ABSTRACT
Introducción. Las acreditaciones internacionales han pasado a ser un medio para reflejar las características de las escuelas de negocios a sus grupos de interés. Sin embargo existe aún debate sobre su validez como modelo de calidad, los diferentes estándares entre acreditadoras y la percepción hacia ellas. Por eso se requiere una exploración más detallada, sobre todo desde países en desarrollo. Objetivo. Revisar e identificar los elementos coincidentes en la literatura académica referente a las acreditaciones internacionales, con énfasis en AACSB y EQUIS. Materiales y métodos. A través de una metodología narrativa de revisión de literatura se desagregaron 3025 artículos provenientes de 21 bases de datos e identificado como autores fundamentales Urgel (2007), Hunt (2015), Lejeune (2011) y Shenton (2010), así como información de las acreditaciones AACSB y EQUIS. Resultados. Se presentan elementos repetitivos en la literatura: 1) la dicotomía entre acreditación como medio para obtener reputación o mejorar calidad educativa; 2) agencias acreditadoras y sus estándares, y 3) percepciones del resultado de acreditarse. Conclusiones. El debate sobre calidad o reputación en las Escuelas de Negocios continúa; el énfasis de las acreditadoras recae en internacionalización, desarrollo académico e investigación; y que los resultados positivos de acreditarse, de acuerdo con los grupos de interés, aún no son concluyentes. Se abren temas de investigación en las áreas de énfasis de las acreditadoras y en el contexto que debe hacerse para países en desarrollo donde aún es incipiente la investigación.
Introduction. International accreditations have become a means to reflect the characteristics of business schools to their stakeholders. However, there is still a debate about its validity as a quality model, the different standards between accreditors and the perception towards them. That is why more detailed exploration is required, especially from developing countries. Objective. Review and identify the matching elements in the academic literature regarding international accreditations, with emphasis on AACSB and EQUIS. Materials and methods. Through a narrative methodology of literature review, 3025 articles were disaggregated from 21 databases and identifying as fundamental authors Urgel (2007), Hunt (2015), Lejeune (2011) and Shenton (2010), as well as information on the Accreditations AACSB and EQUIS. Results. Repetitive elements are presented in the literature: 1) the dichotomy between accreditation as a means to obtain reputation or improve educational quality; 2) accreditation agencies and their standards, and 3) perceptions of the result of being accredited. Conclusions. The debate about quality or reputation in Business Schools continues; the emphasis of the accreditation bodies is on internationalization, academic development and research; and positive results of accrediting, according to the interest groups, are still inconclusive. Research topics are opened in the areas of emphasis of the accreditation and in the context that should be done for developing countries where research is still incipient.
Introdução. As acreditações internacionais hão passado a ser um meio para refletir as características das escolas de negócios aos seus grupos de interesse. Embora existe ainda debate sobre sua validade como modelo de qualidade, os diferentes padrões entre certificadoras e a percepção delas. Por isso se requere uma exploração mais detalhada, sobre tudo desde países em desenvolvimento. Objetivo. Revisar e identificar os elementos coincidentes na literatura acadêmica referente as certificações internacionais, com énfasis em AACSB e EQUIS. Materiais e métodos. Através de uma metodologia narrativa de revisão de literatura se separaram 3025 artigos procedentes de 21 bases de dados e identificado como autores fundamentais Urgel (2007), Hunt (2015), Lejeune (2011) e Shenton (2010), assim como informação das certificações AACSB e EQUIS. Resultados. Se apresentam elementos repetitivos na literatura: 1) a dicotomia entre certificação como meio para obter reputação ou melhorar qualidade educativa; 2) agências certificadoras e seus padrões, e 3) percepções do resultado de certificar-se. Conclusões. O debate sobre qualidade ou reputação nas Escolas de Negócios continua; a ênfase das certificadoras recai nas internacionalização, desenvolvimento acadêmico e investigação; e que os resultados positivos de certificar-se, de acordo com os grupos de interesse, ainda não são concluintes. Se abrem assuntos de investigação nas áreas de ênfase das certificadoras e no contexto que deve fazer para países em desenvolvimento onde ainda e incipiente a investigação.
ABSTRACT
Rapidly increasing numbers of acupuncturists in Japan has caused our places of activity to become increasingly important.<BR>A symposium was held by acupuncturists who play an active role in various areas of acupuncture. We all came together with the purpose of examining our clinical conditions and to make recommendations for the future. The necessity of how to expand the capacity and locations of acupuncture practice cannot be overestimated.<BR>The chairperson of the symposium reported that due to the increasing number of acupuncturists, it is hard to find employment for graduates, and reported the results of a questionnaire (initiated by The Japanese Journal of Acupuncture & Manual Therapies (IDO NO NIPPON-SHI) demonstrating that some practitioners are changing the conditions of their professions.<BR>The first panelist, who had experienced practicing acupuncture in a hospital, reported on the role and characteristics of acupuncture practice and ways to maintain relationships with doctors, nurses and other medical care staff members. Also he addressed the issue of prospects for the future among other topics.<BR>The second panelist, who had not been able to find a useful place for on-the-job training following graduation, told of her experience making home-visits and practicing at a clinic. At first, she had found attracting patients to her home-visits quite difficult, so she advertised herself with a local TV station to increase her name recognition, and then she succeed to practice her own clinic. Now she thinks it is necessary to acquire clinical and academic knowledge as well as technical skills.<BR>The third panelist, who specialized in acupuncture in the field of sports disorders, was eager to improve and expand the methods and techniques in this field to better demonstrate the merits of acupuncture treatment for sports disorders. Moreover, he insisted on the importance of acquiring knowledge concerning athletic rehabilitation and technical skills. Also, clinical practice is imperative.<BR>The last panelist, a university teacher, suggested that it is necessary to set up high educational standards and faculty development activities supported by the school. Accordingly, improved standards at schools as well as more research justifying acupuncture efficacy would facilitate greater social demand for acupuncture and thereby setting reasonable expectations for patients and other medical professionals.<BR>In addition, two other acupuncturists and a student from an acupuncture school made speechesabout theirmisgivings regarding their future prospects. One has been working in a hospital for two years since his graduation; the other is a student at a teacher training institution. The student entering her second-year of acupuncture school became a mother. These acupuncturists and a student all expressed their concerns and hopes for the future of their profession.