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Context: Postpartum depression (PPD) is onset of depressive symptoms in postpartum period from 2 weeks to 1 year. It causes maternal morbidity and long?term negative effects on growth and development of infant and child. It is often unreported and underdiagnosed. Aims: (1) To estimate the prevalence of PPD,(2) To determine socio?demographic, clinical, and obstetric correlates of the same. Settings and Design: A cross-sectional study was done in urban and rural areas of District Aligarh. Methods: A total of 304 females between 6 weeks and 6 months’ postpartum period giving consent were included in this study. Sociodemographic, obstetric, and clinico-social factors were recorded using predesigned, pretested questionnaire. Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) score ?10 was used to screen for PPD and International Classification of Disease (ICD?10) criteria for confirmation. Statistical Analysis Used: Correlates of PPD were determined using logistic regression analysis. Results: The prevalence of PPD was 9.5% using EPDS and was confirmed by ICD?10 criteria. History of abortion (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]: 6.0, 95% Confidence Interval [CI] 2.2–16.5), poor relationship with in?laws(AOR: 5.1; 95% CI 1.3–20.5), marital conflict (AOR: 13.3; 95% CI 2.2–77.6), and substance abuse in husband (AOR: 3.1; 95% CI 1.1–9.0) were found to be significant correlates for PPD. Conclusions: About one in every 10 postpartum females suffered from depression but did not seek health care for the same. Women facing social pathologies such as substance abuse in husband, marital conflict, and poor relationship with in?laws are more at risk of PPD. Screening for PPD should be included in the maternal and child health care programs to ensure early diagnosis and treatment.
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Background- Antenatal depression is affecting 10% pregnant women worldwide with higher prevalence in developing countries. This causes poor maternal and foetal outcome and also affects cognitive development of the child. Aim and objective: To estimate magnitude of antenatal depression and its risk factors. Methodology- A cross-sectional survey was done at the antenatal clinic of community health department catering to an urban resettlement colony, East Delhi. Estimated sample size was 216 (including 10% non-response rate). Pregnant women attending the ANC clinic from October 2019 to February 2020 were enrolled. EPDS questionnaire was used to assess depression during pregnancy. Results-The antenatal depression was found in 11.8% subjects as per EPDS score. Working female and belonging to Muslim religion, past history of abortion, complications in previous pregnancy, financial debt, physical violence and substance use in family showed significant association with antenatal depression. Conclusion –Depression was prevalent among antenatal women and was found to be associated with various risk factors.
ABSTRACT
Resumen OBJETIVO: Estimar la prevalencia de depresión posparto y los factores asociados en usuarias del Hospital General Progreso, Acapulco, Guerrero, México. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Estudio prospectivo, observacional y transversal de serie de casos. El instrumento para medir la depresión fue un cuestionario que incluyó la Escala de Depresión Posnatal de Edimburgo (EPDS por sus siglas en inglés). Además, a las pacientes se les preguntaron sus datos sociodemográficos, antecedentes de control prenatal, historial obstétrico, atención del parto y otros datos relacionados con su pareja. Mediante análisis bivariado y multivariado se estimaron los factores asociados con la depresión posparto. RESULTADOS: Se analizaron 485 pacientes con media de edad de 24.6 años y límites de 14 y 43 años. La prevalencia de depresión posparto fue de 16%. En el modelo final del análisis multivariado los factores asociados con la depresión posparto fueron: complicaciones en el parto (IC95%:1.61-6.54), antecedente de alcoholismo antes del embarazo (IC95%:1.17- 3.30) y recibir apoyo emocional del esposo durante el embarazo (IC95%: 0.17-0.68). CONCLUSIONES: El antecedente de consumo de bebidas alcohólicas, previo al embarazo, y tener alguna complicación del parto, fueron indicios de posible aparición de depresión posparto. Quienes la padecieron tuvieron la referencia temprana a los servicios de Psicología. La pareja debe estar informada que su apoyo emocional ayuda a reducir el riesgo de depresión posparto en la paciente.
Abstract OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of postpartum depression and associated factors in users of the Hospital General Progreso, Acapulco, Guerrero, Mexico. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Prospective, observational, cross-sectional case series study. The instrument to measure depression was a questionnaire that included the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS). In addition, patients were asked about their sociodemographic data, prenatal control history, obstetric history, delivery care and other data related to their partner. Factors associated with postpartum depression were estimated by bivariate and multivariate analyses. RESULTS: We analyzed 485 patients with a mean age of 24.6 years and cut-offs of 14 and 43 years. The prevalence of postpartum depression was 16%. In the final multivariate analysis model, the factors associated with postpartum depression were: delivery complications (CI95%:1.61-6.54), history of alcoholism before pregnancy (CI95%:1.17- 3.30) and receiving emotional support from husband during pregnancy (CI95%: 0.17-0.68). CONCLUSIONS: A history of alcoholic beverage consumption prior to pregnancy and having some complication of childbirth were indicative of possible occurrence of postpartum depression. Those who suffered from it had early referral to psychology services. The couple should be informed that their emotional support helps to reduce the risk of postpartum depression in the patient.