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1.
Int. j. morphol ; 36(1): 248-257, Mar. 2018. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-893218

ABSTRACT

SUMMARY: The retina of vertebrates shows adaptations to the visual environment in which they evolve. Thus, there exists a relationship between the topographic distribution of retinal cells, the adaptive strategies employed, and habitat, so that, analyses of retinal ganglion cell topography provide information about the behavioral ecology of a species. Although these relationships are well documented in many vertebrates, including mammals, for species within the marsupial order, they are not well understood. However, marsupials represent an ideal group for comparative analyses of interspecific variations in the mammalian visual system because they contain species that vary in both lifestyle and habitat preference. In this paper the interspecific variation in retinal ganglion cell topography in 13 species of Australian marsupials is reviewed. The species that live in open habitats have well-defined elongated visual streaks. In contrast, forest-dwelling marsupials have poorly defined visual streaks and a more radially symmetrical arrangement of retinal ganglion cell (RGC) isodensity contours. However, the organization and degree of elongation of the visual streak varies considerably among species. The results indicate that the apparent interspecific variation is associated with activity pattern and habitat as opposed to the phylogenetic relationships among species.


RESUMEN: La retina de los vertebrados muestra adaptaciones al entorno visual en el que evolucionan. Por lo tanto, existe una relación entre la distribución topográfica de las células de la retina, las estrategias de adaptación empleadas y el hábitat, por lo que los análisis de la topografía de las células ganglionares de la retina proporcionan información sobre la ecología del comportamiento de una especie. Aunque estas relaciones están bien documentadas en muchos vertebrados, incluidos los mamíferos, para especies dentro del orden marsupiales, no se conocen bien. Sin embargo, los marsupiales representan un grupo ideal para análisis comparativos de variaciones interespecíficas en el sistema visual de mamíferos porque contienen especies que varían tanto en el estilo de vida como en la preferencia del hábitat. En este trabajo se revisa la variación interespecífica en la topografía de células ganglionares de la retina en 13 especies de marsupiales australianos. Las especies que viven en hábitats abiertos tienen bandas visuales alargadas bien definidas. Por el contrario, los marsupiales que habitan en el bosque tienen rayas visuales mal definidas y una disposición más simétrica radialmente de los contornos de isodensidad de los CGR. Sin embargo, la organización y el grado de elongación de la banda visual varía considerablemente entre las especies. Los resultados indican que la aparente variación interespecífica está asociada con el patrón de actividad y el hábitat en oposición a las relaciones filogenéticas entre las especies.


Subject(s)
Animals , Marsupialia/anatomy & histology , Retinal Ganglion Cells/physiology , Retina/anatomy & histology , Adaptation, Physiological , Australia , Ecology
2.
Rev. biol. trop ; 57(4): 1107-1118, dic. 2009. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-637748

ABSTRACT

Histology and morphometry of the eye in the freshwater Paracheirodon axelrodi (Characiformes: Characidae). The visual system of Teleost fishes has a wide range of adaptations. The eye has suffered modifications, mainly towards better sensitivity and visual resolution according to specific environmental conditions. In that way, this organ is so important for survival. In spite of being the most commercialized Orinoquía species, and one of the most important ornamental fish worldwide, there are almost no studies on the communication systems of P. axelrodi (including vision). We studied the eye in ten individuals of P. axelrodi, with a mean total length of 2.7 cm (SD= 0.2, n= 20). We measured eye relative size (TRO) after sacrifice. Heads were processed for hematoxylin-eosin, and 8 μm thick sections were obtained. Images were digitalized for histological identification and morphometrics. The relation between TRO and body length was 9.8% (SD= 1.1, n= 20); lens was spherical with a relative size of 64.3% (SD= 4.9, n= 20). Rete mirabilis choroid was composed mainly by capillaries, while sclera was composed of cartilaginous tissue. Retina with eight layers and two membranes. An areae centrales was observed in the posterior retina. Iris covered by a simple cubic epithelium. Cornea of endothelial tissue with two membranes. Pupil almost circular, with a naso-caudal elongation. Measures of retina thickness were as follows: lateral retina 144.5 μm (SD= 5.4, n= 20), temporal retina 210.4 μm (SD= 14.8, n= 20). Lens measurements were: dorso- ventral 759.6 μm (SD= 31.7, n= 20), antero-posterior 763.4 μm (SD= 30.7, n= 20). Cornea thickness was 27.6 μm (SD= 4.3, n= 20); iris thickness was 18.9 μm (SD= 1.9, n= 20); rete mirabilis choroid 22.2 μm (SD= 3.2, n= 20) and sclera: 15.9 μm (SD= 1.2, n= 20). This species has a typical Teleost eye conformation. The retina was thicker in the posterior area, probably related to the presence of neuron groups. This modification allows for a better sharpness and visual resolution. The TRO, areae centrales in the retina, and thin cornea, suggests the need of a well developed visual system resulting from a predatory diet. Rev. Biol. Trop. 57 (4): 1107-1118. Epub 2009 December 01.


El pez dulceacuícola P. axelrodi es de gran importancia comercial en la Orinoquía Colombiana y a nivel mundial, pero carece de estudios acerca de su visión. Se utilizaron diez individuos, con longitud total promedio de 2.7 cm (SD= 0.2, n= 20). Se realizaron cortes a 8 μm y se tiρeron con H-E. El tamaρo relativo del ojo es 9.8% (SD= 1.1, n= 20); el cristalino tiene un tamaρo relativo de 64.3% (SD= 4.9, n=20). Una esclerótica con tejido cartilaginoso. La retina está constituida por ocho capas y dos membranas, hay areae centrales en la zona posterior, por lo tanto tiene mayor espesor que la zona lateral. El espesor promedio de las estructuras es: retina lateral: 144.5 μm (SD= 5.4, n= 20), retina temporal: 210.4 μm (SD= 14.8, n= 20); cristalino (esfιrico): dorso-ventral 759.6 μm (SD= 31.7, n= 20) y antero- posterior 763.4 μm (SD= 30.7, n= 20) y cσrnea: 27.6 μm (SD= 4.3, n= 20). El tamaρo relativo del ojo, relacionado con la presencia de areae centrales y una córnea delgada, muestra las necesidades visuales del neón cardenal (cazador) para adaptarse al hábitat, lo que hace necesario tener un sistema visual desarrollado que le permita tener mejor sensibilidad y resolución visual.


Subject(s)
Animals , Adaptation, Physiological , Ecosystem , Eye/anatomy & histology , Eye/cytology , Fishes/anatomy & histology , Fresh Water , Fishes/physiology
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