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Drought is expected to be more severe and frequent due to climate change. Drought exerts not only extensive impacts on economy and environment, but also direct or indirect impacts on human health. This review systematically collected studies exploring the association between drought and human mortality, and summarized the associations between drought and all-cause mortality, chronic non-communicable disease mortality, communicable disease mortality, and injury mortality. The results revealed that drought was significantly associated with human mortality, leading to an elevated mortality risk of cardiovascular diseases, respiratory diseases, cancers, diarrhea, and injuries; serious drought increased much more mortality risk than mild drought; males in rural areas, the elderly, and children were vulnerable populations to drought. However, in-depth studies on the association of drought with human mortality are limited, which calls for related studies in the future. This review summarized the current research status and existing problems in drought and population death, and pointed out the future research direction, which can provide reference for future related research.
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Objective:To investigate the ecological environment and associated plants of mountain cultivated Panax ginseng were investigated in Xifeng county，Kuandian Manchu autonomous county and Huanren Manchu autonomous county of Liaoning province，in order to provided suggestions on the development of the mountain cultivated P. ginseng in these areas and necessary reference materials for the analysis of ecological suitability of mountain cultivated P. ginseng. Method:The field survey was conducted through sample plot survey in the survey pattern ofbased on representative area-sample plot-quadrat，literature review and data collation， were conducted to record indicators， calculate relevant parameters and make summary. Result:The associated plants were investigated based on 42 samples of mountain cultivated ginseng collected. A total of 95 plant species were identified. The correlation analysis was made on the six main species with an occurrence frequency of higher than 33%， and they were all positively correlated. Asarum heterotropoides var. mandshuricum was the strongest，which was followed by Schisandra chinensis， and Tilia tuan was the strongest in the arbor layer. The survey also found many problems in these areas，such as fewer large-scale planting bases， more scattered households，mixed germplasms，irregular planting techniques，simple planting mode and less sources of economic income generation. Conclusion:Xifeng county，Kuandian county and Huanren county of Liaoning province boast a superior ecological environment and abundant resources of mountain cultivated P. ginseng. The survey gets the whole picture of the ecological environment and associated plants of mountain cultivated P. ginseng in representative areas of Liaoning province，so as to provide the basis for the further development of mountain cultivated P. ginseng cultivation industry and the promotion of mountain cultivated Panax ginseng economy.
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Resumen Las Interfaces Cerebro-Computadora (ICCs) son sistemas que miden la actividad del Sistema Nervioso Central y la convierten en salidas que reemplazan, restauran, aumentan, suplementan o mejoran las salidas naturales de dicho sistema y, por lo tanto, cambian las interacciones en curso entre el ser humano y su ambiente interno o externo. Sin embargo, a más de medio siglo de ser investigadas en condiciones de laboratorio, las ICC no han podido ser trasladadas al mundo real. En el presente artículo de revisión se busca: (1) comprender a fondo la estructura de una ICC y los tipos de sistema, (2) analizar el reto que tiene la comunidad científica para mejorar la interacción entre usuario y sistema desde la perspectiva de la ingeniería de factores humanos y (3) describir la aplicación de este tipo de tecnología de asistencia en desarrollo en la sociedad mexicana. El futuro de estas ICC y la eficiencia con que logren el objetivo para el que fueron diseñadas parece depender, más que nunca, de factores relacionados a la percepción subjetiva del usuario, su adaptación al manejo de las ICC y el proceso de internalizarlas como propias en su espacio personal y su psique.
Abstract Brain-Computer Interfaces (BCIs) record the neural activity of the Central Nervous System, and then, produce outputs that replace, restore, increase, supplement or improve the natural outputs of such system. Therefore, the interaction between the human beings and their internal or external environment is transformed. However, over a century being investigated under laboratory conditions, BCIs have not been able to be transferred to the real world. This review aims to: (1) thoroughly understand the structure of a BCI and the system types, (2) analyze the challenge that the scientific community is facing to improve the interaction between user and system from the perspective of the engineering of human factors; and (3) describe the application of this type of assistive technology under development in the Mexican Society. The future of this technology and its effectiveness seem to depend more than ever on factors related to the user subjective perception, and the user adaptation to the system.
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Objective To assess iodine nutritional status of lactating women and infants (0-2 years old) in six ecological regions of Gansu Province,and to provide a scientific basis for iodine supplementation of target people.Methods According to different topography and climate conditions,Gansu Province was divided into six ecological regions:the desert region,the Gobi region of Hexi Corridor,the hills and valleys region of Loess Plateau,the Zhongshan Valley of Qinling Mountains,the grassland meadow area of Gannan plateau and the Loess Plateaugully region.Totally 5 counties were selected from each ecological region,and each county was divided into five geographic locations (east,south,west,north and center).In each location,one township was identified and ten samples of lactating women and infants (0-2 years old) were selected randomly and 60 salt samples of residents were collected to determine iodine content.At the same time salt intake of 20 residents was surveyed in three townships as mentioned above.The water samples of all the centralized water supply projects were collected in each county,and one water sample of the decentralized water supply in ten townships with the largest population of each county from east,south,west,north and center locations was collected to determine iodine content.One soil sample was collected to determine iodine content in east,south,west,north and center townships of each county.The urinary iodine and water iodine levels were measured with the method for determination of iodine in urine by As3+-Ce4+ catalytic spectrophotometry (WS/T 107-2006).The direct titration method among thegeneric methods for iodide testing in salt production industry (GB/T 13025.7-2012) was used to determine the salt iodine level,and the arbitration method was adopted for quantitative determination in the case of Sichuan salt or other special salts and the salt intake was estimated based on three day weighed food record.The soil iodine was determined using the amplified colorimetric method.Results Totally 1 476 and 1 461 urine samples of lactating women and infants were collected,and the total urine iodine medians of lactating women and infants (0-2 years old) were 149.05 and 151.34 μg/L,respectively,the urine iodine median of lactating women and infants in each ecological region was at the 100-199 μg/L appropriate level.Not weaning infants urine iodine (155.32 μg/L) was higher than that of the weaning infants (146.30 μg/L),the difference was significant statistically (Z =-2.808,P ＜ 0.05).There was a correlation between urine iodine of not weaning infants aged 0-2 years old and breastfeeding women (r =0.133,P ＜ 0.01),and there was no correlation between weaning infants and breastfeeding women (r =0.045,P ＞ 0.05).About 9 008 salt samples were collected,and the rates of qualified iodized salt intake in the six ecological regions were all higher than 93％.The daily salt intake per person ranged from 4.5 g to 12.6 g,in which the Loess Plateaugully region was the highest with 12.6 g and the grassland meadow area of Gannan plateau was the lowest with 4.5 g.The water iodine median of 1 513 water samples was 3.3 μg/L.The water iodine medians of the rest 4 ecological regions were all less than 5 μg/L except for the desert region (42.4 μg/L) and the Loess Plateau-gully region (30.0 μg/L) of which the median of water iodine was higher than 20 μg/L.The soil iodine median of 155 soil samples was 127 μg/kg,in which the desert region was the lowest with 78 μg/kg and the grassland meadow area of Gannan plateau was the highest with 218 μg/kg.Conclusion Lactating women and infants are in good iodine nutritional status and the present iodized salt concentration can meet the demand of iodine nutrition of lactating women and infants well.
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Sichuan safflower (Carthamus tinctorius) is a traditional Chinese medicine for promoting blood circulation and removing blood stasis. In this paper, taking Sichuan province as an example, based on TM image, digital elevation model (DEM), meteorology, soil and other data, and using remote sensing and GIS technology to extract grassland, elevation, temperature and precipitation, soil and other influencing factors, the spatial distribution of the suitability of safflower was studied, and the field investigation was carried out. The results indicate that Sichuan safflower resources are mainly concentrated in the eastern and northeastern parts of Sichuan, and the suitable distribution area is about 6 277.14 km2. The area of suitable area of Dazhou is 1 143.45 km², which is suitable for the province area of 18.22%. From the county point of view, the suitable area of Dachuan is about 507.15 km², and accounting for 17.9% of county. In addition, Naxi, Qingshen, Jiangan and other 12 counties of the suitable area of more than 100 km², and accounted for more than 10% of the county. The results of remote sensing and GIS analysis are in accordance with the real area of Sichuan safflower resources. It is feasible to find out the area suitable for the growth of Sichuan safflower by 3S technologies. It can provide a scientific basis for the monitoring and development of Chinese herbal resources.
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The study aims at investigating the ecological environment Adiantum reniforme var. sinense of in Three Gorges Reservoir region, and providing a reference basis for the protection of resources and artificial cultivation of A. reniforme var. sinense. By using the method of investigation, field survey and experimental analysis, the vegetation, natural geographical environment, climate, soil nutrients of A. reniforme var. sinense were studied and analyzed. The survey found that A. reniforme var. sinense distribution area reduced fast in Three Gorges region, a lot of distribution has diminished and vanished due to excessive digging, currently only in 3 towns of Wanzhou there exist 4 wild distribution areas. The growth of A. reniforme var. sinense needs an environment with low altitude, steep slope and thin soil, northeast slope, canopy height and warm and humid climate characteristics, and the soil in distribution has the characteristics of high organic matter, available nitrogen, available potassium, and low available phosphorus content.
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Objective To investigate the history, current situation and ecological environment of Chongqing wild and cultivated Fritillaria taipaiensis resources; To provide references for protection and industrial development of Fritillaria taipaiensis resources. Methods Data query, on-the-spot investigation and follow-up survey were used in the study. Results Chongqing Fritillaria taipaiensis was in the medical records since 1843. Now 5 counties have wild Fritillaria taipaiensis resources and 6 districts have cultivated Fritillaria taipaiensis resources, with 6 typical ecological types. Conclusion Chongqing wild Fritillaria taipaiensis resources are wide distributed and with long history of medical usage. Chongqing is the original producing area of Fritillaria taipaiensis, which has been destroyed by human factors. Fritillaria taipaiensis resources in several districts have become extinct, however, the cultivated Fritillaria taipaiensis resources is developing rapidly.
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Objective To analyze the ecological environmental differences of hibernation hole and temporary hole of Himalayan marmot based on global positioning system (GPS),remote sensing (RS) and geographical information system (GIS) in Yushu City,Qinghai Province.Methods Hibernation holes and temporary holes were located based on GPS.Ecological environment factors related with Himalayan marmot,such as land surface temperature (LST),digital elevation model (DEM),normalized different vegetation index (NDVI),were extracted based on RS and GIS.The ecological environment differences between hibernation hole and temporary hole were explored based on epidemiological statistical method.Results Monthly LST (degree Kelvin,K) of hibernation hole was slightly higher than that of temporary hole in the same period.Yearly day LST of hibernation hole was 1.1 K higher than that of temporary hole in the same period.Yearly night LST of hibernation hole was 0.3 K higher than that of temporary hole in the same period.Monthly NDVI of temporary hole was slightly higher than that of hibernation hole in the same period.Yearly NDVI of temporary hole was 0.001 higher than that of hibernation hole in the same period.DEM of temporary hole was about 40 m higher than that of hibernation hole.The top two ratios of soil type factors were both alpine meadow soil and dark felty soil for hibernation hole and temporary hole,which were 62.1％ and 29.3％,64.4％ and 25.6％.The top two ratios of land cover factors were both rainfed cropland and mosaic cropland for hibernation hole and temporary hole,which were 43.3％ and 25.8％,40.0％ and 26.2％.Conclusions Soil type factors and land cover factors for hibernation hole and temporary hole are similar.Lower DEM and higher LST are chose for hibernation hole,and better NDVI is chose for temporary hole,which is good for food intake.
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Objective To explore the relationship between prevalence of Kashin-Beck disease (KBD) and ecological environment, and to broaden the perspective of KBD etiology. Methods In 37 counties of KBD areas in Gansu Province, information about the ecological environment and implementation situation of control measures (altitude, temperature, rainfall, evapo ration, frost free period, annual sunshine hours, population density, per capita income, the proportion of staple food, returning farmland to forest, to forestry and replant crops) and X-ray detection rate of KBD of 7-12-year-old children in 2012 - 2014 was collected. Using four quantile regression method, the regression model was introduced to analyze the 11 ecological factors which related to the pathogenesis of KBD. The effect of three points on X-ray detection rate of KBD was estimated. Results The X-ray detection rate of KBD was independent of altitude, temperature, evaporation, population density, per capita income and cash crops, and was dependent of rainfall, frost free period, annual sunshine hours, the staple food purchase ratio, and returning farmland to forest and grassland. No matter where in any place numbered, the higher rainfall (measure value:0.003 3 to 0.006 4), the longer frost free period (measure value: 0.029 2 to 0.043 8), the longer annual sunshine hours (measure value:0.001 6 to 0.001 8), and the higher staple food purchase ratio (measure value:0.019 7 to 0.027 6), the higher risk of X-ray detection rate of KBD; the higher returning farmland to forest and to grassland, the lower risk of X-ray detection rate of KBD (measure value: - 0.037 2 to - 0.013 3). Conclusion The X-ray detection rate of KBD is closely related to local ecological environment.
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ABSTRACT Understanding the distribution characteristics of arable land in Yunnan Province is of significant importance to make scientific decisionsto use and improve the quality of arable land. In this study, the distribution characteristics of the arable land grade including 129 counties were analyzed based on the accomplishment of cultivated land classification in Yunnan Province. The results showed that the average economic quality composite grade was 2.9, in a range of 1 to 13, which means that the economic quality of arable landof Yunnan Province is relatively lower. In excellent zone, the grade ranges from 1 to 10, and the average grade is 2.4. In good zone, it ranges from 1~13, and the average grade is 3.1. In medium zone, it ranges from 1~12, and the average value is 3.2. In poor zone, it ranges from 1~11, and the average is 3. In worse zone, it ranges from 1~10, and the average is 2.2. The middle and poor arable land has the largest area, which concentrated in the middle and poor zones and dominantly influenced the average grade in the whole province. This research will serve as a reference forarable landpolicy making in the future, especiallyon apace arrangement optimization, quality improvement and ecology environment protection in Yunnan Province.
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The paper is aimed to study the distribution, population density, soil conditions and community characteristics of accompanying plants' in Enshi sub-regional different areas, with a typical habitats investigation method. The results showed that the wild Panax japonicus mainly distributed in moist places under the forests, by streams, or secondary forests of high grass, within east longitude 29°-30°, north latitude 108°-110°and about 1 000-15 00 meters above sea level. The soils were mainly tide soil and humus with yellow-brown soil, yellow soil and red soil, and the humus thickness was5-30 centimeter, pH 6.0-6.8, the moisture content of 16.8%-24.2%, soil bulk density of 1.39-2.12. Its geographical vegetation types were mainly evergreen coniferous forest, evergreen-deciduous mixture broad leaved forest and evergreen coniferous forest mixed deciduous broad-leaved forest, including three levels community structure of arbors, shrubs and herbaceous; Its accompanying plants reached 86 families, 118 genera, 134 species of seed plants, the arbors included 15 families, 21 genera, 26 species and the dominant species community mainly Pinaceae such as Pinus massoniana, P. tabuliformis, P. henryi and Taxodiaceae such as Cunninghamia lanceolata, Cryptomeria fortunei etc. The shrubs included 39 families, 54 genera, 62 species with the dominant species such as Camellia oleifera, Kalopanax septemlobus, Akebia trifoliata, Trachycarpusfortunei, Rhamnus globosa, Smilax corbularia and so on. The herbaceous included 32 families, 43 genera, 46 species, and Ferns such as the black-footed Dryopteris, Dryopteris crassirhizom, Coniogramme affinis, Polystichum tripteron, Adiantum pedatum, Lunathyrium acrostichoides, Woodsia ilvensis and Woodwardia japonica were dominant species. The cover layer covered a large number of lichens and mosses. The wild P. japonicus can be found among the P. massoniana, P. tabuliformis, P. henryi, lichens and mosses. These may indicate that the wild P. japonicusin Enshi requires higher demands on the ecological environment, its accompanying plants are mainly the tree layer-shrub layer-herb layer, and vertical structure is obvious. The study provides a basis for domestication and conservation of P. japonicus resources.
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Waste generated in Chinese materia medica (CMM) resources industrialization pollutes the ecological environment seriously, forming the bearing pressure of the environment. From the perspective of the externality theory and the circular economy theory, three circular patterns of waste reutilization are discussed, as well as their effects on the ecological environment. In addition, based on the perspective of the ecological effect, the technologies used for promoting the conversion of waste reutilization of CMM are put forward. All of these will promote waste reutilization of CMM and protect the ecological environment, which are conducive to the sustainable development of CMM resources.
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Objective To explore the relationship between the Yangtze River floodplain ecological environment(vegetation, soil,water and light intensity)and the distribution of Oncomelania hupensis snails,so as to provide the evidence for ecological snail control. Methods Three regions(the Lu-Gang Bridge,Dragon Nest Lake in the bund,and Dragon Nest lake beach)were selected to investigate the plant characteristics(species,height,coverage,frequency and strain of clusters),soil characteristics (temperature,humidity,light intensity)and pH value. All the results were analyzed statistically with SPSS 18 software. Results A total of 920 boxes were investigated. The vegetation coverage was 3.7%-63.5%,and the dominant population was Cyperusrotun-dus L. cluster on the marshland. The soil temperature was 19.0℃-24.0℃,pH 5.0-5.7,and humidity 53%-75%. There were statis-tical significants in average number of living snails and dead snails among 3 groups( P<0.05). As the light intensity was strong in summer and weak in winter,the snails were in the back surface in summer and front surface in winter respectively. The average number of living snails was the most near the water. The difference was statistical significant(P<0.01)among three ranges(0-1 m,1-3 m and 3-5 m). Conclusion The snail survival and distribution have close relations with micro ecological environment factors,such as vegetation,soil,water and light intensity.
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The aim of the study was to investigate the population ecology of medical shellfish and the infection of An-giostrongylus cantonensis in Longhai ,Fujian Province ,China .Aquatic and terrestrial shellfish were collected in survey points according to different types of breeding grounds .Then ,lung-microscopy method was involved in the detection of the lung tis-sue in Ampullaria gigas .Other shellfishes were mashed to detect the third-stage larvae of Angiostrongylus cantonensis .Hom-ogenization and lung microscopy were compared in the detection of the larvae of A .cantonensis in Achatina snails .Factors re-lated to the environment and influence of shellfish hosts were also included .Results showed that 8 species of molluscans were found ,including Pila gigas ,Bellamya aeruginosa ,Bellamya lithophaga ,Melanoides tuberculata ,Achatina fulica ,Vag-inulus alte ,Philomycus bilineatus ,and Bradybaenasimilaris with 1 673 specimens in 27 survey points from 9 townships .The infectionratewas19.78% inaverage.TheinfectionrateinV.altewas56.63% (47/83);theinfectionratesforA.fulicaand P .gigas were 39 .32% (92/234) and 27 .14% (130/234) ,respectively .The infection rate of each survey point was closely re-lated to the distances from the residents living area .Morever ,A .cantonensis larvae were detected in M .tuberculata .Lung mi-croscopy and homogenization method detection rate was 87 .1%and 100 .0% ,respectively .The difference was statistically sig-nificant .In conclusion ,V .alte ,A . fulica and P .gigas were A . cantonensist infection dominant population . The infection rate was closely related to micro-ecological environment for all kinds of shellfish .M .tuberculata was the new host of A .can-tonensis .Lung microscopy method should not be used in the qualitative screening detection of A . f ulica infected with A .can-tonensist .
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Evidence from Western countries suggests that built environmental attributes can influence the physical activity participation in adults, but whether or not this is the case for Chinese is unknown. Also, the strength of the relationship of environment to physical activity may differ by age group. The present study examined age-related differences in associations between perceived neighborhood environment and walking in Chinese women dwelling in Beijing. Cross-sectional data were collected through an internet-based survey. Total of 737 women aged 30 to 59 years responded. All of them were then divided into three groups based on the age: aged from 30-39, from 40-49 and from 50-59. In addition to socio demographic information, the perceived neighborhood environment was measured by Neighborhood Environment Walkability Scale Questionnaire, and their walking time per week was collected through International Physical Activity Questionnaire. To measure relationship between perceived neighborhood environment and walking time, partial correlations were computed, adjusting for socio demographics. Walking time was significantly related to residential density in aged 40-49 years, and land use mix-access, walking/cycling facilities, traffic safety variables in aged 50-59 years. The present study indicates that there would be differences in associations between neighborhood attributes by age-groups. Future, public health promotion of walking activity and the design of interventions need to consider the contribution of neighborhood level built environment influences.
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Objective To assess the quantitative relationship between the distribution of Himalayan marmot and its ecological environment,the terrain,the temperature and the precipitation,using remote sensing and geographic information system in Qinghai province.Methods The distribution of Himalayan marmot was located by Google Earth and ArcGIS software and by using field survey data provided by Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention.The corresponding ecological environment of marmot including terrain,temperature and precipitation were derived from the spatial information datasets.All results were processed according to the overlay and statistics analysis using ArcGIS software.Results Seventy-seven point twenty-seven percent(153/198) of Himalayan marmot were distributed in the area of elevation between 3000 and 4000 meters.The number of marmot reached the highest when the slope was between 0 and 17 degrees,and aspect range was between 91 and 270 degrees,180 degree was as south direction.During the period with the maximum temperature of the warmest month of 14.3-17.5 ℃,17.6-20.8 ℃ and 20.9-24.0 ℃,the distribution of marmot reached 95％(186/198) of the total area.Meanwhile,most of the marmot were presented in the area with average precipitation of 46-108 mm.Conclusions A quantitative analysis of appropriate ecological environment of Himalayan marmot in a large scope is carried uul successfully using remote sensing and geographic information system.The study indicates that spatial information technology has important applications in plague prevention and control.
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Objective To explore the relationships between micro-ecological environmental factors and the density of Snails so as to provide information for the elimination of Snails and control of Schistosomiasis disease,under ecological methods.Methods A bottomland close to Junshan Park in Yueyang city,Hunan province was selected as the field for survey during 10,2007-10,2008,and a systematic sampling method was applied to determine the specific sites of Snail investigation.All the Snails in each frames were collected and the soil surface temperature and vegetation coverage in several frames were measured.30 g soil sample in each selected frames were also collected simultaneously.The number of live Snails in each frame was counted by dissection,and soil measured pH value and soil moisture were tested in the laboratory.The distribution of Snails and microecological environmental factors,fitted general additive model for the relationship of these factors and the Snail density were described.Results 104 frames were surveyed,with pH value as between 4.70-7.92,vegetation coverage as in 1% to 96%,soil surface temperature as in 14.5-32.7℃,the soil moisture as in 0.07-2.00.Under General additive model,data showed that there was no significant difference for vegetation coverage.However,other factors were all significantly different(P＜0.001).It was found that a nonlinear relationship was existing between these factors and the Snail density.Conclusion Smoothing function relationship was noticed between the Snail density and micro-ecological environmental factors.It's suggested to fit general additive model to study the relationship between the distribution of Snails and its influencing factors,so as to adopt appropriate measures to change the related ecology to control the diffusion and reproduction of Snails.
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The ecological environment of medical ethics education is an ecological environment for the moral development of college students,mainly including human environment,material environment,dynamic environment,and cultural environment,etc.Its most dramatic feature is the ecological feature,and the morality feature is its most outstanding one.
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This article discusses the relationship between ecological environment、ethical awareness and ecological moral.It tells us that only when we esteem the natural rights,establish the natural power,maintain ecological balance and erect the ethical awareness of ecological civilization that the human benefits can be adequately obtained and social enlightenment can be unceasingly developed.