Cigarros eletrônicos: uma abordagem acerca do conhecimento de jovens adultos e os riscos para o sistema respiratório / Electronic cigarettes: an approach about the knowledge of young adults and the risks to the respiratory system / Cigarrillos electrónicos: una aproximación sobre el conocimiento de los adultos jóvenes y los riesgos para el sistema respiratorio

A presente pesquisa teve o objetivo de avaliar o conhecimento dos jovens adultos sobre os cigarros eletrônicos e os seus efeitos no sistema respiratório. Tratou-se de uma pesquisa transversal, descritiva, com abordagem quantitativa, que foi desenvolvida através da plataforma Google Forms com aplicação de um questionário, contendo dados sociodemográficos e informações acerca do nível de conhecimento sobre os cigarros eletrônicos, divulgado nos grupos de Whatsapp e redes sociais, durante o período de julho a outubro de 2022. A amostra foi composta por adultos jovens, com idade entre 18 e 24 anos, com histórico de tabagismo ou não. Foram respeitadas as normas da Resolução 466/12 do Conselho Nacional de Saúde e a análise foi feita através da estatística descritiva simples. O estudo contou com a participação de 80 indivíduos, com participação homogênea entre os gêneros , sendo 40 do sexo feminino e 40 do masculino, com média de idade dos participantes de 21 anos ± 2,16, no qual, 35% (n=28) utilizam cigarros eletrônicos, 48% (n=38) afirmam ter alto nível de conhecimento sobre os mesmos, 41% (n=33) acreditavam que os dispositivos eletrônicos possuíam o mesmo risco que os cigarros convencionais, com isso, 76% (n=61) afirmam que os cigarros eletrônicos podem causar malefícios, mas não especificaram, além disso, observou-se que 25% (n=20) relatam sentir sensação de relaxamento, prazer ao consumir cigarro eletrônico. Dessa forma, pode-se observar que a amostra da pesquisa possui conhecimento sobre os cigarros eletrônicos, assim como os riscos, embora não saibam quais especificamente, bem como sua proporção no sistema respiratório.

This research aimed to evaluate the knowledge of young adults about electronic cigarettes and their effects on the respiratory system. This was a cross- sectional, descriptive research, with quantitative approach, which was developed through the Google Forms platform with application of a questionnaire, containing sociodemographic data and information about the level of knowledge about electronic cigarettes, disclosed in Whatsapp groups and social networks, during the period from July to October 2022. The sample was composed of young adults, aged between 18 and 24 years, with a history of smoking or not. The norms of Resolution 466/12 of the National Health Council were respected and the analysis was done through simple descriptive statistics. The study had the participation of 80 individuals, with homogeneous participation between genders, 40 females and 40 males, with a mean age of 21 years ± 2.16, in which, 35% (n=28) use electronic cigarettes, 48% (n=38) claim to have a high level of knowledge about them, 41% (n=33) believed that electronic devices have the same risk as conventional cigarettes, with this, 76% (n=61) stated that electronic cigarettes can cause harm, but did not specify, in addition, it was observed that 25% (n=20) report feeling a sense of relaxation, pleasure when consuming electronic cigarette. Thus, it can be observed that the research sample has knowledge about electronic cigarettes, as well as the risks, although they do not know which ones specifically, as well as their proportion on the respiratory system.

La presente investigación tuvo como objetivo evaluar el conocimiento de los jóvenes adultos sobre los cigarrillos electrónicos y sus efectos sobre el sistema respiratorio. Se trató de una investigación transversal, descriptiva, con abordaje cuantitativo, que se desarrolló a través de la plataforma Google Forms con aplicación de un cuestionario, conteniendo datos sociodemográficos e informaciones sobre el nivel de conocimiento sobre cigarrillos electrónicos, divulgados en grupos de Whatsapp y redes sociales, durante el período de julio a octubre de 2022. La muestra fue compuesta por jóvenes adultos, con edad entre 18 y 24 años, con historia de fumador o no. Fueron respetadas las normas de la Resolución 466/12 del Consejo Nacional de Salud y el análisis fue hecho a través de estadística descriptiva simple. El estudio contó con la participación de 80 individuos, con participación homogénea entre géneros, siendo 40 mujeres y 40 hombres, con edad media de los participantes de 21 años ± 2,16, en los cuales, 35% (n=28) utilizan cigarrillos electrónicos, 48% (n=38) afirman tener alto nivel de conocimiento sobre los mismos, 41% (n=33) creen que los dispositivos electrónicos tienen el mismo riesgo que los cigarrillos convencionales, con esto, 76% (n=61) afirman que los cigarrillos electrónicos pueden causar daño, pero no especificaron, además, se observó que 25% (n=20) dicen sentir sensación de relajación, placer al consumir cigarrillo electrónico. Por lo tanto, se puede observar que la muestra de la investigación tiene conocimiento sobre los cigarrillos electrónicos, así como los riesgos, aunque no saben cuáles específicamente, así como su proporción en el sistema respiratorio.

Injuria pulmonar por vapeo / Vaping-induced lung injury

Resumen Se considera vapeo a la inhalación de aerosoles generados por el calentamiento de líquidos. Existen dispositivos que se comercializan libremente para realizar vapeo, siendo los cigarrillos electrónicos los más frecuentes. Estos productos están asociados a la aparición de injuria pulmonar, ya sea injuria pulmonar inducida por vapeo (VAPI), o injuria pulmonar asociada a vapeo y cigarrillos electrónicos (EVALI). Se presenta el caso de una mujer de 54 años con antecedentes de vapeo en los últimos 9 meses. Consultó por disnea clase funcional IV asociada a náuseas y vómitos de 18 h de evolución. Al ingreso presentó insuficiencia respiratoria. Se realizó intubación orotraqueal con asistencia ventilatoria mecánica; la tomografía de tórax evidenció infiltrados alveolares difusos bilaterales. Se interpretó el cuadro clínico como VAPI/EVALI. Aún se desconoce la fisiopato genia exacta de la injuria pulmonar inducida por vapeo; la disnea y tos son los síntomas más frecuentes. Todos los pacientes tienen imágenes radiológicas patológicas. El soporte respiratorio y los corticoides sistémicos son el tratamiento de elección.

Abstract Vaping is considered to be the inhalation of aerosols generated by heating liquids. There are devices freely marketed for vaping, with electronic cigarettes being the most common. These products are associated with the appearance of lung injury, either vaping-induced lung injury (VAPI), or lung injury associated with vaping and electronic cigarettes (EVALI). We presented the case of a 54-year-old woman with a history of vaping in the last 9 months. She consulted for acute dyspnea (class IV) associated with nausea and vomiting of 18 hours of evolution. Upon admission, she presented respiratory failure. Orotracheal intubation was performed with mechanical ventilatory assistance. A chest tomography revealed bi lateral diffuse alveolar infiltrates. The clinical picture was interpreted as VAPI/EVALI. The exact pathophysiology of vaping-induced lung injury is still unknown; dyspnea and cough are the most frequent symptoms. All patients have pathological radiological images. Respiratory support and systemic corticosteroids are the treatment of choice.

Public′s online attention to information about quitting smoking before and during COVID-19 pandemic: an analysis based on Baidu Index / 中华健康管理学杂志

Objective:To explore the hotspots of the public concerns about quitting smoking before and during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic.Methods:The monthly search index data of four key words, “the harm of smoking”，“quitting smoking”，“passive smoking” and “electronic cigarette” before the COVID-19 (from January, 2016 to December, 2019) and during the COVID-19 (from January, 2020 to December, 2020) pandemic were manually collected from the Baidu Index platform. The one-way ANOVA was used to compare the differences among annual search indexes of four keywords. The linear regression model was used to test the annual linear trend of search index of each keyword before the COVID-19, and the one-sample t-test was used to analyze the differences of the search indexes during the COVID-19 and the means before the COVID-19. Results:During 2016—2020, the annual average search index of “electronic cigarette” was the highest (1.465 million), followed by “the harm of smoking” (0.884 million) and “quitting smoking” (0.780 million), while “passive smoking” was the lowest (0.171 million). Before the COVID-19 (2016—2019), the search index of each keyword had positive cumulative growth, but there was no significant linear trend of annual change ( P>0.05). During the COVID-19 period (2020), the search index of “the harm of smoking” decreased significantly (0.794 million vs 0.907 million, P=0.011), and “quitting smoking” (0.591 million vs 0.827 million, P=0.172) and “passive smoking” (0.164 million vs 0.172 million, P=0.257) showed a downward trend, while the search index of “electronic cigarettes” bucked the trend and increased significantly (1.825 million vs 1.375 million, P=0.010). Conclusions:The public′s online attention to “electronic cigarette” increases dramatically during COVID-19 along with other information about quitting smoking decreases. There are urgent needs for strengthening regulation and monitoring of electronic cigarettes and carrying out more effective publicity of scientific methods to help quit smoking.

Características de consumo de tabaco en jóvenes estudiantes en Paraguay / Characteristics of tobacco use in young students in Paraguay

Introducción: Actualmente el tabaquismo es una de las mayores amenazas para la salud pública a nivel mundial. La muerte atribuida al tabaco en Paraguay representa el 12,2% de todas las muertes y el costo de la enfermedad asociada al consumo de tabaco en el sistema de salud es elevado. Objetivos: El objetivo de este estudio es describir las características del consumo de tabaco en jóvenes en Paraguay. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal no probabilístico de muestreo estandarizado con representatividad nacional en estudiantes matriculados del 7° al 9° grado de la educación escolar básica, de 13 a 15 años de ambos sexos que incluyo a 6.518 estudiantes, correspondiente a 25 escuelas de la capital y 25 escuelas en el resto del país. Resultados: La prevalencia actual de consumo de productos de tabaco fue del 7%, fumadores actuales de 3,9% y fumadores de cigarrillos electrónicos de 3,7%. La prevalencia de fumadores de segunda mano fue más del 20% en todos los escenarios estudiados. Alto porcentaje de adolescentes con acceso fácil a la compra de cigarrillos sin verificación de la edad. Más del 50% con acceso a mensajes publicitarios sobre tabaco. Casi un 30% tenían conocimiento del efecto dañino del tabaco y más del 80% se manifiestan favorables a la prohibición de fumar en espacios cerrados y abiertos. Conclusión: Aunque la prevalencia de fumadores en adolescentes no es muy elevada, es un problema de salud pública creciente. Se requiere fortalecer las medidas de prevención y control.

Introduction: Currently, smoking is one of the greatest threats to public health worldwide. Death attributed to tobacco in Paraguay represents 12.2% of all deaths and the cost of the disease associated with tobacco consumption in the health system is high. Objectives: The objective of this study is to describe the characteristics of tobacco consumption in young people in Paraguay. Materials and methods: A non-probabilistic descriptive cross-sectional study of standardized sampling was carried out with national representativeness in students enrolled from 7th to 9th grade of basic school education, from 13 to 15 years old of both sexes that included 6,518 students, corresponding to 25 schools in the capital and 25 schools in the rest of the country. Results: The current prevalence of tobacco product use was 7%, current smokers 3.9%, and electronic cigarette smokers 3.7%. The prevalence of second-hand smokers was more than 20% in all the scenarios studied. High percentage of adolescents with easy access to the purchase of cigarettes without age verification. More than 50% with access to advertising messages about tobacco. Almost 30% were aware of the harmful effect of tobacco and more than 80% are in favor of the prohibition of smoking in closed and open spaces. Conclusion: Although the prevalence of smoking in adolescents is not very high, it is a growing public health problem. It is necessary to strengthen prevention and control measures.

Efectos en la salud de los sistemas electrónicos de administración de nicotina (SEAN) / Health Effects of Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems (SEAN)

Resumen Sin lugar a dudas, el tabaquismo continúa siendo la principal causa de enfermedad, discapacidad y muerte prematura a nivel mundial. Sin embargo, el advenimiento de los nuevos sistemas electrónicos de administración de nicotina (SEAN), entre los que destaca el cigarrillo electrónico, ha tenido un crecimiento explosivo y en algunos países ha desplazado a los cigarrillos de tabaco, especialmente entre los jóvenes que se sienten atraídos por sus llamativos sabores y por el despliegue de tecnología que se utiliza en su diseño y funcionamiento. Los SEAN surgieron inicialmente en 2003 como una supuesta ayuda para dejar de fumar, a 16 años de esta fecha no hay estudios clínicos que confirmen su superioridad sobre los medicamentos existentes para tal fin: terapias de reemplazo de nicotina, bupropión y vareniclina, ni sobre las terapias psicológicas como la racional emotiva y la cognitivo conductual. Por el contrario, se han acumulado gran cantidad de evidencias sobre el efecto deletéreo que tienen sobre la salud de los consumidores, el riesgo que representan es indudable y esto se confirma por reportes recientes de Centros de Control de Enfermedades de los Estados Unidos (CDC) que señalan 2,172 casos hospitalizados con enfermedad pulmonar aguda y 42 muertes por esta causa, siendo el 79% personas menores de 35 años. Este brote de enfermedad pulmonar ha determinado que se plantee la prohibición de los SEAN en Estados Unidos. Asimismo, la Food and Drug Administration (FDA) aprobó la venta de los cigarrillos híbridos o heets que utilizan tabaco calentado, los cuales ya están disponibles en nuestro país. No cabe duda de que como profesionales del área de la salud nuestra obligación es informar con evidencias científicas sobre los riesgos que representan los SEAN para sus consumidores, asimismo debemos aprender de la historia del tabaquismo para poder prevenir la morbimortalidad asociada con estos nuevos productos del tabaco.

Abstract Without a doubt, smoking continues to be the leading cause of disease, disability, and premature death worldwide. However, the advent of the new Electronic Administration Systems of Nicotine (SEAN), among which the electronic cigarette stands out, has had explosive growth and in some countries has depleted tobacco cigarettes, especially among young people who feel attracted by its striking flavors and the deployment of technology that is used in its design and operation. The SEANs initially emerged in 2003 as a supposed help to quit smoking, at 16 years from this date no clinical studies are confirming their superiority over existing medications for this purpose: nicotine, bupropion and varenicline replacement therapies, or over psychological therapies such as emotional and cognitive-behavioral rational. On the other side, a large amount of evidence has been accumulated on the deleterious effect they have on the health of consumers, the risk they represent is unquestionable and this is confirmed by recent reports from the Centers for Disease Control of the United States (CDC) that indicate 2142 hospitalized cases with acute lung disease and 42 deaths from this cause, 79% being people under 35 years. This outbreak of lung disease has determined that the ban on SEAN in the United States will be planted. Also, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the sale of hybrid cigarettes or "Heets" (Heat-not-burn tobacco products), which uses heated tobacco, and are now available in our country. There is no doubt that as health professionals, we must inform with scientific evidence about the risks that SEANs pose to their consumers, we must also learn from the history of smoking to prevent the morbidity and mortality associated with these new tobacco products.

Frecuencia y perfil del uso de cigarrillos electrónicos en estudiantes de una Universidad Pública / Frequency and profile of the electronic cigarettes use in students of a Public University

Introducción: El consumo de Cigarrillos electrónicos (CE) ha aumentado considerablemente en los últimos años. Estos productos son ahora los más comúnmente utilizados por la juventud en diversos países del mundo y nuestro país no está exento de su utilización. En este contexto se ha realizado el presente estudio; cuyo objetivo fue conocer la frecuencia de uso de cigarrillo electrónico y otras características del consumo de CE en universitarios. Materiales y Métodos: Estudio observacional, descriptivo. Se procesaron datos de 1500 estudiantes de diferentes Unidades Académicas de la UNA que respondieron a la encuesta electrónica. Se determinaron variables demográficas como sexo y edad, particularidades sobre los CE relacionadas a la preferencia por determinado dispositivo, motivaciones para el consumo, simultaneidad de consumo de cigarrillo común, así como la percepción de riesgo con respecto al mismo y las molestias ocasionadas por vapear. La encuesta fue anónima y realizada entre los meses de junio y julio del año 2019 mediante la plataforma libre Google Form. Para el procesamiento de datos se utilizó la planilla Excel. Los estudiantes recibieron vía aplicación de mensajería instantánea un link para responder el cuestionario, el mismo fue distribuido por grupos de docentes y delegados de los cursos de cada unidad académica. Resultados: Respondieron a la encuesta un total de 1500 alumnos, 502 hombres (33,5%) y 998 mujeres (66,5%). El promedio de edad fue de 24 años (DE: ± 3.2), con edades comprendidas entre los 17 y 62 años. Al preguntar sobre el hábito de fumar o vapear los estudiantes respondieron: No fuma ninguno 1222 (81 %), consume cigarrillos electrónicos: 74(5 %), 146 (10%) consumen cigarrillo común y un total de 58(4%) consumen ambos productos. Considerando el total de consumidores de CE y aquellos que utilizan ambos (CE y Cigarrillo común), tenemos una frecuencia de 132 consumidores de CE (9%). Percepción de riesgo con respecto a cigarrillos comunes: Ningún riesgo 32 (24%), pequeño riesgo: 54 (41%), riesgo moderado: 34 (26%), alto riesgo: 9 (7%) e igual riesgo: 3 (2%). Entre las molestias más frecuentes: tos 27 (20%), irritación de garganta 20 (15%), dolor de cabeza 6 (5 %) y malestar general 4 (3%). Conclusión: El uso de CE se aproxima al consumo de cigarrillo común y los universitarios no son conscientes sobre los daños potenciales que confiere el uso de estos dispositivos. Para prevenir y reducir el uso de cigarrillos electrónicos por los jóvenes y los adultos jóvenes debemos poner en práctica estrategias de prevención efectivas.

Introduction: The consumption of Electronic Cigarettes (EC) has increased considerably in recent years. These products are now the most commonly used by youth in various countries of the world and our country is not exempt from their use. In this context, the present study has been carried out; whose objective was to know the frequency of use of electronic cigarettes and other characteristics of CE consumption in university students. Materials and methods: Observational, descriptive study. Data from 1500 students from different UNA Academic Units that responded to the electronic survey were processed. Demographic variables such as sex and age, peculiarities on EC related to the preference for a certain device, motivations for consumption, simultaneity of consumption of common cigarettes, as well as the perception of risk with respect to it and the discomfort caused by vaping were determined. The survey was anonymous and carried out between the months of June and July of the year 2019 through the free platform Google Forms. The Excel spreadsheet was used for data processing. The students received a link via instant messaging application to answer the questionnaire, it was distributed by groups of teachers and delegates of the courses of each academic unit. Results: A total of 1500 students answered the survey, 502 men (33.5%) and 998 women (66.5%). The average age was 24 years (SD: ±16), with ages between 17 and 62 years. When asked about the habit of smoking or vaping, the students answered: 1222 (81%) do not smoke, use electronic cigarettes: 74 (5%), 146 (10%) use a regular cigarette and a total of 58 (4%) use both products. Considering the total of EC consumers and those who use both (EC and Common Cigarette), we have a frequency of 132 EC consumers (9%). Perception of risk with respect to common cigarettes: No risk 32 (24%), small risk: 54 (41%), moderate risk: 34 (26%), high risk: 9 (7%) and equal risk: 3 (2 %). Among the most frequent complaints: cough 27 (20%), throat irritation 20 (15%), headache 6 (5%) and general discomfort 4 (3%). Conclusion: The use of EC is close to the consumption of common cigarettes and the university students are not aware of the potential damage that the use of these devices confers. To prevent and reduce the use of electronic cigarettes by youth and young adults, we must implement effective prevention strategies.

Estado actual y desafíos emergentes en la prevención y el control del tabaco / Current and emerging issues in tobacco prevention and control

Resumen: Objetivos: Revisar la aplicación del Convenio Marco de la OMS para el Control del Tabaco en las Américas, describir dos estudios de caso nacionales y analizar la evidencia sobre los cigarrillos electrónicos desde la perspectiva de salud pública. Material y métodos: Revisión de la legislación de control de tabaco y la evidencia científica sobre los cigarrillos electrónicos. Resultados: La aplicación de políticas no es homogénea, con avances importantes en ambientes libres de humo, advertencias sanitarias gráficas y vigilancia epidemiológica, pero desafíos pendientes en la prohibición total de la publicidad, incremento de impuestos y cesación tabáquica. La interferencia de la industria tabacalera es uno de los principales obstáculos para avanzar y los nuevos productos crean incertidumbre sobre su regulación. Conclusiones: Se necesita revitalizar la voluntad política para aplicar integralmente el Convenio, tomando decisiones basadas en evidencia ante los nuevos desafíos y defendiendo los logros de la interferencia de la industria.

Abstract: Objectives: To review the implementation of the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control in the Americas, describe two national case studies and analyze the evidence on electronic cigarettes from a public health perspective. Materials and methods: Revision of the tobacco control legislation and the scientific evidence regarding electronic cigarettes. Results: Implementation of tobacco control policies is not homogeneous, with important advances in smoke-free environments, pictorial health warnings, and epidemiological surveillance, but challenges that remain for the implementation of a total ban of tobacco advertising, increases in tobacco taxes, and tobacco cessation programs. Tobacco industry interference is one of the main obstacles for advancing and novel products create uncertainty about their regulation. Conclusion: There is a need for political will for a comprehensive implementation of the Convention, with evidence-based decisions to confront challenges and to defend the achievements from tobacco industry interference.

Smoker motivations and predictors of smoking cessation: lessons from an inpatient smoking cessation programme

INTRODUCTION@#Our study aimed to review the quit rates of smokers from our inpatient smoking cessation programme in relation to habits and sociodemographic factors, and also to explore the potential usefulness of electronic cigarettes (ECs) by reviewing smoking motivations.@*METHODS@#This was a retrospective study of patients recruited into our inpatient smoking cessation programme from June 2008 to June 2015. Sociodemographic factors and information on smoking habits were collected using a counsellor-administered questionnaire. Patients were given intensive counselling followed by a phone interview at one, three and six months to assess smoking status.@*RESULTS@#A total of 2,722 patients were enrolled. 27.6% of patients were abstinent at six months' follow-up. Patients who quit smoking were older, married, initiated smoking at a later age and had lower Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence scores. There was a trend towards successful quitting in those with higher education levels and Chinese ethnicity, but this was not statistically significant. Patients who planned to quit cold turkey and those who quit because of social pressures were more successful. Of the smoking motivations, only nicotine dependence was an independent predictor of smoking cessation.@*CONCLUSION@#Smoking motivations such as habitual use and psychological dependence did not influence quit rates and therefore do not support the use of ECs. Instead, a cold turkey method of quitting was shown in our study to contribute to cessation success. We recommend an increased focus on the use of pharmacologic aids as well as involvement of peer/spousal support to aid in such quit attempts.

The Government Policies of New Tobacco Products: Strategies for Managing Electronic Cigarettes and Heated Tobacco Products / 보건행정학회지

The term new tobacco products (NTPs) refers to the new alternatives to conventional cigarettes. There are several kinds of NTPs in South Korea. The present study discusses the most widely used NTPs namely electronic cigarette (ECs) and heated tobacco products (HTPs). The aims of this study are to evaluate the risk related to the use of ECs and HTPs, introduce policy examples across different countries of management of this issue, and finally, present some policy implications of the problem and our response strategies. Since the advent of ECs, there has been a lot of debate about its risk. Some studies have reported that ECs are less harmful than conventional cigarettes and that they are effective in aiding smoking cessation. Nevertheless, the efficacy of ECs in smoking cessation and its potential health risks are still unclear. However, the obvious fact is that it is not harmless. Regulations on ECs differ from country to country. In many countries, they are strictly regulated as tobacco or toxic substances; however, in the United Kingdom, the use of ECs are included as part of their smoking cessation policy, and in Japan, they are treated as a form of medication. On the other hand, HTPs are the most recently introduced NTPs and they have attained sensational popularity because of the wrongly held belief that they are less harmful to health. So, what about our policy response to these two tobacco products? The research on ECs requires more systematic statistical monitoring, such as monitoring the ratio of dual-users. Further, the new EC smokers should be identified taking into account that the arguments for the use of ECs often emphasize smoking cessation or less risks to health, the government should further strengthen its policy to prevent those claims. The HTPs market experienced a very sharp growth and continues to grow because the government policy is too passive. Taking this as a lesson, it is necessary to approach NTPs, such as HTPs, proactively and increase their contribution to the National Health Promotion Fund by imposing greater taxes on them. Finally, considering the likelihood of NTPs being promoted as a less harmful tobacco product, it is essential to strictly regulate tobacco companies' publicity from the very beginning to ensure that potential consumer s are not mislead.

The Characteristics of Electronic Cigarette User among Korean Smokers: The Sixth Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2013–2015

BACKGROUND: Although the electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) market is growing rapidly, few studies have been conducted on e-cigarettes in South Korea. This study aims to analyze the general characteristics of Korean adult smokers with e-cigarette use.METHODS: This study used data from the 6th National Health and Nutrition Survey (NHANS). Multivariate logistic regression analysis was conducted to examine subjects' general characteristics and a questionnaire related to smoking cessation, stress perception, and depression. A frequency analysis of reasons for using e-cigarettes was conducted of 318 subjects of the 2015 NHANS who were smokers and used e-cigarettes.RESULTS: The study found that smokers with experience using e-cigarettes were younger and had a higher income level (odds ratio [OR], 1.45; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.03–2.05) than smokers without e-cigarette experience. Professional, management, and office worker groups were associated with e-cigarette use (OR, 1.40; 95% CI, 1.10–1.77). Willingness to quit smoking was also higher in subjects with experience using e-cigarettes (OR, 1.35; 95% CI, 1.09–1.68). The most common reason for smoking cessation in both groups was concern about their own and their family's health. About 50% of smokers with experience using e-cigarettes thought e-cigarettes would be more helpful for smoking cessation than regular cigarettes.CONCLUSION: Although the safety and rationale of using e-cigarettes as a smoking cessation aid are unproven, many smokers consider them a method of smoking cessation. It is necessary to provide correct information on e-cigarettes.

Nuevos productos de tabaco, una amenaza para el control de tabaco y la salud pública de México / New tobacco products, a threat for tobacco control and public health of Mexico

Resumen Los nuevos productos de tabaco, entre los que se incluyen los cigarros electrónicos (denominados "E Cigs", "e-hookahs", "mods", "vape-pens"), los sistemas electrónicos de administración de nicotina (SEAN), los sistemas similares sin nicotina (SSSN) y los sistemas alternativos de consumo de nicotina (SACN), incursionan en el mercado global con un discurso de reducción del daño y minimización del riesgo. Este manuscrito resume la evidencia científica y una propuesta regulatoria sobre esta innovación tecnológica, con el fin de orientar la toma de decisiones de legisladores, instituciones gubernamentales y la sociedad civil organizada. La evidencia científica concluye que no existe un producto de tabaco seguro para la salud; la naturaleza adictiva de la nicotina y los daños a la salud causados en niños, adolescentes y mujeres embarazadas constituyen el argumento fundamental. Estos nuevos productos promueven la transición al consumo de cigarros combustibles y no han demostrado eficacia para la cesación tabáquica; por el contrario, promueven el uso dual. Toda regulación debe formularse sin la intervención de los fabricantes o instituciones con conflicto de interés y en el marco de la implementación completa e integral del Convenio Marco de la Organización Mundial de la Salud para el Control del Tabaco.

Abstract: The new tobacco products that include electronic cigarettes (called "E Cig", "e-hookahs", "mods", "vape-pens"), electronic nicotine delivery systems (SEAN, Spanish acronym), similar systems without nicotine (SSSN, Spanish acronym) and alternative nicotine consumption systems (SACN, Spanish acronym), are positioned in the global market with a discourse of harm reduction and risk minimization. This manuscript summarizes the scientific evidence and presents a regulatory proposal for this technological innovation, oriented to guide the decision making of legislators, government institutions and organized civil society. The scientific evidence concludes that there is no safe tobacco product for health. The addictive nature of nicotine and the health damages for children, adolescents and pregnant women is the fundamental argument. These new products promote the transition to conventional cigarettes and have not shown efficacy for smoking cessation, on the contrary, they promote dual use. High-level regulation must be formulated without the intervention of the manufacturers or institutions with a conflict of interest in the context of the complete and integral World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control implementation.

Smoking susceptibility as a predictive measure of cigarette and e-cigarette use among early adolescents / Susceptibilidad a fumar como medida predictiva del consumo de cigarros y cigarros electrónicos en adolescentes

Abstract Objective To assess the validity of a standard measure of smoking susceptibility for predicting cigarette and e-cigarette use in a sample of early adolescents in Argentina and Mexico. Materials and methods A school-based longitudinal survey was conducted in 2014-16 among secondary students. We analyzed students who were never smokers of regular cigarettes or e-cigarettes at baseline and who completed both surveys. The main independent variable was smoking susceptibility. Multilevel logistic regression models were used, adjusting for sociodemographic and personal variables, social network use of cigarettes and exposure to advertising. Results In the adjusted analysis, smoking susceptibility independently predicted cigarette initiation (Argentina: AOR 2.28; 95%CI 1.66-3.14; Mexico: AOR 2.07; 95%CI 1.74-2.45) and current smoking (Argentina: AOR 3.61; 95%CI 2.48-5.24; Mexico: AOR 1.69; 95%CI 1.29-2.22); however, it only predicted e-cigarette initiation in Mexico (Mexico: AOR 1.29; 95%CI 1.02-1.63). Conclusion Smoking susceptibility was a valid measure to predict future cigarette smoking in this sample.

Resumen Objetivo Evaluar la validez de una medida estándar de susceptibilidad para predecir el consumo de cigarros convencionales y electrónicos en una muestra de adolescentes de Argentina y México. Material y métodos Entre 2014 y 2016 se realizó una encuesta longitudinal en alumnos de secundarias. Se analizaron los alumnos no fumadores y que no habían probado cigarrillos electrónicos en la encuesta basal y que completaron ambas encuestas. La variable independiente principal era la susceptibilidad al consumo de cigarros. Se efectuó una regresión logística multinivel, ajustando por variables sociodemográficas y personales, consumo en el círculo social íntimo y exposición a la publicidad. Resultados En el análisis ajustado, la susceptibilidad al consumo predijo de manera independiente el inicio del consumo de cigarros convencionales (Argentina: RMA2.28; IC95%1.66-3.14; México: RMA2.07; IC95%1.74-2.45) y su consumo actual (Argentina: RMA3.61; IC95%2.48-5.24; México: RMA1.69; IC95%1.29-2.22). Sin embargo, sólo predijo el inicio del consumo de cigarros electrónicos en México (México: ORA 1.29; IC95%1.02-1.63). Conclusión Esta medida es válida para predecir el futuro consumo de cigarros en esta muestra.

Bradicardia sintomática causada por intoxicação por nicotina / Symptomatic bradycardia due to nicotine intoxication

RESUMO A nicotina é uma substância perigosa, extraída das folhas de fumo. Quando absorvida em quantidade excessiva, ela pode levar à insuficiência respiratória e à parada cardíaca. A comercialização de cigarros eletrônicos (e-cigarros) permite que os usuários manuseiem diretamente o líquido, com consequente aumento do risco de exposição à nicotina líquida. Descrevemos nossa experiência no tratamento do caso de um paciente que ingeriu elevada concentração de nicotina líquida contida em líquido para e-cigarros. O paciente apresentava bradicardia e hipotensão, que são sintomas de estimulação parassimpática, além de comprometimento da consciência. O paciente teve recuperação após tratamento com atropina e vasopressor.

ABSTRACT Nicotine is a dangerous substance extracted from tobacco leaves. When nicotine is absorbed in excessive amounts, it can lead to respiratory failure and cardiac arrest. The commercialization of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) has allowed users to directly handle e-cigarette liquid. Consequently, the risk of liquid nicotine exposure has increased. We describe our experience of managing the case of a patient who orally ingested a high concentration of liquid nicotine from e-cigarette liquid. The patient presented with bradycardia and hypotension, which are symptoms of parasympathetic stimulation, together with impaired consciousness. He recovered following treatment with atropine and a vasopressor.

Cigarrillos eléctrónicos: ¿Podemos recomendar su uso? / Electronic cigarettes: can we recommend its use?

Los cigarrillos electrónicos (Cig-e) son dispositivos que contienen un líquido compuesto por un solvente, saborizantes y, en la mayoría de los casos, nicotina. Este liquido, al ser calentado en el dispositivo, se vaporiza, siendo aspirado por el usuario. En los últimos años, el uso de los Cig-e ha aumentado rápidamente, especialmente entre escolares y gente joven, sin existir hasta el día de hoy evidencias ciertas sobre su seguridad y efectos a largo plazo. En este artículo revisamos la evidencia existente en cuanto a los efectos y seguridad de cada uno de los componentes de los Cig-e y analizamos sus potenciales indicaciones en distintos escenarios clínicos.

Electronic cigarettes (Cig-e) are devices that contain a liquid composed of a solvent, flavors and, in most cases, nicotine. This liquid, when heated in the device, vaporizes, being aspirated by the user. In recent years, the use of Cig-e has increased rapidly, especially among schoolchildren and young people, with no clear evidence of safety and long-term effects to date. In this article we review the existing evidence regarding the effects and safety of each of the components of Cig-e and analyze their potential indications in different clinical scenarios.

Névoas, vapores e outras volatilidades ilusórias dos cigarros eletrônicos / Nieblas, vapores y otras volatilidades ilusorias de los cigarrillos electrónicos / Mists, vapors and other illusory volatilities of electronic cigarettes

Resumo: Neste artigo, analisa-se o discurso de fornecedores de cigarros eletrônicos para convencer potenciais usuários (fumantes, ex-fumantes ou nunca fumantes de cigarros) a adquirir e usar o novo produto. É um estudo qualitativo, descritivo e exploratório acerca do discurso de vendedores em oito sites de venda on-line que, entre 2011 e 2013, tiveram maior frequência de buscas na Internet. Os sites foram identificados pela ferramenta Google Trends, com base no número de acessos e frequência de buscas ao tema cigarro eletrônico. Tendo como referencial metodológico a hermenêutica-dialética, a categorização do material empírico sob o esquema "compreensão/interpretação" apontou quatro abrangentes sentidos: apropriação do discurso antitabagista; comparação entre cigarros convencional e eletrônico; apelo à crença na fidedignidade da ciência; e projeção da imagem do cigarro eletrônico. A análise desses sentidos configurou os elementos argumentativos do discurso de posicionamento de marketing utilizado por fabricantes e fornecedores de cigarros eletrônicos.

Resumen: En este artículo, se analiza el discurso de provedores de cigarrillos electrónicos para convencer a potenciales usuarios (fumadores, ex-fumadores o no fumadores) a adquirir y usar el nuevo producto. Es un estudio cualitativo, descriptivo y exploratorio acerca del discurso de vendedores en ocho sitios de venta on-line que, entre 2011 y 2013, tuvieron una mayor frecuencia de búsquedas en Internet. Los sitios fueron identificados por la herramienta Google Trends, en base al número de accesos y frecuencia de búsquedas sobre el asunto cigarrillo electrónico. Teniendo como referencia metodológica la hermenéutica-dialéctica, la categorización del material empírico bajo el esquema "comprensión/interpretación" apuntó a cuatro sentidos más amplios: apropiación del discurso antitabaquista; comparación entre cigarrillos convencionales y electrónicos; apelo a la creencia en las cualidades fidedignas de la ciencia; y proyección de la imagen del cigarrillo electrónico. El análisis de esos sentidos configuró los elementos argumentativos del discurso de posicionamiento de marketing, utilizado por fabricantes y proveedores de cigarrillos electrónicos.

Abstract: In this article, we analyze the discourse of electronic cigarette suppliers directed at convincing potential users (smokers, former smokers or never smokers) to acquire and use the new product. This is a qualitative, descriptive and exploratory study on sellers' discourse found in eight on-line sales websites which, between 2011 and 2013, had the highest search frequencies. The websites were identified through Google Trends based on the number of accesses and search frequencies related to electronic cigarettes. Our methodological reference was dialectical-hermeneutics. We categorized the empirical material within the "understanding/interpretation" scheme within four broad meanings: appropriation of the anti-smoking discourse; comparison between conventional and electronic cigarettes; appeal to the trustworthiness of science and projection of e-cigarettes' image. The analysis of these meanings configured the argumentative elements of the marketing discourse used by electronic cigarette makers and suppliers.

Conhecimento e uso de cigarros eletrônicos e percepção de risco no Brasil: resultados de um país com requisitos regulatórios rígidos / Concienciación sobre el cigarrillo electrónico, uso, y percepción de sus efectos dañinos en Brasil: resultados de un país que cuenta con estrictos requisitos normativos / Electronic cigarette awareness, use, and perception of harmfulness in Brazil: findings from a country that has strict regulatory requirements

Resumo: Devido às incertezas sobre o impacto dos cigarros eletrônicos na saúde, o Brasil adotou, em 2009, regulamentação que proibiu venda, importação e propaganda desses produtos até que fabricantes possam demonstrar que são seguros e/ou efetivos na cessação de fumar. O objetivo do estudo foi analisar entre fumantes brasileiros: (1) conhecimento sobre existência de cigarros eletrônicos, uso na vida, e uso recente; (2) percepção de risco sobre cigarros eletrônicos comparados a cigarros convencionais; e (3) fatores correlacionados ao conhecimento e percepção de risco. Este é um estudo transversal entre fumantes brasileiros (≥ 18 anos) usando amostra de reposição da Onda 2 do Inquérito Internacional sobre Controle do Tabaco. Os participantes foram recrutados em três cidades por meio de um protocolo de discagem randomizada entre outubro de 2012 e fevereiro de 2013. Entre os 721 respondentes, 37,4% (n = 249) dos fumantes atuais conheciam cigarros eletrônicos, 9,3% (n = 48) relataram ter experimentado ou usado alguma vez na vida e 4,6% (n = 24) ter usado nos últimos 6 meses. Entre os que conheciam cigarros eletrônicos, 44,4% (n = 103) acreditavam que eles eram menos nocivos que os cigarros regulares (baixa percepção de risco). A "baixa percepção de risco" foi associada com ter maior nível educacional e com ter experimentado/usado cigarro eletrônico recentemente. Apesar das restrições aos cigarros eletrônicos no Brasil, 4,6% dos fumantes da amostra relataram uso recente. Programas de vigilância em saúde do Brasil e demais países deveriam incluir questões sobre uso e percepções sobre cigarros eletrônicos considerando os respectivos ambientes regulatórios.

Resumen: Debido a las incertezas sobre el impacto de los cigarrillos electrónicos en la salud, en 2009 Brasil adoptó una regulación que prohibió su venta, importación y propaganda de esos productos hasta que los fabricantes pudiesen demonstrar que son seguros y/o efectivos en el abandono del tabaco. El objetivo fue analizar entre fumadores brasileños: (1) conocimiento sobre la existencia de cigarrillos electrónicos, uso en vida, y uso reciente; (2) percepción de riesgo sobre cigarrillos electrónicos, comparados con cigarrillos convencionales; y (3) factores correlacionados con el conocimiento y percepciones de riesgo. Este es un estudio transversal entre fumadores brasileños (≥ 18 años), usando una muestra de reposición de la Oleada 2 de la Encuesta Internacional sobre Control del Tabaco. Los participantes fueron reclutados en tres ciudades, a través de un protocolo de llamadas telefónicas randomizadas entre octubre de 2012 y febrero de 2013. Entre los 721 encuestados que respondieron, un 37,4% (n = 249) de los fumadores actuales conocían el cigarrillo electrónico, un 9,3% (n = 48) relataron haberlo probado o consumido alguna vez en la vida y un 4,6% (n = 24) haberlo usado en los últimos 6 meses. Entre los que conocían los cigarrillos electrónicos, un 44,4% (n = 103) creían que ellos eran menos nocivos que los cigarrillos regulares (baja percepción de riesgo). La "baja percepción de riesgo" se asoció con tener un mayor nivel educacional y con haber probado/consumido cigarrillos electrónicos recientemente. A pesar de las restricciones a los cigarrillos electrónicos en Brasil, un 4,6% de los fumadores de la muestra relataron un uso reciente. Los programas de vigilancia en salud de Brasil y demás países deberían incluir cuestiones sobre el uso y percepciones sobre los cigarrillos electrónicos, considerando los respectivos ambientes regulatorios.

Abstract: Given the uncertainties regarding electronic cigarettes' (e-cigs) impact on health, in 2009 Brazil prohibited sales, importation or advertisements of these products until manufacturers are able to show they are safe and/or effective in smoking cessation. This study sought to analyze: (1) awareness of electronic cigarettes, ever-use and recent use; (2) perception of harmfulness of electronic cigarettes when compared with conventional cigarettes; and (3) correlates of awareness and perception of harmfulness. This is a cross-sectional study among Brazilian smokers (≥ 18 years) using the Wave 2 replenishment sample of the Brazilian International Tobacco Control Policy Evaluation Survey. Participants were recruited in three cities through a random-digit dialing sampling frame between October 2012 and February 2012. Among the 721 respondents, 37.4% (n = 249) of current smokers were aware of e-cigs, 9.3% (n = 48) reported having ever tried or used e-cigs and 4.6% (n = 24) reported having used them in the previous six months. Among those who were aware of e-cigs, 44.4% (n = 103) believed they were less harmful than regular cigarettes (low perception of harmfulness). "Low perception of harmfulness" was associated with a higher educational level and with having recently tried/used e-cigs. Despite restrictions to e-cigs in Brazil, 4.6% of sample smokers reported having recently used them. Health surveillance programs in Brazil and other countries should include questions on use and perceptions of e-cigs considering their respective regulatory environments.

Research progress in smoking cessation using electronic cigarettes / 中华健康管理学杂志

Electronic cigarettes (EC) are battery-powered devices that deliver aerosolized nicotine to users.EC has been reported to contain less carcinogens than traditional cigarettes,cause less lung effects and may help with smoking cessation.EC are an increasingly popular device that could serve as a smoking cessation product.But the effect of smoking cessation has not been confirmed and use of EC may bring potential health problem.This study reviewed the research progress in smoking cessation by using EC.

Using Focus Group Interviews to Analyze the Behavior of Users of New Types of Tobacco Products / 예방의학회지

OBJECTIVES: To characterize the usage patterns of new types of tobacco products (NTTPs) to develop effective strategies for the regulation of NTTPs in Korea. METHODS: We conducted focus group interviews to identify the NTTP usage patterns of research subjects. The NTTPs were limited to electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes), waterpipe tobacco, and rolling tobacco. We categorized 30 research subjects into 4 groups. The e-cigarette group was divided into adult and adolescent groups. Each group contained 7-8 subjects. An interview lasting approximately 2 hours was conducted with each group. RESULTS: Ninety percent of NTTP users used an NTTP in combination with conventional cigarettes. Subjects mostly bought NTTPs online, unlike how they bought cigarettes. Additionally, a great deal of information, such as how to use NTTPs and descriptions of NTTP products, was exchanged through online or offline societies. The primary reason why the subjects used NTTPs was that NTTPs offer a greater range of flavors and aromas than cigarettes. Moreover, NTTPs were felt to be less repulsive than cigarettes. NTTPs were not used as a cigarette substitute; rather, they were mostly used in places and situations where traditional cigarette smoking was not allowed. CONCLUSIONS: Based on the results of this study, the government should conduct studies on the effects of the combined use of NTTPs and cigarettes on the human body, obtain and provide accurate data regarding NTTP use, and develop and implement polices to ban NTTP advertising, which may arouse adolescents' curiosity, and the addition of flavoring substances to tobacco products.

The Surgical Impact of E-Cigarettes: A Case Report and Review of the Current Literature

We report a case of a 51 years old female with a 25 pack year smoking history who underwent bilateral mastectomy and immediate tissue expander reconstruction for newly diagnosed right breast cancer. The patient reported herself as a non-smoker despite significant e-cigarette use, with resulting significant mastectomy skin flap necrosis and breast reconstruction failure. Little is known about the physiologic effect of e-cigarettes on wound healing and tissue perfusion. To this end, we provide an updated review of the impact of e-cigarettes on surgical outcomes. PubMed, Ovid MEDLINE, and PRS GO were searched for the terms “e-cigarette”, “electronic cigarette”, “e-cig”, “electronic nicotine delivery system”, “vaping”, “surgery”, “surgical”, “peri-operative”, “operate”, “operative”, and “wound healing”. Abstract review of all articles was performed. 123 articles returned that contained both variants of e-cigarettes and surgery as keywords. Of those, manual assessment returned three articles which were found to be relevant to e-cigarette use in the surgical patient. No articles were found that compared perioperative complications in e-cigarette versus traditional cigarette users in humans. In conclusion, our case report depicts the potential dangers associated with e-cigarette use in the surgical patient. There is a public misconception that e-cigarettes are healthier than traditional cigarettes and as such their use may go unreported by patients. Early evidence suggests e-cigarettes may induce some of the same physiologic changes as traditional cigarettes, and may have a significant deleterious effect on wound healing.

The Surgical Impact of E-Cigarettes: A Case Report and Review of the Current Literature

We report a case of a 51 years old female with a 25 pack year smoking history who underwent bilateral mastectomy and immediate tissue expander reconstruction for newly diagnosed right breast cancer. The patient reported herself as a non-smoker despite significant e-cigarette use, with resulting significant mastectomy skin flap necrosis and breast reconstruction failure. Little is known about the physiologic effect of e-cigarettes on wound healing and tissue perfusion. To this end, we provide an updated review of the impact of e-cigarettes on surgical outcomes. PubMed, Ovid MEDLINE, and PRS GO were searched for the terms “e-cigarette”, “electronic cigarette”, “e-cig”, “electronic nicotine delivery system”, “vaping”, “surgery”, “surgical”, “peri-operative”, “operate”, “operative”, and “wound healing”. Abstract review of all articles was performed. 123 articles returned that contained both variants of e-cigarettes and surgery as keywords. Of those, manual assessment returned three articles which were found to be relevant to e-cigarette use in the surgical patient. No articles were found that compared perioperative complications in e-cigarette versus traditional cigarette users in humans. In conclusion, our case report depicts the potential dangers associated with e-cigarette use in the surgical patient. There is a public misconception that e-cigarettes are healthier than traditional cigarettes and as such their use may go unreported by patients. Early evidence suggests e-cigarettes may induce some of the same physiologic changes as traditional cigarettes, and may have a significant deleterious effect on wound healing.