O estudo das diferenças individuais por alfred binet e sua circulação em minas gerais (1925-1940)1 / The study of individual differences by alfred binet and its circulation in minas gerais (1925-1940)

RESUMO Este estudo analisa os pressupostos do pesquisador francês Alfred Binet (1857-1911) sobre as diferenças individuais a partir de livros e artigos que produziu a respeito do assunto entre 1895 e 1909 e que fundamentaram a elaboração da primeira escala métrica Binet-Simon em 1905. Em seguida, identifica quais elementos de suas elaborações circularam e como foram apropriados, no contexto das reformas educacionais em Minas Gerais nas décadas de 1920 a 1940. A pesquisa se desenvolveu no diálogo entre a História da Psicologia e a História da Educação, mobilizando conceitos da historiografia, como o de intelectuais, redes de sociabilidade e apropriação. A pesquisa documental envolveu a análise dos primeiros livros publicados por Binet e as matérias publicadas na Revista do Ensino, órgão oficial do governo de Minais Gerais, nas quais se tratava sobre as diferenças individuais e sobre o uso dos testes nas escolas. Foi observada a tensão envolvendo a desconfiança e o entusiasmo em relação aos novos métodos para aferir as diferenças individuais; a apropriação da escala métrica adaptada nos Estado Unidos, cujos princípios eram criticados por Binet; a pouca ênfase nas dimensões sociais e culturais dos diferentes grupos sociais, que estava entre as preocupações centrais do autor.

ABSTRACT This study analyzes the assumptions of the French researcher Alfred Binet (1857-1911) about individual differences from his books and articles about the topic between 1895 and 1909, which grounded the elaboration of the first Binet-Simon metric scale in 1905. Next, it identifies which elements of their elaborations circulated and how they were appropriated, in the context of educational reforms in Minas Gerais, Brazil, in the decades from 1920 to 1940. The research was developed in the dialog between the History of Psychology and the History of Education, mobilizing concepts from the historiography, such as intellectuals, sociability networks and appropriation. The documental research involved the analysis of the first books published by Binet and the articles published at Revista do Ensino, an official body of the Minas Gerais government, which dealt with the individual differences and the use of tests in schools. It was observed the tension involving distrust and enthusiasm regarding the new methods to measure individual differences; the appropriation of the metric scale adapted in the United States, whose principles were criticized by Binet; and the little emphasis given to social and cultural dimensions of different social groups, which was among the author's main concerns.

On the reform of the personnel training mode of forensic medical undergraduates / 中华医学教育探索杂志

There are many problems in the training mode of traditional forensic undergraduates, such as the lag of curriculum setting, the lack of interdisciplinary and the lack of practical training. Based on the teaching practice of forensic undergraduates in Central South University, this study puts forward the following four reform schemes: ①advancing the setting of forensic medicine curriculum to strengthen the integration of specialized courses with basic medicine and clinical medicine courses; ②increasing related courses to intensify interdisciplinary teaching; ③introducing online teaching mode of virtual simulation to enrich the content of undergraduate forensic medical education; ④expanding the scope of joint classroom teaching inside and outside the school to realize the two-way rapid update of practical and theoretical resources. The purpose of this paper is to provide new ideas and directions for training forensic talents who are more suitable for the development of the times.

On the present situation of the combination of clinical endoscopy teaching and E-learning / 中华医学教育探索杂志

This paper analyzes the shortcomings of the current clinical endoscopy teaching and the effective combination of endoscopy teaching and E-learning. Moreover, in the case of gastrointestinal endoscopy, we intend to build an E-learning gastroscope roaming system based on Maya and Unity3D software, to solve the existing endoscopy teaching problems, thus promoting the digital reform of endoscopy teaching and the further implementation of E-learning.

Practice research on the construction of health education ability of higher vocational nursing students by a "trinity" system / 中华医学教育探索杂志

Objective:To explore the effect of the "trinity" training mode with curriculum training as the core, lecture training as supplement and community training as reinforcement, and to improve the health education ability of higher vocational nursing students.Methods:A total of 209 nursing students were selected as the research objects by random cluster sampling, and they were randomly divided into experimental group and control group. The experimental group adopted the "trinity" system to improve the health education ability of higher vocational nursing students, while the control group carried out the routine teaching. The health education ability of nursing students was evaluated by using the health education ability scale of nursing staff, and the nursing students of the experimental group were investigated by questionnaire. Statistics analysis was made by SPSS 15.0 software, the t test was conducted for analysis of measurement data, and Z test was used for counting data. Results:The health education ability of the nursing students in the experimental group was significantly higher than that of the control group ( P < 0.001). Nursing students in the experimental group generally had high recognition of the training mode of "trinity" system. The pass rate was 98.13%. Among them, 68.87% of the nursing students thought it would be a big gain to attend the special lectures; 69.81% of the nursing students thought it would be a big gain to participate in the community activities. Conclusion:The "trinity" health education ability training model can significantly improve the health education ability of higher vocational nursing students.

Application of Standardized Patients Simulation with Microteaching in Instruction of Clinical Practice Skill of Rehabilitation Therapy / 中国康复理论与实践

Objective:To explore the effect of standardized patients stimulation combined with microteaching method in clinical teaching practice of students majored in rehabilitation therapy. Methods:From March, 2017 to March, 2018, 47 students majored in rehabilitation therapy in our department were selected with convenience sampling. Then they were randomly divided into control group (n = 23) and experimental group (n = 24). The control group received routine teaching method, while the experimental group received standardized patients stimulation combined with microteaching method. Their theoretical achievement, practical skills achievement and feedback on teaching effect were compared after this course. Results:The theoretical scores and practical skills scores were higher in the experimental group than in the control group (t > 2.366, P < 0.05). Meanwhile, the scores were higher in the experimental group than in the control group in the following aspects: the design capability of rehabilitation treatment program, the capability of selection of rehabilitation assessment tools, the communication and expression ability, learning enthusiasm and initiative, and the ability to relate theory to practice (t > 2.082, P < 0.05). Conclusion:Standardized patients simulation combined with microteaching method could improve the clinical practice effect of students majored in rehabilitation therapy.

Application of problem-based learning in the teaching of nuclear protection medicine under E-learning environment / 中华医学教育探索杂志

Objective To explore the feasibility of problem-based learning (PBL) teaching method in teaching nuclear protection medicine under E-learning environment. Methods A total of 120 students from Class 1 (experimental group) and 141 students from Class 3 (control group) of 5-year clinical medicine in Grade 2014 were included. The control group adopted the traditional teaching method, that is, theoretical knowledge was taught by teachers in theory class and practice was made by students after teachers introducing methods and precautions, and making demonstrations in experimental class. The experimental group adopted PBL teaching method based on E-learning and the simulation software of nuclear accident medical emergency rescue. Results Average theoretical scores in the experimental group (79.61±7.71) were higher than those in the control group (73.66±7.89), with statistically significant difference (P<0.05). According to the results, 74.2％(89/120) students in the experimental group had a relative good experience of PBL under E-learning environment; 72.5％ (87/120) had better comprehension of nuclear protection medicine; 82.5％ (99/120) students considered that the simulation software of nuclear accident medical emergency rescue was able to help them get familiar with and comprehend the operation procedures;80.0％(96/120) students believed that it was able to stimulate interests for study and exploration; 77.5％ (90/120) students considered that it was able to promote study initiatives; 84.2％ (101/120) students believed that it was able to deepen understandings to nuclear protection medicine . Conclusion Application of PBL teaching methods in the teaching of nuclear protection medicine under E-learning environment can better enable students to comprehend what they have learned, achieving better teaching effectiveness.

Application of problem-based learning in the teaching of nuclear protection medicine under E-learning environment / 中华医学教育探索杂志

Objective@#To explore the feasibility of problem-based learning (PBL) teaching method in teaching nuclear protection medicine under E-learning environment.@*Methods@#A total of 120 students from Class 1 (experimental group) and 141 students from Class 3 (control group) of 5-year clinical medicine in Grade 2014 were included. The control group adopted the traditional teaching method, that is, theoretical knowledge was taught by teachers in theory class and practice was made by students after teachers introducing methods and precautions, and making demonstrations in experimental class. The experimental group adopted PBL teaching method based on E-learning and the simulation software of nuclear accident medical emergency rescue.@*Results@#Average theoretical scores in the experimental group (79.61±7.71) were higher than those in the control group (73.66±7.89), with statistically significant difference (P<0.05). According to the results, 74.2% (89/120) students in the experimental group had a relative good experience of PBL under E-learning environment; 72.5% (87/120) had better comprehension of nuclear protection medicine; 82.5% (99/120) students considered that the simulation software of nuclear accident medical emergency rescue was able to help them get familiar with and comprehend the operation procedures; 80.0% (96/120) students believed that it was able to stimulate interests for study and exploration; 77.5% (90/120) students considered that it was able to promote study initiatives; 84.2% (101/120) students believed that it was able to deepen understandings to nuclear protection medicine.@*Conclusion@#Application of PBL teaching methods in the teaching of nuclear protection medicine under E-learning environment can better enable students to comprehend what they have learned, achieving better teaching effectiveness.

Análisis de la reforma educativa en México, desde la perspectiva de educación física / Analysis of the educational reform in México, from the perspective of the physical education subject

El propósito de este trabajo es analizar el Nuevo Modelo propuesto recientemente en México desde la perspectiva de la Educación Física, dada la importancia de la asignatura en proceso formativo de los alumnos de la educación básica. El análisis de la documentación se realizó utilizando la técnica V de Gowin, que como estrategia permitió analizar críticamente el nuevo modelo educativo. El currículo plantea el enfoque competencial desarrollando el pensamiento complejo de los educandos, que es la base para que gestionen sus conocimientos. Este cambio de programa pudiera ser una gran oportunidad para que los educadores físicos cambiaran a estilos de enseñanza que permita la participación activa y reflexiva de los alumnos. Las prácticas educativas de los docentes tienen una gran relación con su formación inicial y la actualización en activo, por lo que es importante atender el proceso formativo y de actualización, ya que son las mismas autoridades las que permiten que se sigan utilizando enfoques tradicionales en lugar de los propuestos en la actualidad.

The purpose of this work is to analyze the New Educational Model proposed recently in Mexico f rom the physical education perspective, given the importance of the subject in the formative process of elementary education students. The analysis of the documentation was carried out using Gowin's V technique, which, as a strategy, allowed for a critical analysis of the new educational model. The curriculum raises the competence approach by developing the learner's complex thinking, which is the basis for managing their knowledge. This change in the program could be a great opportunity for physical educators to change teaching styles that allow the active and reflexive participation of students. The teachers' educational practices have a great relationship with the initial training and active updating, so it is important to attend newtraining and updating process since they are the same authorities that continuously use traditional approaches instead of currently proposed ones. The teacher is the one who organizes the learning and interacts directly with learners.

O Executivo como Legislador: A Dinâmica Política em torno da Reforma Educacional Mineira (2003-2014) / The Executive Branch as Legislator: The Political Dynamic Surrounding Educational Reform in Minas Gerais (2003-2014) / L'Exécutif comme Législateur: La Dynamique Politique entourant la Réforme de l'Éducation dans l'État de Minas Gerais (2003-2014) / El Poder Ejecutivo como Legislador: La Dinámica Política en torno a la Reforma Educativa de Minas Gerais (2003-2014)

RESUMO Este artigo examina a instituição da agenda reformista na educação mineira, no período de 2003 a 2014, do ponto de vista normativo, analisando a trajetória de decisões tomadas e as posições assumidas pelo Parlamento Estadual em torno do uso de delegação legislativa. Para tanto, utilizou-se análise documental e de conteúdo. Evidencia-se que a decisão do Legislativo em delegar sua prerrogativa de legislar sobre a reforma da educação, de natureza gerencial, estava assentada em uma dinâmica institucional e em uma estrutura de incentivos que permitiram ao Executivo atuar como legislador. Conclui-se, finalmente, que a despeito da sua constitucionalidade, a delegação traz implicações para a educação socialmente referendada, como também tem efeitos sobre a capacidade democrática da reforma educacional.

ABSTRACT The following article examines the institution for educational reform in the Brazilian state of Minas Gerais in 2013 to 2014 from a normative perspective, analyzing the trajectory of decisions made and positions assumed by the state parliament on the use of the delegation of legislative power, by means of an analysis of documents and content. We demonstrate that the Legislative Branch's decision to delegate its prerogative to legislate on educational reform in a management sense was based on an institutional dynamic and on a structure of incentives allowing the Executive to behave as a legislator. It finishes by concluding that, despite its constitutionality, such a use of delegation has implications on socially sanctioned education, as well as effects on the educational reform's democratic capacities.

RÉSUMÉ Cet article analyse sous l'angle normatif les réformes menées dans l'éducation de l'État de Minas Gerais entre 2003 et 2014. On étudiera à cette fin les décisions prises et les positions assumées par le Parlement de l'État en ce qui concerne l'usage de la délégation législative, ce pour quoi on a utilisé l'analyse documentaire et de contenu. On a mis en évidence que la décision du Pouvoir législatif de déléguer ses prérogatives de légiférer sur la réforme de la gestion de l'éducation était fondée sur une dynamique institutionnelle et une structure de soutien qui a permis à L'Exécutif d'agir en législateur. On en a conclu qu'en dépit de sa constitutionnalité, la délégation en question a eu des conséquences sur une éducation socialement marquée, mais également sur la capacité démocratique de la réforme de l'éducation.

RESUMEN Este artículo examina el establecimiento de la agenda reformista en la educación del estado brasileño de Minas Gerais, entre 2003 y 2014, desde un punto de vista normativo, analizando la trayectoria de decisiones tomadas y las posiciones asumidas por el parlamento estatal en torno al uso de delegación legislativa. A tal efecto, se recurrió a un análisis documental y de contenidos. Se hace evidente que la decisión del poder legislativo de delegar su prerrogativa de legislar sobre la reforma de la educación, de naturaleza directiva, estaba asentada en una dinámica institucional y en una estructura de incentivos que permitieron al poder ejecutivo actuar en calidad de legislador. Por último, se concluye que, pese a su constitucionalidad, la delegación tiene implicaciones para la educación socialmente refrendada, del mismo modo que influye en la capacidad democrática de la reforma educacional.

History and future of neuroanatomy education reform in Peking Union Medical College / 基础医学与临床

Regional anatomy and neuroanatomy are two key courses provided by the department of human anatomy in basic medicine since the founding of Peking Union Medical College (PUMC) about 100 years ago.The history of PUMC includes three major periods:the Old PUMC (1917-1949), the New PUMC (1950-1965), and the Cur-rent PUMC (1979-now).The teaching of neuroanatomy has changed significantly during the time .The neuroanato-my course in Old PUMC had rich contents , long curriculum and a strong foundation of basic knowledge , while the same course in New PUMC was highly condensed , and was further reformed to the integration of basic and clinical medicine in the Current PUMC .Nowadays neuroanatomy has become a popular course among the medical students in PUMC, featured by a unique combination of classical and rejuvenated contents , traditional and innovative ideas , and fully integration with clinic .

Discussion on standardized training of resident physicians of acupuncture and tuina graduate students / 国际中医中药杂志

The standardized training of resident physicians of Chinese medicine specialized graduate students (standardized training) is a great reform of clinical postgraduate education and a major initiative to improve professional degree graduates education. It contributes to higher professional qualities of clinicians in China. At this stage, the standardized training in our school just started and some problems existed such as department arrangement, training and checking system, curriculum and tutors instruction. Here, taking the standardized training in our school as an example, this paper discussed some issues on the training and put forward suggestion. This will help standardize our training, improve the training quality of our graduate students and develope medical professional talents.

Research and practice of the training mode of talents majoring in Chinese medicine based on apprentice education and college education / 国际中医中药杂志

Nowdays, Chinese medicine training has two modes, apprentice education and college education. The two modes showed the differences in the source of students, teaching content, methods and effect of the education. The two models should be combined to cultivate excellent talents of Chinese Medicine. Additionally, different training should be conducted according to different goals. This article focused on the traning mode of Chinesae medicine talents at Beijing University of Chinese Medicine in recent years, put forward some issues in future education and provided some promoting strategies to combine traditional apprentice education and college education.

Research on Cultivating Clinical Ability of Traditional Chinese Medicine Gynecology Based on Modified Flipped Classroom Model / 浙江中医药大学学报

[Objective] To improve the clinical ability of traditional Chinese medicine gynecology by improving the flipped classroom model ,and design the corresponding evaluation system. [Methods] Based on the outpatient or inpatient real case, the case script was written, and the video production right before the class was given to the students. Watch the video, on the basis of clinical competence evaluation table for inter-group evaluation. Teacher comments, put forward to discuss the issue. In view of the problems raised by the teachers, the team members cooperate to study. Referring to the VALUE rating scale of the American college of higher learning, the author designs an evaluation system to evaluate the ability of team cooperation and problem solving. [Results] In the process of drilling and recording video, the students learn the history, clinical manifestations and diagnosis and treatment of the disease. Preliminary design completes the evaluation system. [Conclusion] The improved flip classroom model is helpful to cultivate and evaluate the clinical ability of traditional Chinese medicine gynecology.

Discussion and practice of the training mode of talents majoring in Chinese medicine based on apprentice and college education / 国际中医中药杂志

Summer school is an important reform of the teaching organization mode home and abroad. The purpose is to make the best use of the limited teaching resources to meet the needs of the students. In recent years, a lot of universities has accumulated abundant experiences to set up summer school in China. This article focuses on the practice of summer school in Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, in order to provide some promoting strategies for summer school in domestic universities of Traditional Chinese Medicine in future.

Practice on teaching of traditional Chinese medicine pharmaceutics experiments based on constructivism learning theory / 国际中医中药杂志

Based on the constructivism learning theory, we designed a new pharmaceutics of TCM experiment teaching course which focused on process of knowledge formation, including a self-designed experiments on the basis of primary experiment, a cooperative learning platform, and an formative evaluation system. The practice has showed that this new teaching method can arouse the participants' interest and initiative, help to enhance the teaching efficiency and performance.

Educational reform of dispensing Chinese herbs / 国际中医中药杂志

This paper explored the educational reform of dispensing Chinese drugherbs. The education reform included implementing the project of teaching methods, implementing modern experimental methods, cultivating comprehensive quality of students, training students' creative thinking, and stimulating the initiative of students. All these strategies could improve the quality of teaching and make students' comprehensive abilities meet the demand.

The practice and exploration of integration of clinical teaching pattern management in traditional Chinese medicine / 国际中医中药杂志

Current undergraduate education in traditional Chinese Medicine combines classroom teaching with a small number of practical courses, which has showed its limitations of increasingly bad medical environment and employment situation. Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine explored new ways and means of medical education in recent years. Therefore, reforming based on the integration of clinical teaching pattern for TCM Bachelor has been carried out step by step. It meant that classroom teaching and clinical practice were fully integrated by moving classroom in the affiliated hospitals. It has been proved to work. With the experiences of the development, we have successfully explored a mature mean for the integration clinical teaching pattern. Here, we discussed the codes of such practice in order to strive to maximize the effectiveness of such practice.

Discussion about Postgraduate Education Mode of Pharmaceutical Professional Degree / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE:To provide reference for the reform of the postgraduate training mode of pharmaceutical professional degree. METHODS:Domestic literatures about postgraduate training mode of pharmaceutical professional degree from 2010 to 2013 were searched and combined with the current education situation in China to conclude and summarize the existing problems and reform strategy. RESULTS:Postgraduate education mode of pharmaceutical professional degree in China was still in the explor-atory stage,with shortage of teachers,unreasonable courses,unsound educational structure,nonsupport of the students,imperfec-tion evaluation systems,and so on. Further promoting the reform of postgraduate education mode needs to strengthen teacher teams ’construction,implement cooperative training;improve training program and teaching courses;strengthen dissertation applica-tion-oriented and practice base construction;fully mobilize the enthusiasm and motivation of students;promote the connection of pharmaceutical professional training and vocational qualifications;and improve the quality assurance systems. CONCLUSIONS:Further implementation of postgraduate training mode of pharmaceutical professional degree and postgraduate education of pharma-ceutical professional degree can train the applied talents that meet social needs,improve employment rate of postgraduates and re-duce waste of educational resources.

Teaching of Neurobiology and Improvement / 中国康复理论与实践

Objective To discuss the teaching of neurobiology to improve the teaching quality. Methods 35 students in Grade 2010, 39 in Grade 2011 and 41 in Grade 2012 in our university were enrolled. Grade 2010 received traditional teaching only, Grade 2011 received problem-based learning (PBL) in addition, and Grade 2012 received traditional teaching, PBL and case discussion. The scores of final exami-nation were compared. Results The scores of final examination were higher in students in Grade 2012 than in Grades 2010 and 2011. Con-clusion The combination of traditional teaching, PBL and case discussion may further improve the teaching quality of students.

Study on application of orthopaedic sub-discipline rotation mode in postgraduate education / 局解手术学杂志

Objective To explore the effect of orthopedic sub-discipline rotation mode in the postgraduate orthopaedic education. Meth-ods Randomly selected orthopaedic postgraduate students from grade 2011 and grade 2012 (30 students each grade). Students from grade 2011 went through the traditional teaching mode,and students from grade 2012 adopted 2 months of rotation in each sub-discipline. The clini-cal examination results and teaching satisfaction of the two groups were analyzed. Results The clinical examination results and teaching sat-isfaction of students from the two grades showed statistically differences (P<0. 05). Conclusion Orthopaedic sub-discipline rotation teach-ing mode improved the postgraduates in different ways such as orthopaedic theoretical knowledge, clinical skills, case analysis and so on. Meanwhile,the new teaching mode can get students more satisfied.