Changes in Height and Body Weight Within a Time Period of 35 Years in Males of the Same Age / Cambios en la Altura y el Peso Corporal en un Período de 35 Años en Hombres de la Misma Edad

SUMMARY: Height and body weight measurements are among the most important anthropometric variables when assessing a population's growth, development and body composition. This study aimed to evaluate the height and body weight variability of male entities aged 17-18 years within 35 years. This goal was realized by comparing the height and body weight of the population of the same gender and age in three different time studies. The descriptive statistical parameters and T-test for independent groups show systematic and significant differences in measured variables between three measurements in different timelines. Both in body height and body weight, from measurement to measurement, significant systematic and statistically significant differences (p<0.01) have been identified (1985: BH= 172.8cm, BW= 61.7kg; 2004: BH=176.8 cm, BW=66.9 kg; 2019: BH=178.5 cm, BW=72 kg). The results of this study prove that the change in the socio-economic status of a population over a period time of 35 years can significantly affect the growth and development of children/adolescents.

Las medidas de altura y peso corporal se encuentran entre las variables antropométricas más importantes a la hora de evaluar el crecimiento, el desarrollo y la composición corporal de una población. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar la variabilidad de la altura y el peso corporal de entidades masculinas de 17 a 18 años dentro de 35 años. Este objetivo se logró comparando la altura y el peso corporal de la población del mismo sexo y edad en tres estudios temporales diferentes. Los parámetros estadísticos descriptivos y la prueba T para grupos independientes muestran diferencias sistemáticas y significativas en las variables medidas entre tres mediciones en diferentes líneas de tiempo. Tanto en la altura como en el peso corporal, de medición en medición, se han identificado diferencias significativas sistemáticas y estadísticamente significativas (p<0,01) (1985: BH= 172,8 cm, BW= 61,7 kg; 2004: BH=176,8 cm, BW=66,9 kg; 2019: BH=178,5 cm, BW=72 kg). Los resultados de este estudio demuestran que el cambio en el estatus socioeconómico de una población durante un período de 35 años puede afectar significativamente el crecimiento y desarrollo de niños/ adolescentes.

Measuring categorisation in pre-school children: new toolkit, new insights

Introduction: whilst recent years have witnessed considerable research into infant categorisation, its development during the pre-school period has garnered far less interest and innovation. Objective: this paper documents the development of a valid and reliable new toolkit for measuring categorisation in children, designed to allow fine-grained differentiation through four short tasks. Methods: the paper outlines how a pilot study with 55 children reduced confounding variables, ruled out several explanations for performance variations and enabled procedural refinements. It then documents a study conducted with 190 children aged 30-60 months. Results: this more sophisticated testing mechanism challenges previously accepted developmental norms and suggests both sex and socio-economic status (and their interaction) influence categorisational abilities in pre-schoolers. Conclusion: the results indicate that preschool children's ability to categorise varies markedly, with implications for their capacity to access formal education.

Introdução: embora nos últimos anos tenha havido pesquisas consideráveis sobre a categorização infantil, seu desenvolvimento durante o período pré-escolar atraiu muito menos interesse e inovação. Objetivo: este artigo documenta o desenvolvimento de um novo kit de ferramentas válido e confiável para medir a categorização em crianças, projetado para permitir diferenciação refinada por meio de quatro tarefas curtas. Método: o artigo descreve como um estudo piloto com 55 crianças reduziu variáveis de confusão, descartou várias explicações para variações de desempenho e permitiu refinamentos de procedimentos. Em seguida, documenta um estudo realizado com 190 crianças de 30 a 60 meses. Resultados: este mecanismo de teste mais sofisticado desafia as normas de desenvolvimento previamente aceitas e sugere que o sexo e o status socioeconômico (e sua interação) influenciam as habilidades de categorização em pré-escolares. Conclusão: os resultados indicam que a capacidade de categorização dos pré-escolares varia acentuadamente, com implicações na sua capacidade de acesso à educação forma

Pharmacoeconomics study of rosuvastatin single daily dose versus alternate day dosing in hyperlipidemia patients

Background: In country like India, therapy with rosuvastatin recommended dose may cost between Rs. 400.00 and Rs. 800.00/month. The lower and middle income groups of Indian society are rapidly becoming major sufferers of cardiovascular disease, among all non-communicable diseases, the economic burden of rosuvastatin therapy may be substantial for this large section of population. Aims and Objectives: The aim of the study was to study the cost-effectiveness of rosuvastatin on alternate day versus daily dosing regimen in hyperlipidemia patients. Materials and Methods: The research was carried out at MNR Medical College and Hospital’s department of pharmacology in association with general medicine. According to the inclusion criteria, 50 patients aged 30–60 years of both sexes were included in this prospective open label trial. The research lasted 6 weeks. All the participants were included in study after obtaining the informed consent and approval of the Institutional Ethics Committee was obtained before enrolment of participants. All patient data were obtained using a pre-designed proforma and put into an excel spreadsheet. Results: A total of 42 patients are included with 16 females (38%) and 26 men (62%). Cost of daily rosuvastatin for 6 weeks is Rs. 1087.80 (yearly daily dosing expenses 9453.50%) accounting for mean reduction of LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C) of 33.50% and for alternate day rosuvastatin for 6 weeks is 543.90% (yearly alternate day dosing expense 4713.80%) accounting for mean reduction of LDL-C of 31%. Conclusion: Treatment with alternate day dose of rosuvastatin is comparably cost-effective when compared to currently practicing daily dose rosuvastatin therapy.

A Study Of The Impact Of Economic Status On The Opinion Of Beneficiary Candidates Of The Scheme Of Developing High Quality Research About The Scheme Benefits

Continuous improvement and evolution in various fields are crucial to ensure a better living environment for everyone. To achieve this, researchers have a significant responsibility to produce valuable research in concerned areas. However, dedicated researchers often face various obstacles, such as financial stress, which can hinder their ability to conduct research. To support Ph.D. scholars, many central and state government funding agencies offer financial assistance schemes. In this regard, the Government of Gujarat has initiated a scheme called SHODH – ScHeme Of Developing High quality research to provide financial support to Ph.D. scholars from recognized universities/institutes of the state to produce quality research in various disciplines. However, it is essential to understand the impact of the scheme's benefits from the perspective of the beneficiary candidates, especially those belonging to different economic statuses. Therefore, a study has been conducted to explore the opinions of beneficiary candidates of the SHODH scheme about the scheme's selected aspects and whether their opinions differ based on their economic status. The study adopts a causal-comparative research method to gain insight into the requirements of research scholars belonging to different economic statuses. This information will enable better facilitation of scholars to produce meaningful research in their respective fields.

A Community Based Cross-Sectional Study to Assess the Socio-Economic and Health Status of Rag Pickers in Varanasi slums, North India

Background- Rag picking is one of the inferior economic activities in the urban informal sector, largely undertaken by children belonging to weaker sections of society for their survival and for supplementing their family income. Rag picking is one of the most dangerous activities in India. Rag pickers are working in a filthy environment surrounded by dust, dogs, and pigs. They suffer from many diseases, such as respiratory problems, anemia, fever, and other problems which include cuts, rashes, and injuries. Waste pickers are the general term adopted by the 1 st World Conference of Waste Pickers in 2008. Objective- [a] To assess the socio-economic condition of ragpickers in Varanasi, [b] To know the health condition and treatment behavior of ragpickers in Varanasi. Materials and Methods- A community-based descriptive cross-sectional study in which ragpickers reside in the slum area of Varanasi. All men and women present at the time of the interview who were involved in rag picking from the last 6 months were included. Seriously ill men and women were excluded. Since we had no prior knowledge about the proportion of cases (P) so a pilot study was conducted in which prevalence of health problem found in rag pickers in the last 6 months (P) = 0.90. Total estimated sample size is 100. In this study, Simple Random sampling was used. By using this sampling 100 individuals were selected randomly, fulfilling the inclusion criteria. Results-82 (82.0%) rag pickers were not educated in which 75 (91.5%) rag pickers suffered from health problems. Maximum 74 (74.0 %) rag pickers were migrants. Maximum 74 (74.0%) rag pickers were married in which 36 (48.0 %) rag pickers were married between 14- 18 ages. 80 (80.0%) rag pickers had not used any precautionary measure during rag picking in which 73 (91.2%) rag pickers faced health problems. Maximum 39(39.0%) were affected by dust during rag picking. Only 17(17%) ragpickers preferred government hospitals for treatment. 75 (75.0 %) rag pickers were addicted to intoxication in which 66 (88.0%) rag pickers faced health problems. 91 (91%) ragpickers affected by any health problems in the last 6 months in which a maximum of 63.7% of rag pickers suffered from fever, 60.4% of rag pickers complained about injuries, 56.2 % of rag pickers suffered from weakness problems, 52.7% of rag pickers affected by cough problems. There is a highly significance between educational status and any kind of intoxication. Discussion- The literacy level among the rag pickers was 18% which is much lower than the average literacy rate of Varanasi 75.60% (2011census). A study on slum dwellers in Dhaka showed the literacy rate higher than the finding of this study (18 vs 25 %). 28.0% of rag pickers adopted this work because they had no education. There is a high significance between educational status and any kind of intoxication. Chances of intoxication are high when no education among rag pickers. It is highly significant between educational status and health problems of rag pickers in the last 6 months. Uneducated rag pickers were not aware of the health effects.

Socio-Economic Status As An Associate Of Emotional Competence Of Secondary School Students

The study aims to find out the association between socio-economic status (SES) of the family and emotional competence (EC) of secondary school students by taking the construct as a whole and in terms of of its component factors. The cross- sectional study collected data from a stratified random sample of 866 students from the secondary schools of Ernakulam and Thrissur districts (Kerala, India), representing the population of adolescents in the age range 13-15, studying in the secondary classes (Std. VIII to X) of schools affiliated to the Board of Public Examinations, Govt. of Kerala. Data were collected by administering the Emotional Competence Scale for Secondary School Pupils (Rekha & Salim Kumar, 2015) and the Socio-Economic Status Scale (Usha & Vijayan, 2014). Chi-square test of association was employed to analyse the data inferentially. The result revealed the presence of significant association between SES of the family and emotional competence in total and two of the constituent factors of EC, viz., self-awareness and relationship management

Impact of socioeconomic vulnerability on Covid-19 outcomes and social distancing in Brazil / Impacto da vulnerabilidade socioeconômica nos resultados da Covid-19 e no distanciamento social no Brasil / Impacto de la vulnerabilidad socioeconómica en los resultados del Covid-19 y el distanciamiento social en Brasil

Due to the persistently high cases and deaths, Brazil became one of the worst countries affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. Understanding the possible health inequities is essential, given the population's diversity and the country's fragile socioeco- nomic situation. Thus, this study aimed to assess the impact and correlation of socioeco- nomic vulnerability on COVID-19 outcomes and social distancing in Brazil. The Gini Coefficient (GC), the Social Vulnerability Index (SVI), epidemiological data on the CO- VID-19 epidemic in Brazil, and the Social Distancing Index (SDI) were retrieved from online databases and assessed for each Brazilian state. Data was statistically analyzed through non-parametric tests and multiple linear regressions. The mean values for the GC and SVI were 0.495 and 0.261, respectively. A positive statistically significant correlation was found between the socioeconomic indicators and the three variables related to the COVID-19 outbreak. States with very low social vulnerability presented fewer deaths per 100 thousand inhabitants due to COVID-19 than states with moderate social vulnerability. SVI was a predictor of accumulated cases, confirmed deaths, and social distancing. The COVID-19 outcomes and SDI in Brazilian states are correlated to socioeconomic condi- tions. The pandemic impacts are more severe on less favored communities.

Devido ao número persistentemente alto de casos e mortes, o Brasil se tornou um dos países mais afetados pela pandemia da COVID-19. Compreender as possíveis desigualdades em saúde é essencial, dada a diversidade da população e a frágil situação socioeconômica do país. Assim, este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o impacto e a correlação da vulnerabilidade socioeconômica sobre os resultados da COVID-19 e o dis- tanciamento social no Brasil. O Coeficiente de Gini (CG), o Índice de Vulnerabilidade Social (IVS), os dados epidemiológicos sobre a epidemia de COVID-19 no Brasil e o Índice de Distanciamento Social (IDS) foram recuperados de bancos de dados on-line e avaliados para cada estado brasileiro. Os dados foram analisados estatisticamente por meio de testes não paramétricos e regressões lineares múltiplas. Os valores médios para o GC e o SVI foram 0,495 e 0,261, respectivamente. Foi encontrada uma correlação po- sitiva estatisticamente significativa entre os indicadores socioeconômicos e as três variá- veis relacionadas ao surto de COVID-19. Os estados com vulnerabilidade social muito baixa apresentaram menos mortes por 100 mil habitantes devido à COVID-19 do que os estados com vulnerabilidade social moderada. O IVS foi um preditor de casos acumula- dos, mortes confirmadas e distanciamento social. Os resultados da COVID-19 e o SDI nos estados brasileiros estão correlacionados às condições socioeconômicas. Os impactos da pandemia são mais graves nas comunidades menos favorecidas.

Debido a la persistencia de un elevado número de casos y muertes, Brasil se convirtió en uno de los países más afectados por la pandemia de COVID-19. Compren- der las posibles desigualdades sanitarias es esencial, dada la diversidad de la población y la frágil situación socioeconómica del país. Así, este estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar el impacto y la correlación de la vulnerabilidad socioeconómica en los resultados del CO- VID-19 y el distanciamiento social en Brasil. El Coeficiente de Gini (CG), el Índice de Vulnerabilidad Social (IVS), datos epidemiológicos sobre la epidemia de COVID-19 en Brasil y el Índice de Distanciamiento Social (IDS) fueron recuperados de bases de datos en línea y evaluados para cada estado brasileño. Los datos se analizaron estadísticamente mediante pruebas no paramétricas y regresiones lineales múltiples. Los valores medios del CG y del IVS fueron 0,495 y 0,261, respectivamente. Se encontró una correlación estadísticamente significativa positiva entre los indicadores socioeconómicos y las tres variables relacionadas con el brote de COVID-19. Los estados con vulnerabilidad social muy baja presentaron una mayor vulnerabilidad social. Los estados con muy baja vulne- rabilidad social presentaron menos muertes por cada 100 mil habitantes debidas al CO- VID-19 que los estados con vulnerabilidad social moderada. El IVS fue un predictor de casos acumulados, muertes confirmadas y distanciamiento social. Los resultados de la COVID-19 y el IVS en los estados brasileños están correlacionados con las condiciones socioeconómicas. Los impactos de la pandemia son más severos en las comunidades me- nos favorecidas.

Investigation on medical security and quality of life of migrant workers with pneumoconiosis / 中华劳动卫生职业病杂志

Objective: To investigate and understand the medical security and quality of life of migrant workers with pneumoconiosis, so as to provide scientific basis for the prevention and control countermeasures of migrant workers with pneumoconiosis and targeted poverty alleviation. Methods: Using a stratified random sampling method, 200 migrant workers diagnosed with pneumoconiosis at the Shandong Academy of Occupational Health and Occupational Medicine from January 2016 to December 2021 were selected as the observation group, while 200 non migrant workers diagnosed with pneumoconiosis were selected as the control group. St. George's Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ) and Pneumoconiosis Questionnaire were used to collect and compare information on the age, working age of dust exposure, economic sources, employment status, income, medical security and quality of life of two groups of patients. Results: The age of migrant worker pneumoconiosis patients in the observation group was (58.1±8.1) years old, and the working age of dust exposure was (19.3±10.1) years. The main source of income was children support (85.5%, 171/200), employment status was mainly wait for employment or unemployed (69.0%, 138/200), personal monthly income was mainly non income (90.0%, 180/200), and family annual income was mainly less than 10000 yuan (48.0%, 96/200). The average personal annual medical expenditure of 5000-<10000 yuan accounted for 42.0% (84/200). The age of pneumoconiosis patients in the control group was (59.2±8.9) years old, and the working age of dust exposure was (20.2±10.5) years. The main source of income was retirement pension or salary (99.0%, 198/200), with retirement as the main employment status (66.0%, 132/200), the main personal monthly income was 2000-<4000 yuan (61.5%, 123/200), the main family annual income was 20000-<40000 yuan (44.0%, 88/200), and the average personal annual medical expenditure was mostly non-expenditure (92.0%, 184/200). There were statistically significant differences in the distribution of economic sources, employment status, personal monthly income, family annual income and average personal annual medical expenditure between the two groups (P<0.001). The main type of insurance for the observation group was rural cooperative medical care (68.5%, 137/200), and 87.0% (174/200) had no medical reimbursement and a proportion less than 50%. There were statistically significant differences in insurance type and medical reimbursement proportion between the two groups (P<0.001). The respiratory symptoms, activity ability, daily life influence and total quality of life scores of pneumoconiosis patients in the observation group were significantly higher than those in the control group, the differences were statistically significant (P<0.001) . Conclusion: Migrant workers with pneumoconiosis have low income, high medical expenditure, low medical reimbursement proportion and poor quality of life. Therefore, it is necessary to draw high attention from relevant departments and provide timely attention and assistance to improve the quality of life of migrant workers with pneumoconiosis.

Prevalence of Periodontitis and its Association with Smokeless Tobacco (SLT) Use amongst the Adult Population of Greater Noida, India - A Cross-Sectional Study

Context: Smokeless tobacco (SLT) has been consumed in India since times immemorial. It is the need of an hour to emphasise about awareness and harmful effects of SLT in relation to periodontium. Aim: The aim of the study was to access the prevalence of periodontitis and its association with SLT amongst the adult population of Greater Noida, India. Settings and Design: Hospital?based study and cross?sectional design. Methods and Material: This cross?sectional study included 512 SLT subjects between the ages of 18 and 79 years. The study was carried out from December 2019 to January 2022. A self?designed questionnaire was used for recording demographic details, forms of SLT, frequency, duration of use, and sites of retention of SLT products. The clinical periodontal parameters such as periodontal pocket depth (PPD) and clinical attachment level (CAL) were recorded in a given point of time. Statistical Analysis Used: Chi?square test and logistic regression analysis. Results: The prevalence of periodontitis among SLT was 81.6% with the highest occurrence of Stage III Periodontitis (35.4%). The use of SLT for ?10 years [odds ratio (OR) = 3.05, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.86–6.27] showed threefold the risk for periodontitis compared to others who consumed SLT for 4–5 years. Gutkha consumers [OR = 2.56 (95% CI = 0.75–3.48)] were 2.56 times more prone to have periodontitis as compared to other forms of SLT. Conclusions: Periodontitis is positively associated with SLT use. Awareness, timely intervention, and periodic screening in the SLT users will help to prevent the progression of periodontitis.

Hospitalization & health expenditure in Odisha: Evidence from National Sample Survey (1995-2014)

Background & objectives: Financing healthcare services through out-of-pocket payments is common in India. Household impoverishments due to health expenditure can be daunting, especially among the economically vulnerable households. This study investigated hospitalization and patient’s health expenditure in Odisha State in India. Methods: The national sample survey data were used to assess hospitalization and patient’s health expenditure over two time periods (1995 and 2014). Disease classification was made following International Classification of Diseases 10th revision (ICD-10). The hospitalization rate and health expenditure were estimated for infectious, cardiovascular, non-communicable, disability and other diseases. Andersen model was used to examine the determinants of healthcare expenditure. Results: Findings of the study revealed that hospitalization in Odisha increased nearly three folds and health expenditure by more than two times between 1995 to 2014. While the hospitalization for other diseases remained consistently higher, health expenditure for disability was the highest and it increased three times within the last two decades. The socio-economic and demographic divides in the hospitalization rate and health expenditure were evident. Interpretation & conclusions: Our analysis indicated that predisposing factors such as age and marital status played an important role in hospitalization whereas, enabling factors likely determined the health expenditure. There is a need to recognize the unique vulnerabilities of older population, widowed and health financial mechanism for disability-related illness.

Association between rural workers' sociodemographic and reproductive characteristics and their reproductive autonomy / Asociación entre características sociodemográficas y reproductivas con la autonomía reproductiva de trabajadoras rurales / Associação entre as características sociodemográficas e reprodutivas com a autonomia reprodutiva das trabalhadoras rurais

ABSTRACT Objectives: to verify the association between sociodemographic and reproductive characteristics with rural workers' reproductive autonomy. Methods: a cross-sectional study, with a sample of 346 women and application of the Reproductive Autonomy Scale. Multinomial regression was performed to analyze associations between independent variables and outcomes. Results: in the analysis of subscales "Decision-making", "My sexual partner or someone else such as a parent", "Both me and my partner" and "Me", women experienced greater reproductive autonomy in relation to their partners. For outcomes "Decision about which method to use", "When to have a baby" or "About unplanned pregnancy", the highest prevalence was for category "Me", with statistically significant associations. Conclusions: the sociodemographic and reproductive characteristics among the most vulnerable women, in terms of the social, economic and cultural context in which they are inserted, may be associated with greater difficulties in exercising reproductive autonomy.

RESUMEN Objetivos: verificar la asociación entre características sociodemográficas y reproductivas con la autonomía reproductiva de trabajadoras rurales. Métodos: estudio transversal, con una muestra de 346 mujeres y aplicación de la Escala de Autonomía Reproductiva. Se realizó una regresión multinomial para analizar las asociaciones entre las variables independientes y los resultados. Resultados: en el análisis de las subescalas "Toma de decisiones", "Mi pareja sexual o alguien de la familia tiene más que decir", "Mi pareja sexual y yo" y "Yo decido", las mujeres experimentaron mayor autonomía reproductiva en relación a su parejas. Para los desenlaces "Decisión sobre qué método utilizar", "Cuándo tener un hijo" o "Sobre el embarazo no planeado", las mayores prevalencias fueron para la categoría "Yo decido", con asociaciones estadísticamente significativas. Conclusiones: las características sociodemográficas y reproductivas de las mujeres más vulnerables, en función del contexto social, económico y cultural en el que se insertan, pueden estar asociadas a mayores dificultades en el ejercicio de la autonomía reproductiva.

RESUMO Objetivos: verificar a associação entre as características sociodemográficas e reprodutivas com a autonomia reprodutiva das trabalhadoras rurais. Métodos: estudo transversal, com amostra de 346 mulheres e aplicação da Escala de Autonomia Reprodutiva. Foi realizada regressão multinomial para análises de associações entre as variáveis independentes e desfechos. Resultados: na análise das subescalas "Tomada de decisão", "Meu parceiro sexual ou alguém da família tem mais a dizer", "Eu e meu parceiro sexual" e "Eu decido", as mulheres experimentaram maior autonomia reprodutiva em relação aos parceiros. Para os desfechos "Decisão sobre qual método utilizar", "Quando ter um bebê" ou "Sobre gravidez não planejada", as maiores prevalências foram para a categoria "Eu decido", com associações estatisticamente significante. Conclusões: as características sociodemográficas e reprodutivas entre mulheres mais vulneráveis, tratando-se do contexto social, econômico e cultural que estão inseridas, podem estar associadas a maiores dificuldades para exercerem a autonomia reprodutiva.

Sexual behaviours and their associated factors among young people in the Dodowa Health and Demographic Surveillance Site (DHDSS) in Ghana

Objective: This paper describes sexual behaviours and their associated factors among young people. Design: The study design is cross-sectional. Setting: Dodowa Health and Demographic Surveillance Site (DHDSS) in Ghana's Shai-Osudoku and Ningo Prampram districts. Participants: Young people aged 10 to 24 years, median age 17 years. Outcome measures: Self-reported to have ever had sex, non-use of a condom at last sex, and ever been pregnant or gotten someone pregnant. Results: Of the 1689 young people; 42% reported having ever had sex, not using a condom at last sexual activity (64%), and ever been pregnant or gotten someone pregnant (41%). The proportion of non-use of condoms at last sex was high across all age groups but was highest (93%) in a small proportion of 10 to 14-year-olds who have ever had sex. Higher proportions of females than males; were reported to have ever had sex (46%), not using a condom at their last sex (66%) and ever been pregnant or getting someone pregnant (56%). Age group (20 to 24), females, primary or junior high school, living alone and lower household socio-economic status were risk factors associated with all three outcome measures. Conclusion: Risky sexual behaviour is high among young people in the Dodowa HDSS. Therefore, interventions that promote safer sexual practices and help young people make timely decisions on their sexual and reproductive health care needs are required.

Association between COVID-19 diagnosis and economic class, race/skin color and social distancing in Brazilian university students / Associação entre o diagnóstico de COVID-19 e a classe econômica, raça/cor da pele e distanciamento social em universitários brasileiros

ABSTRACT: Purpose: To determine the association between diagnosis of COVID-19 and the economic class, race/skin color, and adherence to social distancing in Brazilian university students. Methods: This is a nationwide cross-sectional study carried out with online questionnaires applied to Brazilian university students, at 94 universities in the public and private education network. Self-reported age, sex, economic class data, race/skin color, COVID-19 diagnosis, and adherence to social distancing measures were collected. Results: 5,984 individuals were evaluated. No significant association was found between the diagnosis of COVID-19 and economic class and race/skin color in the multivariable analysis. However, we observed that there were significant associations between the diagnosis of COVID-19 and partial adherence to social distancing, with leaving home only for going to work (PR: 1.35; 95% CI: 1.10­1.66; p < 0.01) and with non-adherence to social distancing (PR: 1.96; 95% CI: 1.29­2.97; p <0.01). Conclusion: The diagnosis of COVID-19 was associated with age, non-adherence and partial adherence to social distancing measures in Brazilian university students, but was not associated with race/skin color and economic class.

Objetivo: Verificar a associação entre o diagnóstico de COVID-19 e a classe econômica, raça/cor da pele e adesão às medidas ao distanciamento social em universitários brasileiros. Métodos: Estudo transversal, de abrangência nacional, realizado com universitários brasileiros. Foram coletados dados autorreferidos de idade, sexo, classe econômica, raça/cor, diagnóstico do COVID-19 e adesão às medidas de distanciamento social. Resultados: 5.984 indivíduos foram avaliados. Não foi encontrada associação significativa entre o diagnóstico de COVID-19, a classe econômica e raça/cor na análise multivariável. Observamos que houve associações significativas entre o diagnóstico de COVID-19 e adesão parcial ao distanciamento social (RP: 1,35; IC 95%: 1.10­1.66; p < 0,01) e com a não adesão ao distanciamento social (RP: 1,96; IC95%: 1.29­2.97; p < 0,01). Conclusão: O diagnóstico de COVID-19 foi associado à idade, não adesão e adesão parcial às medidas de distanciamento social em universitários brasileiros, mas não se associou à raça/cor e classe econômica. (AU)

Dietary supplement use in elementary school children: a Japanese web-based survey

BACKGROUND@#A variety of dietary supplements are commercially available. However, the efficacy and safety of dietary supplement use in children are not well established. Understanding dietary supplement use is important for developing public health policy regarding dietary supplements. This study aimed to investigate the types of dietary supplements used and characteristics of dietary supplement users among Japanese elementary school children.@*METHOD@#We conducted a cross-sectional web-based questionnaire study. Dietary supplement use, socio-demographics, and health-related behaviors were assessed through mother-reported questionnaire. Types of dietary supplements were identified based on ingredient using product barcodes and brand names. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was conducted to investigate the socio-demographics and health-related behaviors associated with supplement use.@*RESULTS@#Among 4933 children, 333 (6.8%) were identified as dietary supplement users. The most common supplement was amino acids or protein (1.4%), followed by n-3 fatty acids or fish oil (1.0%), probiotics (1.0%), multivitamins (0.9%), multivitamin-minerals (0.8%), and botanicals (0.8%). Overall, any dietary supplement use was significantly associated with the highest frequency of sports participation (odds ratio [OR], 2.58; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.65-4.02), highest household income (OR, 1.87; 95% CI, 1.13-3.10), highest maternal educational level (OR, 1.82; 95% CI, 1.31-2.52), and male sex (OR, 1.38; 95% CI, 1.09-1.75). The highest frequency of sports participation was significantly associated with higher odds of use of amino acids or protein (OR, 6.06; 95% CI, 1.78-20.6) and multivitamins (OR, 3.56; 95% CI, 1.11-11.5), compared to the lowest frequency of sports participation.@*CONCLUSION@#This study showed that Japanese children primarily use non-vitamin, non-mineral supplements. Non-vitamin, non-mineral supplements should thus be included in future studies aimed at monitoring dietary supplement use. We also found that dietary supplement use in children was associated with sports participation. Guidelines for dietary supplement use for children, in particular sport participants, are needed.

Determinantes sociales como factores contextuales de la obesidad: construcción de significado y valoración del estado nutricional según nivel socioeconómico

RESUMEN El objetivo fue explorar la influencia del nivel socioeconómico (NSE), como determinante estructural de la salud, sobre la construcción de significados y valor atribuidos a la obesidad. Se realizaron entrevistas semiestructuradas a usuarios de programas de obesidad de dos centros de salud, procurando diferencias en el NSE del público objetivo. A partir del análisis de contenido temático, los resultados se organizaron en cuatro categorías construidas inductivamente: 1) significado atribuido de vivir con obesidad, 2) conciencia manifiesta del impacto de la obesidad sobre la propia salud, 3) búsqueda vivida de alternativas ante la obesidad y 4) origen atribuido de la obesidad. Se observó que la obesidad, entendida como categoría médica, varió según NSE tanto en significado como en la forma en que es problematizada, tomando sentidos incluso contradictorios. El salutismo se incorporó de manera heterogénea entre distintos grupos socioeconómicos, reproduciéndose como estilo de vida. Así, el NSE, entrelazado con otros determinantes sociales estructurales de la salud, pudo influir no sólo en los resultados de salud de manera 'causal', sino también -a través de mecanismos donde participaron contextualmente- en la definición del estado de salud y en el valor atribuido a la salud. Considerar este efecto diferencial de los determinantes sociales de la salud en la obesidad, sería importante para el logro de intervenciones efectivas en salud.

ABSTRACT The objective of the study was to explore the influence of socio-economic status (SES), as a structural social determinant of health, in the construction of the meaning and value attached to obesity. To do so, we conducted semi-structured interviews with obesity care users from two health centres, targeting socio-economic differences amongst participants. Using thematic content analysis, the findings were organised into four inductively constructed categories, labelled as: 1) the meaning attached to suffering from obesity; 2) awareness of the impact of obesity on one's health; 3) the search for alternatives while being obese; 4) attributed origin of obesity. Obesity was understood as a medical category, varied in meaning as well as in the way it was problematized depending on SES, acquiring contradictory meanings. Healthism is incorporated in a heterogeneous way among different socioeconomic groups, reproduced via specific lifestyles. Thus, SES, intertwined with other structural social determinants of health, was not only a 'cause' of the outcome but also contextually in the mechanisms through which health status and the value of health were defined. Considering this differential effect of social determinants of health would be important in designing appropriate health interventions.

A study of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy and the fetal outcome in a tertiary care hospital: a prospective study

Background: Pregnancy induced hypertension is one of the major causes of feto maternal morbidity and mortality in pregnancy. The exact cause of PIH is unknown certain factors are known to increase the risk of PIH such as risk factor includes that young women with first pregnancy.Methods: The objective of this study was to assess the socio-demographic and clinico-pathological profile of the patients with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy and its associated fetal outcomes. A prospective study was conducted in department of obstetrics and gynecology Shri B. M. Patil Medical College, Hospital and Research Centre, BLDE (Deemed to be University), Vijayapura Karnataka from 15th July to 15th December 2018. All women admitted to labour ward with diagnosis of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy were included in the study after ruling out the exclusion criteria and thorough history, examination and laboratory evaluation were done and followed till delivery.Results: A total of 123 pregnant women with hypertensive disorder of pregnancy were enrolled in the study. Most of the participants were in the age group of 20 to 30 years. The PIH was seen mostly in primigravida, lower socioeconomic status and with lower educational levels. Emergency LSCS is the most common mode of delivery.Conclusions: The hypertensive disorder in pregnancy affects the majorly younger age group. It is most commonly seen in low socio-economic and uneducated population. Hence, there should be provided with proper antenatal care, early detection of hypertensive disorders for better feto-maternal outcome.

The immunization status and drop out of 0-3 years children in a rural area of Jaipur, Rajasthan, India

Background: The vaccine preventable diseases are one of the causes of morbidity and mortality among children despite implementation of immunization program.Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in rural area of Jaipur to know immunization status of 0-3 years of children and its relation to socio-demographic factors and reason for dropout.Results: Total no of families in study was 194. Majority of them were Hindu ( 94.84%). Majority of children belong to socioeconomic class V (55.%) and socioeconomic class IV (28.5%). 48.17% mothers were of 25-29 years of age group. 93.02%of mothers were housewives. Majority of mothers (42.5%) were illiterate, BCG vaccination coverage was found to be  71.09%, while that of OPV was 71.09%, DPT 64.96%, Measles 60.71%, and MMR vaccination was 3.43%. This study shows that drop our rate for DPT was 19.4%, dropout rate of OPV was 22.33%. Left out rate for DPT was 35.03%.Conclusions: Majority of children who were non immunized belong to illiterate mothers. Reasons for non-immunization in maximum number of cases was lack of information, wrong ideas regarding immunization and unaware of need for immunization.

Comparison of plasma adipocytokines & C-reactive protein levels in healthy schoolgoing adolescents from private & government-funded schools of Delhi, India

Background & objectives: Obesity-mediated chronic inflammatory state is primarily governed by lifestyle and food habits in adolescents and marked by alterations in the level of various inflammatory markers. This cross-sectional study was aimed to compare the inflammatory status of healthy Indian adolescents vis-�-vis their obesity profile. The inflammatory state of urban adolescents attending private and government-funded schools, and the relationship between inflammatory marker levels and anthropometric indices in the study participants from both groups were examined. Methods: A total of 4438 study participants (10-17 yr) were chosen from various schools of Delhi, India, and their anthropometric parameters were measured. Plasma adipocytokines (adiponectin, leptin and resistin) of the study participants were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and plasma C-reactive protein (CRP) levels were assayed by a biochemical analyzer. Metabolic syndrome-related risk factors such as waist circumference, hip circumference (HC), fasting glucose, fasting insulin, Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol and triglycerides of normal-weight adolescents were also evaluated. Results: The level of leptin and CRP increased with increasing adiposity, whereas adiponectin levels were found to be negatively related to obesity. All plasma cytokine levels (adiponectin, leptin and resistin) were significantly elevated in female than male adolescents. Age-based classification revealed a distinct trend of variability in the levels of all the inflammatory markers among adolescents of varying age groups. Significant differences were observed between private and government schoolgoing adolescents in terms of anthropometric and inflammatory parameters, with higher adiposity indices in the former group. The relationship of plasma adipokine and CRP levels with various adiposity indices was found to be distinctly different between private and government schoolgoing students. Interpretation & conclusions: Inflammatory markers were significantly elevated in overweight/obese adolescents. The socio-economic condition of urban Indian schoolgoing adolescents reflecting lifestyle transition has profound effects on their adiposity indices and inflammatory states. Longitudinal studies in different regions of the country need to be done to further confirm the findings.

Asociación entre marcadores de posición social y adherencia al tratamiento de la hipertensión arterial en Colombia / Association between social position indicators and hypertension treatment adherence in Colombia

INTRODUCCIÓN: Generar evidencia sobre los efectos de la posición social en la adhe-rencia terapéutica en personas con hipertensión arterial (HTA) en Colombia. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Se realizó un estudio transversal, a partir de mediciones cuan-titativas del Programa de Determinantes Sociales e Inequidades en el Control de la HTA en Colombia. Se desarrollaron análisis descriptivos e inferenciales (regresión logística) para modelar las asociaciones. RESULTADOS: Se evidenció una alta proporción de adherencia, siendo mayor para cumplimiento farmacológico y las citas (>50%). Las personas con menor educación e ingresos tienen menor posibilidad de adherirse al tratamiento farmacológico; mientras que quienes tienen mejor posición socioeconómica tienen menor posibilidad de adherirse a las citas y a las conductas saludables. Los afrocolombianos tienen menor posibilidad de adherirse al tratamiento farmacológico, a las citas y a la actividad física. DISCUSIÓN: Existe una brecha en el logro de la adherencia a tratamiento de HTA en Colombia, debido a condiciones socioeconómicas y étnica/raciales.

INTRODUCTION: To generate evidence on the effects of social position on therapeutic adherence among individuals with hypertension (HT) in Colombia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study was carried out, using quantitative data from the Social Determinants and Inequities in the Control of HT Program in Colombia. Descriptive and inferential analyses (logistic regression) were developed to model the associations. RESULTS: The prevalence of adherence was high, especially for pharmacological treat-ment and compliance with appointments (>50%). Individuals with less education and lower income are less likely to adhere to pharmacological treatment, while tho-se with higher socioeconomic status are less likely to adhere to appointments and healthy behaviors. Afro-Colombians were less likely to adhere to pharmacological treatment, appointments, and indications regarding physical activity. DISCUSSION: There is a gap in HT treatment adherence in Colombia, due to socioeco-nomic and ethnic/racial conditions

Cognitive survey of telephone cardiopulmonary resuscitation among emergency personnel / 中华急诊医学杂志

Objectives To investigate the cognition of dispatcher-initiated telephone cardiopulmonary resuscitation (TCPR) among emergency medical system(EMS) personnel and compare the cognition of TCPR among EMS personnel in different economic status,and to understand the current situation of TCPR cognition of EMS personnel in China.Methods This study is a multicenter crosssectional survey.The method of multi-level convenient sampling was adopted,and the test reliability and split half reliability of the questionnaire was tested.Questionnaire survey and data collection were conducted from December 2018 to June 2019.The ethical approval number is M2018264.SPSS 20.0 was used for analysis.x2 test was used to analyze the differences between groups.Results A total of 1191 electronic questionnaires were collected.Of them,80.94％ respondents knew TCPR,97.82％ respondents thought that TCPR should be implemented in cardiac arrest,36.62％ respondents thought that bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation quality monitoring was needed in TCPR,and TCPR training courses were set up in the emergency department which recruited 25.83％ respondents.Emergency personnel in developed areas had a better understanding of the criteria for judging patients' breathlessness (11.69％ vs 7.89％,P=0.048),of TCPR need ncluding guidance of chest compression (92.45％ vs 87.49％,P=0.012) and of bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation (BCPR) quality monitoring including the frequency of artificial respiration (84.42％ vs 74.87％,P=0.029) than those in underdeveloped areas,but there was no significant difference in other indicators (P＞0.05).Conclusions TCPR knowledge of EMS personnel in China is unsatisfactory.Further training is needed to improve their understanding of the criteria for judging cardiac arrest in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest patients via telephone,TCPR content and bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation quality monitoring.There is difference in TCPR knowledge between the EMS personnel in developed and undeveloped areas in China.