ABSTRACT
Resumen: Objetivo: Analizar la situación actual de la atención de la salud mental a partir de un análisis socioecológico, sustentado en las percepciones del personal y usuarios de centros de salud (CS) de la Ciudad de México (CDMX). Material y métodos: Estudio exploratorio descriptivo de métodos mixtos (CUALI → CUAN). En la fase cualitativa, se entrevistó al personal de 19 centros ubicados en tres delegaciones de la CDMX y, en la fase cuantitativa, se aplicó un cuestionario a pacientes. Resultados: Se identificó la influencia e interdependencia de diferentes factores que impactan la atención de la salud mental (SM). El personal de salud y pacientes reconocen escases de recursos que impactan la calidad del servicio, políticas públicas en SM que no siempre se concretan en la práctica y un modelo de atención que no permite ahondar en problemas emocionales. Conclusiones: Mejorar la atención de la SM en el primer nivel requiere de un trabajo reflexivo desde diversas ópticas.
Abstract: Objective: To analyze the current status of mental health care through a socioecological analysis, based on the perceptions of health center (HC) staff and users in Mexico City (CDMX). Materials and methods: Descriptive exploratory study of mixed methods (QUALI→ QUANT). During the qualitative phase, staff at 19 centers located in three Mexico City boroughs were interviewed and during the quantitative phase, a questionnaire was applied to patients. Results: The influence and interdependence of the various factors impacting mental health (MH) care were identified. Health personnel and patients mentioned limited resources, which impact service quality, public MH policies that are not always implemented in practice and a care model that does not make it possible to delve into emotional problems. Conclusions: Improving MH care at the primary care level requires reflective work from a variety of perspectives.
Subject(s)
Humans , Primary Health Care , Mental Health Services/standards , Self Report , Sociological Factors , Mexico , Models, TheoreticalABSTRACT
La investigación sobre agresión entre escolares (bullying) tiende a poner énfasis en las características individuales de agresores y víctimas, y no así en las características contextuales. En este artículo presentamos evidencia de que el clima de aula es un factor predictor de la percepción de agresión entre escolares. Se aplicaron instrumentos de autopercepción y heteropercepción de intimidación y victimización de 444 estudiantes chilenos de séptimo y octavo básico, y se analizó el efecto de la percepción del clima de su sala de clases sobre estos indicadores. Para intimidación, el modelo de regresión fue significativo aún después de controlar el nivel socioeconómico y explicó el 40.1 % de la varianza y para victimización, el 33.5 %. Específicamente, fueron las dimensiones de fricción, satisfacción y competencia las que incidieron en la intimidación y victimización entre pares. Estos resultados son discutidos en el marco de la investigación sobre victimización entre pares desde una perspectiva social-ecológica.
Research on peer aggression (bullying) places emphasis on individual characteristics of aggressors and victims, and scarcely on context variables. This article provides evidence of classroom climate acting as predictor of perceived peer aggression. 444 students enrolled in sixth, seventh, and eight grade were administered instruments measuring self-reported and peer-reported intimidation and victimization. We analyzed the effect of classroom climate on these indicators. For intimidation, the regression model proved significant even after controlling for socioeconomic status, and explained 40.1 % of variance; and for victimization, 33.5 % of variance. Specifically, the dimensions of classroom climate associated with peer aggression were friction, satisfaction, and competitiveness. These results are discussed within the framework of research on peer aggression from a social-ecological perspective.
ABSTRACT
A colocação em Acolhimento Familiar e a cessação da estadia constituem transições ecológicas, pelas alterações que acarretam e pelos papéis que atribuem aos seus protagonistas. A preparação destas transições visa não eliminar os obstáculos, uma utopia que o grau de mudança não permite, mas diminui-los, para um nível que facilite o desenvolvimento da criança e a integração na fase seguinte da sua vida. Este artigo revê o trabalho de alguns autores que, no Reino Unido, se têm debruçado sobre a preparação da colocação e da cessação do Acolhimento Familiar. O modelo ecológico é utilizado como quadro teórico orientador daquela medida de protecção e identifica um conjunto de factores que potencializam o sucesso das transições.
The placement in foster care and its ceasing are ecological transitions due to the changes they bring and because of the roles assigned to their protagonists. The preparation of such transitions aims to not diminish the obstacles, a utopia that the degree of change does not allow, but to diminish them to a degree that makes the child integration in his/her next phase of life easier. This article reviews the work of some British authors who have taken a special interest in the preparation and closure of children's foster care. It also intends to legitimize, from a theoretical point of view, the relevance of using the ecological model as a guiding framework of that protective measure and suggests a set of practices which enhance the success of the transitions.
Subject(s)
Child , Child Development , Environment , Family , Protective FactorsABSTRACT
This article discusses how adolescents become violent from the perspective of human development, in which the process of formation of the child and the youth depends on diverse biological, psychological e social variables that constitute the context of life of these individuals. The ecological perspective of human development opposes simple cause-effect relations between antisocial adversities and behaviors and believes that factors such as gender, temperament, cognitive ability, age, family, social environment and culture combine in a complex way influencing the behavior of the child and the adolescent. Some conclusions point to the fact that violence in adolescence usually starts from a combination of early difficulties in relationships associated with a combination of temperamental difficulties. It is concluded that the young seem to be as bad as the social environment surrounding them.
O artigo discute como adolescentes tornam-se violentos a partir de uma perspectiva do desenvolvimento humano na qual o processo de formação da criança e do jovem depende de diversas variáveis biológicas, psicológicas e sociais que constituem o contexto de vida desses indivíduos. A perspectiva ecológica do desenvolvimento humano contraria simples relações de causa-efeito entre adversidades e comportamentos anti-sociais e acredita que fatores como gênero, temperamento, competência cognitiva, idade, família, entorno social e cultura combinam-se de forma complexa, influenciando o comportamento da criança e do adolescente. Algumas conclusões apontam para o fato de que a violência na adolescência usualmente começa a partir de uma combinação de dificuldades precoces nos relacionamentos, associadas a uma combinação de dificuldades temperamentais. Além disso, coloca-se que os jovens parecem ser tão maus quanto é o seu entorno social.
Subject(s)
Adolescent , Humans , Psychology, Adolescent , Violence/psychologyABSTRACT
This article presents and discusses some attempts to overcome the "Cartesian" dualism of "mind versus matter" and "interior versus exterior", in particular the attempts of anthropologist Tim Ingold in his book "The Perception of the Environment" (2000). Central to Ingold's argument is a shift in focus from structure to process (temporality), from design to growth, from the organism in a context to organism and environment as co-evolutionary and co-constitutive entities. Ingold builds on ecological thinking (Bateson and Gibson) and phenomenology (Merleau-Ponty and Heidegger). This article characterises Ingold's position as a neo-romantic reaction to the "linguistic turn" in the human sciences and the "genetic turn" in biology and compares his position to historical romanticism.(AU)
Subject(s)
Philosophy/history , Humanities/historyABSTRACT
Este artigo consistiu na revisão da posição teórica da psicologia ecológica no estudo da família e suas implicações no desenvolvimento humano. Essa perspectiva recente - a ecológica - contrapõe-se aos enfoques tradicionais, enfatizando os aspectos dinâmicos que apontam o contexto, a pessoa em desenvolvimento, o processo e o tempo como variáveis que se interagem reciprocamente. A ênfase no contexto influencia famílias e seu impacto sobre o desenvolvimento vem acompanhado do contexto cultural e que juntos constituem-se em contextos essenciais para a compreensão do indivíduo em sua singularidade.
his work is based on a review of a theoretical position of the ecological psychology in the study of familiesand their implications in the human development. This recent perspective ecology opposes to tradicionalfocuses, emphasizing the dynamic aspects that point out the context, a person in development, the processand the epoch as variable that exercise influence upon each other. The emphasis in familiar context and itsimpact about development come together with the cultural context and constitute in essential contexts forthe comprehension of the human beings in their particularity