsi qu'un rôle facilitateur de l'échoïque. Nous discutons les effets possibles de l'interférence entre traitements, de l'extinction de réponses dans le contexte expérimental, et de l'emploi de renforçateurs conditionnés dans le cadre du SPOP.


Resumen La enseñanza de intraverbales a autistas se ha realizado principalmente a través de procedimientos con refuerzo diferencial. Más recientemente, el procedimiento de observación de emparejamiento de estímulo (POEE) surgió como alternativa para verificar la emergencia de repertorios verbales. El POEE implica el emparejamiento de estímulos, sin exigir otra respuesta que la observación del emparejamiento. El ecoico se considera facilitador en la emergencia de operantes verbales. Este estudio comparó, desde un delineamiento de sondas múltiples con tratamiento alternado adaptado, la eficacia del POEE con un procedimiento de presentación de estímulo contiguo solicitante de respuesta ecoica en la emergencia de intraverbales en tres niños autistas. El POEE fue eficaz en la inducción de intraverbales, y el ecoico tuvo un papel facilitador. Se discuten los posibles efectos de interferencia de los tratamientos, de la extinción de respuestas en el contexto experimental y de la utilización de reforzadores condicionados como parte del POEE.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Child, Preschool , Child , Reinforcement, Psychology , Autistic Disorder/psychology , Behavior Observation Techniques
3.
Rev. bras. educ. espec ; 25(4): 691-708, out.-dez. 2019. tab, graf
Article in Portuguese | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1057573

ABSTRACT

RESUMO: A literatura tem demonstrado uma grande lacuna em estudos com o objetivo de estabelecer ecoico em pessoas com Transtorno do Espectro Autista (TEA). Assim sendo, este trabalho teve por objetivo identificar o acervo de pesquisas direcionadas para o ensino de ecoico em indivíduos com TEA. A revisão foi pautada no modelo Preferred Reporting Items for Systematics Review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA). A busca, de todas as ocorrências, sem limite de tempo, até o ano de 2018, foi realizada nas bases de dados Web of Science, Pubmed, Scopus, ERIC e PsicINFO. Adotaram-se as palavras-chave e marcadores boleanos autism [or] autist [or] autistic [and] echoic [and] verbal behavior. Os critérios de inclusão foram artigos em português, inglês e espanhol que estabeleceram ecoico como variável dependente em intervenções com pessoas com TEA, apresentar delineamento experimental de sujeito único e demonstrar os dados da aquisição do ecoico no decorrer das sessões de ensino. Como resultados, foram encontrados 338 artigos e, com a aplicação dos critérios de inclusão, foram selecionados três. Os resultados corroboraram os dados da literatura que apontam o déficit de estudos com objetivo de estabelecer ecoico como alvo principal de ensino em pessoas com TEA. A maior parte dos estudos adota o ecoico como prompt para o estabelecimento de outro comportamento verbal. Ainda que escassos, os artigos apontam os efeitos de procedimentos distintos sobre a aquisição do comportamento ecoico em pessoas com TEA e com repertórios iniciais diversificados.


ABSTRACT: Literature has shown a large gap in studies aiming to establish an echoic in people with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Thus, the objective of this study was to identify the collection of research aimed at teaching echoic in individuals with ASD. The review was based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematics Review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) model. The search, of all occurrences, without time limit, until the year 2018, was performed in the Web of Science, Pubmed, Scopus, ERIC and PsichINFO database. The keywords and boolean operators autism [or] autist [or] autistic [and] echoic [and] verbal behavior were adopted. The inclusion criteria were articles in Portuguese, English and Spanish that established echoic as a dependent variable in interventions with people with ASD, present a single subject experimental design and demonstrate the data of the echoic acquisition during the teaching sessions. As a result, 338 articles were found and, with the application of the inclusion criteria, three were selected. The results corroborate the data in the literature that point out the deficit of studies to establish echoic as the main target of teaching in people with ASD. Most studies adopt echoic as a prompt for establishing other verbal behavior. Even if scarce, the articles indicate the effects of different procedures under the acquisition of the echoic behavior in people with ASD and with diversified initial repertories.

4.
Rev. bras. ter. comport. cogn ; 16(2): 109-124, 2014. ilus, tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-869598

ABSTRACT

A reabilitação de crianças com deficiência auditiva e implante coclear registra a necessidade da elucidação das condições necessárias para estabelecimento de repertórios como ecoico, tato e mando vocais, ainda que repertórios receptivos sejam estabelecidos rapidamente e com muito sucesso. Neste contexto foi desenvolvida uma revisão bibliográfica sobre o ensino desses operantes verbais na base de dados do periódico JABA em três fases: levantamento inicial entre 1968 e 2012 que identificou 306 artigos; seleção dos resumos que ensinavam os operantes-alvos, com 45 artigos; e leitura e análise dos artigos selecionados. Tato e mando foram tomados como operante-alvo em 80% dos artigos e o ecoico apareceu como pré-requisito em 70%; dez artigos ensinaram mais de um operante isoladamente ou por procedimentos de transferência de controle de estímulos. Apenas dois artigos relatavam estudos com deficientes auditivos sugerindo investimento no estudo operante das condições em que a fala expressiva é estabelecida nesta população.


The rehabilitation process of hearing-impaired and implanted children indicates difficulties and some necessary conditions for the establishment of vocals echoic, tact and mand responses. In this context, a bibliographical review over instruction procedures of operants echoic, tact and mand was made in the periodical JABA’s database in three phases: Initial search over the period of 1968 to 2012, identifying 306 articles; selection of the abstracts about the target operants’ teaching procedures, with 45 selected; and reading and analyzing of the selected studies. Tact and mand were the target operants in 80% of the studies, and echoic was a prerequisite in 70% of the studies; 10 articles reported teaching of more than one verbal operant target individually, or with transference control procedures. Only two studies focused on hearing-impaired participants, suggesting investment on studies about vocal expressive establishment conditions within this population.


Subject(s)
Behavior Therapy , Child , Cochlear Implantation , Correction of Hearing Impairment
5.
Yonsei Medical Journal ; : 812-819, 2012.
Article in English | WPRIM | ID: wpr-93573

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE: To evaluate malignancy risk according to ultrasound (US) features and size change on follow-up US in mixed echoic thyroid nodules and to suggest management guidelines thereof. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Among patients who underwent US-guided fine needle aspiration biopsy, 316 mixed echoic nodules in 303 patients were included after excluding the patients with pure solid or cystic nodules or without further cytopathologic evaluation. We evaluated malignancy risk according to US features and changes in size and shape on follow-up US. RESULTS: The malignancy rate was 31.6% (6 of 19) for nodules with suspicious US features and 2.7% (8 of 297) for nodules without suspicious US features (p<0.001). Among 265 nodules with no suspicious US features and initial benign cytology, 15 nodules with suspicious US change and decreased size, 25 nodules with no suspicious US change and increased size, and 225 nodules with no suspicious US change and no change in size were observed on follow-up USs. The malignancy risk thereof was 0%, 0% and 0.4%, respectively (p=1.000). CONCLUSION: Mixed echoic nodules with no suspicious US features and benign cytology can be followed up using US, as they revealed very low malignancy rates, even if they showed growth on follow-up US.


Subject(s)
Adult , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Biopsy, Fine-Needle/methods , Thyroid Neoplasms/diagnosis , Thyroid Nodule/diagnosis
6.
Korean Journal of Psychopharmacology ; : 322-327, 2001.
Article in Korean | WPRIM | ID: wpr-161540

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: The abnormality of mismatch negativity (MMN) in schizophrenia is thought to be associated with perceptional disturbance and cognitive dysfunction. And the antagonists of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors, ketamine, can induce anomalies of psychophysiology and cognitive function as those of schizophrenia. In order to explore the role of NMDA receptors on echoic memory system, MMN under ketamine administration was analyzed. METHODS: MMNs of Healthy 12 subjects under sub-anesthetic dose (0.65 mg/kg/hr) of ketamine administration in placebo-controlled design were recorded by 128 channel EEG. Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) change was also evaluated. RESULTS: BPRS score was significantly increased by ketamine administration (t=-6.655, p<0.001). Ketamine induced significant decrease in MMN amplitudes (Fz, t=-2.572, p=0.026). Neither MMN amplitude under placebo administration nor MMN latencies under ketamine administration and placebo was changed significantly. CONCLUSION: Ketamine induced echoic memory dysfunction in healthy subjects, which is usually found in schizophrenic patients. Consequently, reduced glutamatergic activity in brain could be involved some early processes of the memory dysfunction in schizophrenia.


Subject(s)
Humans , Brain , Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale , Electroencephalography , Glutamic Acid , Ketamine , Memory , N-Methylaspartate , Psychophysiology , Receptors, Glutamate , Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate , Schizophrenia
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