ABSTRACT
To establish appropriate conditions for a disinfectant efficacy test at subzero temperatures, this study examined mixtures of frozen foot-and-mouth disease virus or avian influenza virus solutions and disinfectant diluents at −5℃ and monitored temperature and freezing status of an anti-freezing diluent (AFD, 15% ethanol + 30% propylene glycol + 55% distilled water) over time at various subzero temperatures. Viral solutions and disinfectant diluents froze before the mixtures reached −5℃, whereas the AFD was not frozen at −30℃. The times taken for the AFD to reach −10, −20, −30, and −40℃ from room temperature were 36, 39, 45, and 48 min, respectively.
Subject(s)
Animals , Ethanol , Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus , Freezing , Influenza in Birds , Propylene GlycolABSTRACT
Objective To determine hydrophilic–lipophilic balance (HLB) value, stability of formulate emulsion and properties of sacha inchi oil. Methods The physiochemical characteristics of sacha inchi oil were first investigated. Free radical scavenging property was studied by DPPH assay. HLB value of sacha inchi oil was experimentally determined by preparing the emulsion using emulsifiers at different HLB value. Sacha inchi oil emulsion was prepared using the obtained HLB and its stability was conducted by centrifugation, temperature cycling, and accelerated stability test. The efficiency of the prepared emulsion was clinically investigated by 15 volunteers. The primary skin irritation was performed using closed patch test. Subjective sensory assessment was evaluated by using 5-point hedonic scale method. Results Peroxide value of sacha inchi oil was 18.40 meq O
ABSTRACT
Objective:To determine hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) value,stability of formulate emulsion and properties of sacha inchi oil.Methods:The physiochemical characteristics of sacha inchi oil were first investigated.Free radical scavenging property was studied by DPPH assay.HLB value of sacha inchi oil was experimentally determined by preparing the emulsion using emulsifiers at different HLB value.Sacha inchi oil emulsion was prepared using the obtained HLB and its stability was conducted by centrifugation,temperature cycling,and accelerated stability test.The efficiency of the prepared emulsion was clinically investigated by 15 volunteers.The primary skin irritation was performed using closed patch test.Subjective sensory assessment was evaluated by using 5-point hedonic scale method.Results:Peroxide value of sacha inchi oil was 18.40 meq O2/kg oil and acid value was 1.86 KOH/g oil.The major fatty acids are omega-3 (44％),omega-6 (35％) and omega-9 (9％).The vitamin E content was 226 mg/100 g oil.Moreover,sacha inchi oil (167 ppm)and its emulsion showed 85％ and 89％ DPPH inhibition,respectively.The experimental HLB value of sacha inchi oil was 8.5.The sacha inchi oil emulsion exhibited good stability after stability test.The emulsion was classified as non-irritant after tested by primary skin irritation method.The skin hydration value significantly increased from 38.59 to 45.21 (P ＜ 0.05) after applying sacha inchi oil emulsion for 1 month and the overall product satisfaction of volunteers after use was with score of 4.2.Conclusions:This work provides information on HLB value and emulsion properties of sacha inchi oil which is useful for cosmetic and pharmaceutical application.
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OBJECTIVE: To prepare the first batch of national standard for enterovirus 71 immunoglobulin for the efficacy test of EV71 human immunology products. METHODS: The domestic intravenous immunoglobulin products with batch release certification and high efficacy EV71 immunoglobulin products were mixed, filled, and lyophilized under aseptic conditions to get the first batch of national standard for enterovirus 71 immunoglobulin. The standards were distributed to five laboratories for cooperative calibration according to the unified SOP for microneutralization test. Neutralizing titer which corresponded to the reciprocal of the highest serum dilution that neutralized enterovirus 71 was defined as the efficacy (reported as unit) of the national standard. Sterility test, moisture determination, precision for filling test, and stability of potency were verified. RESULTS: A total of 63 calibration tests were earned out by the five collaboration laboratories, and the results were statistically analyzed after logistic convertion. The inter-laboratories variations varied from 1.5%-4.1% and the intra-laboratories variation was 3.1%. The geometric mean of the prepared national EV71 immunoglobulin standard was 327 U and defined as 330 U for convenience of use. The potency of the prepared standard was stable after 22 m and the contents of monomer plus dimer determined by HPLC-SEC were more than 98.0% during storage at a wide range of temperatures. The prepared national EV71 immunoglobulin standard was qualified in the sterility test, and the moisture content and precision for filling were 0.6% and 0.56%, respectively. CONCLUSION: The prepared national EV71 immunoglobulin standard met all the relevant requirements and may be served as the first generation of national standard for the potency test of EV71 immunoglobulin products.
ABSTRACT
The aim of the present study was to assess the acaricide resistance of tick populations in the western-central region of Rio Grande do Sul (Brazil), which has not previously been reported. Fifty-four cattle farms were visited and specimens of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus were collected and subjected to the adult immersion test, using nine commercial acaricides in the amidine, pyrethroid and organophosphate groups. Climatic data, including monthly precipitation, were recorded. The results from the present study demonstrated that seven of the acaricides analyzed presented mean efficacy values of less than 95%, with large differences among the products tested. Nine of them exhibited satisfactory and unsatisfactory acaricide results on at least one farm. In conclusion, the farms located in the western-central region of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, exhibited populations of R. (Boophilus) microplus with variable degrees of susceptibility to different acaricides, thus suggesting that resistance to the active compounds exists. It is suggested that treatment protocols should be implemented at the beginning of winter and summer, using the acaricides that showed efficacy in the adult immersion test.
O objetivo deste estudo foi o de aferir a situação da resistência dos produtos acaricidas utilizados no controle de carrapatos de bovinos, na mesorregião centro-ocidental rio-grandense. Para isso, cinquenta e quatro propriedades foram visitadas, e as teleóginas de Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus foram coletadas e submetidas ao teste de eficácia acaricida in vitro, sendo utilizados nove produtos comerciais, pertencentes às classes químicas das amidinas, piretroides e organofosforados. Além disso, os dados das temperaturas máximas e mínimas médias e da precipitação acumulada foram compilados no período estudado. Os resultados demonstraram que sete produtos analisados apresentaram eficácia inferior a 95%, com grande disparidade dos resultados. Nove produtos testados apresentaram satisfatória e não satisfatória eficácia em pelo menos uma propriedade analisada. Neste contexto, concluiu-se que as propriedades da mesorregião centro-ocidental rio-grandense apresentam cepas de R. (B.) microplus com graus variáveis de susceptibilidade a diferentes acaricidas, sugerindo, assim, que a resistência aos princípios ativos existe. Sugere-se a adoção de protocolos de tratamento acaricida no início do inverno e do verão, com a escolha do produto a ser utilizado baseado nos resultados do teste de eficácia acaricida.