Association of Ego-depletion level with glycemic control and quality of life among adolescents with type 1 diabetes / 中国实用护理杂志

Objective:To investigate the ego-depletion level of adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and to explore its association with glycemic control and quality of life.Methods:This was a cross-sectional survey study. A total of 195 adolescents with T1DM were recruited from the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University from March to September 2022 by convenient sampling method. The Self-Regulatory Fatigue Scale (SRF-S) and Short Form of the Chinese version Diabetes Quality of Life for Youth Scale (C-DQOLY-SF) and the general information questionnaire were collected and the glycated hemoglobin (HbA 1c) value was detected. Results:The total score of self-regulatory fatigue for 195 adolescents with T1DM was (42.23 ± 9.94) points, with a scoring rate of 52.79%, which was at a medium level. Pearson correlation analysis showed that the total score of self-regulatory fatigue was positively correlated with HbA1c ( r = 0.25, P<0.01), and negatively correlated with quality of life ( r = -0.61, P<0.01). The hierarchical linear regression results showed that after controlling for demographic sociolagy and disease variables, ego-depletion had a positive predictive effect on HbA1c ( t = 3.69, P<0.01), while ego-depletion had a negative predictive effect on Quality of life ( t = -8.48, P<0.01). Conclusions:Ego-depletion of adolescents with T1DM may affect their blood glucose control and quality of life, which should be noticed by medical workers.

The influencing factors of functional somatic discomfort in clinical nurses / 中华劳动卫生职业病杂志

Objective: To investigate the functional somatic discomfort status, and to analyze the effect of job stress, hostile attribution bias and ego depletion on functional somatic discomfort in clinical nurses. Methods: In May 2019, 10 cities in Henan Province and Fujian Province were randomly selected as sampling cities. Using the stratified cluster sampling method, nurses of clinical nursing posts in 22 third class hospitals and 23 second class hospitals were selected as the research objects. The general information, job stress, hostile attribution bias, ego depletion and functional somatic discomfort of clinical nurses were investigated by self-designed general information questionnaire, Perceived Stress Scale, Social Information Processing-attribution Bias Questionnaire, Self-regulatory Fatigue Scale, Patient Health Questionnaire-15. 1200 clinical nurses included, and a total of 1159 valid questionnaires were collected, the effective rate of questionnaire collection was 96.6%. The t test was used to compare the difference of the functional somatic discomfort scores of clinical nurses with different demographic characteristicst. The influence of job stress, hostile attribution bias and ego depletion on functional somatic discomfort of clinical nurses were analyzed with Bootstrap. Results: The functional somatic discomfort score of clinical nurses was (8.95±4.38), of which 859 (74.12%) had functional somatic discomfort symptom. The functional somatic discomfort score of clinical nurses aged 36-50 years old was higher than that of 19-35 years old, the functional somatic discomfort score of clinical nurses with service age ≥5 years was higher than that of <5 years, the functional somatic discomfort score of non-permanent clinical nurses was higher than that of permanent clinical nurses, the functional somatic discomfort score of clinical nurses in tertiary hospitals was higher than that of secondary hospitals, the functional somatic discomfort score of clinical nurses in surgical departments were higher than those in non-surgical departments, and the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). Job stress affected functional somatic discomfort through the single mediating role of hostile attribution bias, the single mediating role of ego depletion, and the chain mediating role of hostile attribution bias and ego depletion (β=0.17, 95%CI: 0.10-0.20; β=0.16, 95%CI: 0.10-0.20; β=0.07, 95%CI: 0.03-0.10; P<0.05) . Conclusion: The functional somatic discomfort symptoms of clinical nurses are significant and varied among different age, working age, employment form, hospital grade and department groups. They are affected by work stress directly and through the separate mediating effect of hostile attribution bias and ego depletion, and the chain mediating effect of hostile attribution bias and ego depletion.

The influence of workplace violence on burnout sense in clinical nurses / 中华劳动卫生职业病杂志

Objective: To explore the influence mechanism of intrusive thoughts and ego depletion between effects of workplace violence on burnout sense in clinical nurses. Methods: In May 2019, 10 cities in Henan Province and Fujian Province were selected as sampling cities by the method of grabbing random balls. Using the stratified cluster sampling method, nurses in clinical nursing posts in 22 third class hospitals and 23 second class hospitals were selected as the research objects for a cross-sectional epidemiological survey, including 1200 nurses. A total of 1159 valid questionnaires were collected, and the effective rate was 96.6%. 1159 clinical nurses were investigated by workplace violence scale, event impact scale, self-regulation fatigue scale and job burnout scale. The items contained in the questionnaire were analyzed by exploratory factor analysis with Harman single factor test, and the demographic characteristics of nurses' workplace violence, invasive thinking, self loss and job burnout were compared and analyzed with s-n-k. Results: Those with less than 3 years of service, those with more than 3 years of aggressive thinking and self loss score, and those with less than 3 years of job burnout score; The score of job burnout of unmarried was lower than that of married; The scores of invasive thinking and self loss of non editors were higher than those of current editors; The scores of workplace violence, aggressive thinking, self loss and job burnout of clinical nurses in tertiary hospitals were higher than those in secondary hospitals; The score of job burnout of undergraduate and above is higher than that of junior college and below; The scores of workplace violence, aggressive thinking and self loss of clinical nurses in surgical departments were higher than those in non-surgical departments; The job burnout score of those aged 36 and above was higher than that of those aged <36, The difference was statistically significant (P< 0.05) . Aggressive thinking and self attrition played a mediating role between workplace violence and job burnout. Workplace violence affected job burnout through the single mediating role of aggressive thinking, the single mediating role of self attrition, and the chain mediating role of aggressive thinking self attrition (β=0.16、0.08、0.03, 95%CI: 0.251~0.190、0.121~0.028、0.050~0.012, P<0.05) . Conclusion: Workplace violence affects burnout sense through the independent mediating role of intrusive thoughts and ego depletion and the chain mediating role of intrusive thoughts and ego depletion in clinical nurses.

Research progress of ego-depletion in patients of chronic diseases / 中国实用护理杂志

Ego-depletion is a phenomenon in which an individual's cognitive, emotional and behavioral control ability or willingness declines after long-term self-control. Patients with chronic diseases need to change their lifestyles for a long time, understand and master the knowledge of the disease, and they are prone to self-depletion after diagnosis. This paper summarized the research progress of ego-depletion in patients with chronic diseases through the concept of ego-depletion, subjective measurement tools, and the current research status of ego-depletion in patients with chronic diseases, and provided inspiration for future research directions, with a view to providing ideas for further research on ego-depletion in patients with chronic diseases.

Persuasion at Different Levels of Elaboration: Experimental Effects of Strength, Valence and Ego Depletion / Persuasão e Níveis de Elaboração: Efeitos Experimentais da Qualidade, Valência e Esgotamento do Ego / Persuasión en Diferentes Niveles de Elaboración: Efectos Experimentales de Fuerza, Valencia y Agotamiento del Ego

Abstract People are victims of consumer fraud and scams on a daily basis. However, in most cases, the victims could have detected the fraud if only they had checked for inconsistencies in the scammer's message. What makes some people detect and avoid a scam while others fall prey to it? This article investigates, in two experiments, the effects of ego depletion, issue involvement, need for cognition, and strength and valence of arguments on attitudes and attitude change. Experiment 1 tested the hypothesis that, in the case of high ego depletion, the participants' attitudes would be similar in both strong and weak argument conditions, whereas in the case of low ego depletion, their attitudes would be significantly more favorable in strong argument conditions. In Experiment 2, we hypothesized that participants' attitudes would follow the direction of the valence of the persuasive message presented to them. The results corroborated the hypothesis of Experiment 2 alone. Overall, the results indicate a low tendency for the participants to agree with the persuasive messages. Future studies could benefit from using different manipulations of the elaboration likelihood and from testing the persuasiveness of fraudulent messages.

Resumo Pessoas são vítimas de golpes e fraudes contra o consumidor diariamente. No entanto, na maioria dos casos, a vítima poderia ter detectado a fraude se tivesse dado atenção para as inconsistências na mensagem do estelionatário. Por que algumas pessoas são capazes de detectar e evitar um golpe enquanto outras não? Este artigo investiga em dois experimentos, os efeitos do esgotamento do ego, do envolvimento com a questão, da necessidade de cognição, assim como a força e valência de argumentos sobre as atitudes e a mudança de atitude. O Experimento 1 testou a hipótese de que, sob um alto esgotamento do ego, atitudes seriam semelhantes em ambas as condições de argumentos fortes e fracos, enquanto sob um baixo esgotamento do ego, atitudes seriam significativamente mais favoráveis na condição de argumentos fortes. No Experimento 2, esperava-se que as atitudes dos participantes iriam seguir a direção da valência da mensagem persuasiva apresentada. Os resultados apenas corroboraram a hipótese do Experimento 2. Em geral, os resultados indicam uma pequena tendência dos participantes a concordar com as mensagens persuasivas. Pesquisas futuras poderão se beneficiar do uso de diferentes manipulações da probabilidade de elaboração e de testar o poder de persuasão de mensagens fraudulentas.

Resumen Las personas son víctimas de fraudes y estafas de consumidores a todos los dias. Sin embargo, en la mayoría de los casos, la víctima podría haber detectado el fraude si solo se verificaran las inconsistencias en el mensaje del estafador. Este artículo investiga en 2 experimentos los efectos del agotamiento del ego, de la participación del problema, de la necesidad de cognición, de la fuerza y valencia de los argumentos sobre la actitud y el cambio de actitud. El experimento 1 probó la hipótesis de que bajo un alto agotamiento del ego, las actitudes serían similares tanto en las condiciones de argumentos fuertes como débiles, mientras que bajo un empobrecimiento bajo del ego, las actitudes serían más favorables en la condición de argumento fuerte. En el Experimento 2 se esperaba que las actitudes de los participantes siguieran la dirección de la valencia del mensaje persuasivo. Los resultados respaldaron las hipótesis solo del Experimento 2. En general, los resultados indican una pequeña tendencia de los participantes a aceptar los mensajes persuasivos. La investigación futura puede beneficiarse del uso de diferentes manipulaciones de la probabilidad de elaboración y de probar la capacidad de persuasión de los mensajes fraudulentos.

Revision and psychometric evaluation of the Chinese version of Depletion Sensitivity Scale / 中国心理卫生杂志

Objective:To validate the Chinese Version of Depletion Sensitivity Scale (DSS) and test its validity and reliability.Methods:A sample of 499 postgraduates coming from a university in Beijing was investigated with preliminary questionnaire,249 of them were assessed for exploratory factor analysis(EFA) and 250 of them were assessed for confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and testing of validity and reliability.The criterion validity was tested with the Self-Regulatory Fatigue Scale (SRF-S),Dual-Mode of Self-Control Scale (DMSC-S) and Adolescent Self-rating Life Events Check-list (ASLEC).Totally 280 students were retested for test-retest reliability with 2 week interval.Results:DSS was composed of 8 items in two factors,which were cognitive factor and behavioral factor.The two factors explained 60.7％ of the variances.The confirmatory factor analysis identified a two factor model (x2/df=4.18,RMSEA =0.09,NFI =0.95,NNFI =0.94,CFI =0.96,IFI =0.96,GFI =0.96,SRMR =0.05).The scores of depletion sensitivity were positively correlated with the scores of cognitive fatigue,behavioral fatigue,emotional fatigue poor control,punished,loss,relationship pressure and adaption problem (r =0.13-0.55,Ps ＜0.001).The Cronbach α coefficients were 0.80 for the total questionnaire and 0.79 and 0.73 for the two factors.The test-retest reliability were 0.52 for the total questionnaire and 0.46 and 0.58 for the two factors.Conclusion:It suggests that the Chinese version of Depletion Sensitivity Scale (DSS) is reliable and valid enough to be applicable to measure the depletion sensitivity of Chinese graduate students.

The current situation and influential factors of ego-depletion of international graduate students in China / 中华行为医学与脑科学杂志

Objective To examine the differences and influential factors of ego-depletion source and its aftereffects between Chinese and non-Chinese graduate students (international graduate students) enrolled graduate programs in Chinese Universities.Methods Three different questionnaires were employed to assess the current situation of ego-depletion of 647 graduate students:demographic information questionnaire,Ego Depletion Source Scale (EDS-S) in postgraduates and Ego Depletion Aftereffects Scale (EDA-S).Collected data were analyzed by an independent samples t test,correlation analysis and multiple regression analysis.Results ①The scores of non-Chinese graduate students in China (83.59±25.97) were higher than those of Chinese students (67.39± 25.46) on EDA-S in postgraduates,the difference was significant (P＜ 0.01).②The scores of non-Chinese graduate students (132.71± 19.89) were higher than those of Chinese students (104.15±33.02) on EDS-S,the difference was significant (P＜0.01).③Of all the 11 dimensions of EDS-S,social distress,challenging task,thought suppression,compulsive task positively anticipated the EDA-S for Chinese graduate students (R2adj =0.584,R2adj =0.450,R2adj =0.624,R2adj =0.615,P＜0.05) and social distress,decision making,compulsive task positively anticipated the EDA-S for non-Chinese graduate students (R2adj =0.698,R2adj =0 603,R2adj =0.668,P＜0.05).Conclusion Compared to Chinese graduate students,egodepletion source and ego depletion aftereffects of non-Chinese graduate students were higher.Of all the 11 dimensions of EDS-S,social distress,challenging task,thought suppression,compulsive task was in high correlation with EDA-S for Chinese graduate students,and social distress,decision making,compulsive task was in high correlation with EDA-S for non-Chinese graduate students.

The impact of short-term meditation on ego-depletion in college students / 中华行为医学与脑科学杂志

Objective To explore the impact of short-term meditation on ego-depletion in college students.Methods Sixty college students without any meditation and mental calculation experience were recruited voluntarily,and were allocated randomly and equally into three groups: the control group,the rest group,and the meditation group(n=20 in each group).Participants completed the positive affect and negative affect scale and the first handgrip test.A difficult mental calculation task was used to induce ego depletion.After that,the control group performed the second handgrip test immediately,and the rest group had a 5-min break,while the meditation group had a 5-min meditation practice following a meditation audio.Participants then reported the task difficulty and the impulse to write down intermediate answers during the mental calculation task.They also finished the positive and negative affect scale again.The task difficulty and impulse scores,the number of response items and correct items,the change of the handgrip time and the mood between pretest and posttest were compared among three groups.Results There were no differences in the task difficulty score,the impulse score,the number of response items and correct items among the three groups (all P>0.05).The handgrip time was shorter in posttest ((71.91±24.58) s) than in pretest ((91.39±37.63) s) in the control group (P0.05).There were no differences in the change of positive and negative affect between pretest and posttest (all P>0.05).Conclusions hort-term meditation buffers ego depletion in college students,which cannot be attributed to affect.

Effect of ego depletion and emotion regulation on students' health consumption choice / 上海交通大学学报（医学版）

Objective · To test the effect of ego depletion and emotion regulation on students' health consumption choice, according to online social network. Methods · The undergraduate students in a university in East China were taken as the researchobject. Public health psychology experiments were designed, using Stroop priming the extent of ego depletion, and SSEIT measuring the extent of emotional regulation. Results · When participants experienced high level ego depletion, for those who possessed weak emotional regulation capability, they were more inclined to select less healthy food(77% vs 18%, χ2=15.40, P=0.000). For those who possessed strong emotional regulation capability, there was no significant difference on food choice between those who experienced high level ego depletion and those who experienced low level ego depletion (40% vs 27%, χ2=0.91, P=0.340).For participants who experienced high level ego depletion, compared to those who overcame ego depletion and those who experienced low level ego depletion, were moreinclined to select less healthy product (69% vs 23%, χ2=11.10, P=0.001), while there was no significant difference between those who experienced low level ego depletion and those who overcame ego depletion (32% vs 23%, χ2=0.51, P=0.470). Conclusion · When students experienced different level ego depletion, they chose different healthy consumption choice because of the different capability of emotional regulation. For students who possessed weak emotional regulation capability, they should be encouraged to choice healthy consumption, and interesting show should be organized to bring them positive emotion. They should also be encouraged to do long-term physical training to overcome the sensitivity tofatigue. Finally, They should be informed to realize the healthy consumption by active communication and interaction such as like, share and comment in social media.

Effect of self-control on the ego depletion in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus / 中华行为医学与脑科学杂志

Objective To explore the effect of self-control deficit on ego depletion in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) on the basis of ego-depletion theory.Methods Dual-Task Paradigms were used to manipulate self-control depletion.This study employed 2×2 between-study design.T2DM patients were chosen as the study group,and healthy volunteers were selected as normal control group,with 30 cases in each group.They were randomly assigned to depleted group (30 cases) or non-depleted group (30 cases).Depleted group completed classical Stroop task,whereas,non-depleted group completed conformant Stroop task.Finally,the ego-depletion effects were investigated by Simon Task.Results The number of reaction errors in the T2DM group was significantly greater than that in the normal group under the compatible condition ((8.73±6.09) vs (5.10±4.35),F(1,58)=7.125,P=0.010),and the incompatible condition((10.60±10.10)vs (3.97±3.97),F(1,58) =10.890,P=0.002).The reaction time in the T2DM group was longer than that in the normal group under the compatible condition ((673.33 ± 83.54) ms vs (663.18± 123.27) ms,F(1,58) =0.139,P=0.711) and the incompatible condition ((691.83± 107.75) ms vs (644.07± 106.69) ms,F(1,58) =2.964,P=0.091),however,the differences were not statistically significant.The number of reaction errors in the depleted group was more than that in the non-depleted group under the compatible condition (F(1,58) =0.821,P=0.369),and the incompatible condition (F(1,58) =0.231,P=0.632),but the difference was not statistically significant.The reaction time in the depleted group was longer than that in the non-depleted group under the compatible condition(F(1,58) =1.623,P=0.208),and the incompatible condition (F(1,58) =0.806,P =0.373),the differences were not statistically significant.The interactions between participants type and experimental conditions were not significant.Conclusion The patients with T2DM are in a state of chronic depletion and self-control will potentially aggravate ego depletion,which leads to decline in self-control ability and difficulties in self-management.

"Giving in to temptation": self-controlas a valuable but limited resource? / "Ceder à tentação": auto-controle como um recurso valioso mas limitado? / "Ceder a la tentación": el autocontrol como un recurso valioso pero limitado?

Life constantly challenges us with temptations that we have to resist to follow the rules of society and achieve our goals. The strength model of self-control (SC) posits that SC capacity relies on limited mental energy that can be depleted. In the present review article, we analyze and explore past and current research on the SC construct. Departing from different approaches to the conceptualization and operationalization of the SC construct, we review and synthetize the major findings on the strength model of SC and on the ego depletion effect. We also review past and new findings on both the benefits, mainly for life outcomes, and the costs of SC failures. Next, we present and discuss some recent alternative and complementary approaches to current SC perspectives. Finally, we conclude by presenting some theoretical and empirical considerations and implications in an attempt to encourage future research and applied intervention in the broad field of SC.

A vida desafia-nos constantemente com tentações que temos de resistir de modo a seguir as regras da sociedade e alcançar os nossos objetivos. O modelo força de auto-controle postula que a capacidade de auto-controle depende de uma energia mental limitada, que pode ser esgotada. No presente artigo de revisão analisamos e exploramos a investigação passada e atual acerca do constructo de auto-controle. Partindo de diferentes perspectivas da conceptualização e operacionalização em torno do constructo de auto-controle, revemos e sintetizamos os principais estudos do modelo da força do auto-controle, bem como do efeito da depleção do ego. Também revemos estudos passados e atuais acerca dos benefícios, sobretudo nas principais dimensões da vida, mas também para os custos das falhas no auto-controle. A seguir, apresentamos e discutimos algumas perspectivas alternativas e complementares para as abordagens ao auto-controle. Finalmente, algumas considerações e implicações teóricas e empíricas foram apresentadas, na tentativa de encorajar a investigação futura e a intervenção aplicada na área geral do auto-controle.

La vida constantemente nos desafía con tentaciones que tenemos que resistir con el fin de respetar las reglas de la sociedad y alcanzar nuestros objetivos. El modelo de fuerza del autocontrol postula que la capacidad de autocontrol depende de una energía mental limitada, la cual puede llegar a agotarse. En la presente revisión, analizamos y exploramos tanto la investigación pasada como la actual sobre el constructo de autocontrol. A partir de diferentes perspectivas de conceptualización y operacionalización alrededor del constructo de autocontrol, revisamos y sintetizamos los principales estudios sobre el modelo de la fuerza del autocontrol, así como el efecto del agotamiento del ego. También se revisan estudios anteriores y actuales sobre los beneficios, sobre todo en las principales dimensiones de la vida, pero también de cara a los costes del fracaso en el autocontrol. A continuación, presentamos y discutimos algunos enfoques alternativos y complementarios para el abordaje del autocontrol. Finalmente, algunas consideraciones e implicaciones teóricas y empíricas se presentaron buscando fomentar la investigación y la intervención aplicada en el área general del autocontrol.

Development of the ego depletion aftereffects scale in postgraduates / 中华行为医学与脑科学杂志

Objective To develop the ego depletion aftereffects scale (EDA-S) and test its validity and reliability.Methods Based on literature analysis and the open questionnaire survey this study compiled the preliminary questionnaire.A sample of 801 subjects coming from a university in Beijing was investigated with preliminary questionnaire and 406 students were retested for test-retest reliability with 2 week interval.Results The EDA-S was composed of 38 items in nine factors,which were emotional regulation difficulty,social withdrawal,low efficacy,working memory impairment,low processing fluency,work burnout,fatigue,somatic distress and low adherence.The eleven factors explained 72.09％ of the variances.Furthermore,the result of CFA indicated that the model fitted the data with well construct validity(x2 =1744.62,df=629,x2/df =2.77,RMSEA =0.06,NFI =0.98,NNFI =0.98,CFI =0.98,IFI =0.98,GFI =0.85,SRMR =0.05) and its factors scores were positively correlated with the SFR-S scores(r=0.31-0.59,P＜0.001).The Cronbach α coefficients were 0.95 for the total questionnaire and 0.73-0.91 for the eleven factors.The test-retest reliabilities were 0.60 for the total questionnaire and 0.26-0.57 for the nine factors.Conclusion It suggests that the EDA-S is reliable and valid enough to be applicable to measure the depletion degree of adolescents.