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Objective@#To understand the trend of changes of hygiene status in the teaching environment among primary and secondary schools in Beijing City during 2016-2020, so as to provide basis for further improving the teaching environment and campus hygiene conditions in primary and secondary schools.@*Methods@#A proportional systematic sampling method covered over 50% of schools selected annually in Beijing from 2016 to 2019, and 34% were selected in 2020. Two representative classrooms were selected from each selected school for testing based on their structure and other factors, with 6 196 classrooms supervised, from 2016 to 2020,1 330,1 312,1 384,1 322,848 classrooms were monitored for each year.@*Results@#From 2016 to 2020, the overall lighting qualification rate of classrooms (lighting coefficient 72.8%, window to floor area ratio 41.8%, rear wall reflectance ratio 42.2%, blackboard reflection ratio 37.4%), the overall qualification rate of average blackboard illumination and uniformity (50.6%, 34.9 %), and the overall qualification rate of desk and chair allocation (58.6%) were all below 80%. The overall qualification rate of per capita classroom area (87.5%), blackboard size (83.2%), average desk illumination ( 80.1% ), average desk illumination and uniformity (82.9%), the distance between lamp and desk (99.1%), carbon dioxide ( 86.6% ), temperature (84.9%), and noise (96.6%) were all above 80%. The following indicators, blackboard size, the distance between lamp and desk, average blackboard illumination, lighting coefficient, blackboard reflectance, rear wall reflectance, carbon dioxide, temperature, and noise ( χ 2=78.38, 9.71, 11.76, 320.59, 37.63, 58.45, 236.45, 1 347.56, 101.97), had statistically significance between years. Among those indicators, the qualified rates of blackboard size, blackboard reflectance, lighting coefficient, and noise had been increasing year by year ( χ 2 trend =69.98, 15.82, 240.02, 5.77) ( P <0.05). The qualified rates of per capita classroom area, window to floor area ratio, and blackboard reflection ratio in primary schools (81.6%, 39.8%, 36.3%) were all lower than those in secondary schools (94.9%, 44.5%, 40.3%) ( χ 2=246.32, 12.03, 10.51, P <0.05). The qualified rates of blackboard size, average blackboard illumination, average blackboard illumination and uniformity, and desk and chair allocation (89.3%, 55.6% , 36.0%, and 60.2%) were all higher than those in secondary schools (75.4%, 44.1%, 33.3%, and 56.5%) ( χ 2=209.33, 78.41, 4.44, 8.22) ( P <0.05). The qualified rates of average desk illumination and uniformity, average blackboard illumination, rear wall reflectance ratio, desk and chair allocation, carbon dioxide, temperature, and noise indicators in urban area (82.9%, 84.1% , 51.9%, 45.0%, 60.9%, 91.2%, 89.5%, 97.8%) were all higher than those in suburban area (77.3%, 81.7%, 49.2%, 39.5%, 56.3%, 82.3%, 80.4%, 95.5%) ( χ 2=31.16, 6.28, 4.36, 16.40, 13.39, 105.29, 98.23, 24.66， P <0.05). The qualified rates of the distance between lamp and desk, lighting coefficient, window to floor area ratio, blackboard size, blackboard reflection ratio, average blackboard illumination and uniformity, and per capita classroom area in urban areas (98.8%, 65.2%, 34.3%, 76.7%, 35.9%, 30.1%, 84.6%) were all lower than those in suburban areas (99.4%, 81.4%, 49.8%, 89.7%, 40.2%, 39.6%, 90.3%) ( χ 2=6.80, 171.67, 132.43, 188.46 , 12.45, 60.28, 44.82) ( P <0.05).@*Conclusions@#The main problems in the teaching environment of schools in Beijing are classroom lighting, as well as desk and chair allocation. The findings suggest technical rationality and operability of relevant standard should be considered when under revision, and standard training and supervision management should be strengthened, with the aim of teaching environment improvement.
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In higher education, reasonable accommodations are increasingly made for students with a wide range of disabilities. However, rigorous assessment is paramount to ensure these students are supported while preventing ineligible students from gaining unfair advantages. In this context, we sought to identify under which circumstances a university student should be allowed academic accommodation for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and to outline an evidence-based policy for use in Brazil based on the global experience. We reviewed the literature to acquire information on what documents are commonly required by disability services before accommodations for ADHD are provided (including detection of malingering) and scrutinized the eligibility criteria of leading universities worldwide. Finally, renowned experts in the field and national stakeholders were consulted. Despite an exhaustive search, we found no international standard for the assessment of students with ADHD who request academic accommodation; even renowned institutions worldwide differ in their approaches to granting accommodations on the grounds of ADHD. Therefore, we propose a unified set of nationwide criteria for Brazilian universities, which could be generalized internationally. Higher education institutions in Brazil and beyond may benefit from adoption of such criteria.
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Objective@#To explore physical health status and influencing factors of preschool children in Tibet, so as to provide a scientific reference and theoretical basis for the healthy development of physical fitness.@*Methods@#Data were collected from children (3-6 years old) of Xizang national physical fitness monitoring, and a total of 1 521 preschool children were recruited who received questionnaire survey and physical fitness test. Independent sample t-test and one-way ANOVA were used to compare the differences in physical fitness indexes of preschool children in different groups. Chi square test and binary Logistic regression model were used to analyze the factors affecting physical health of preschool children.@*Results@#The total qualified rate of physical fitness was 79.75%, among which the excellent rate was 3.16%, the good rate was 15.12%, the qualified rate was 61.47% and the unqualified was 20.25%. From the perspective of BMI, the excellent physical fitness rate (3.74%) and good physical fitness rate ( 17.47% ) were highest in healthy weight preschool children, and the qualified physical fitness rate of overweight preschool children (69.03%) was higher than that of obese (55.88%) and healthy weight preschool children (60.68%)( χ 2=53.56, P <0.01). From the perspective of ethnic, Tibetan children s physique proficiency (3.69%), good rate ( 17.13% ) than with the elevation of the Han nationality (0.74%, 5.88%), fraction defective (16.97%), lower than that of Han nationality (35.29%) ( χ 2=53.71, P <0.01); The results of chest circumference, skinfold thickness, body fat percentage, tennis throw distance, continuous jump of both feet, sitting forward bend and balance beam walking of Tibetan children were higher than those of Han children, and the results of quiet heart rate and standing long jump were lower than those of Han children ( t = 2.72 , 10.95, 9.66, 3.68, 3.88, 8.04, 3.56, 8.70, -4.39 , -4.40, P <0.01). Binary Logistic regression analysis showed that Tibetans ( OR =2.29), breastfeeding ( OR =1.51), body dynamics outdoor daily exercise duration 30-90 min (30-<60 min ;OR = 2.03 ; 60-90 min: OR =2.22) were positively correlated with physical health of preschool children ( P <0.05).@*Conclusions@#The total physical qualification rate of preschool children aged 3-6 years old in Tibet is lower than the national average. Ethnic group, feeding pattern during infancy, and physical activity are all factors that affected the physical fitness of preschool children in Tibet. It is of great significance to improve the physique of preschool children in Tibet to promote their sustainable and healthy development.
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Objective@#To analyze physical fitness of students aged 6-22 years old from seven ethnic groups in Yunnan Province, and to provide reference for physical fitness intervention measures.@*Methods@#The nationality, gender, grade, body shape, vital capacity, exercise quality of students were derived from the 2019 Yunnan Student Physical Health Survey Database. Comprehensive physical fitness score was calculated according to the National Student Physical Fitness Standards(revised in 2014). t test, ANOVA, and χ 2 test were used to analyze physical fitness score and level among students with different ethnic groups, gender, and school stages.@*Results@#The average comprehensive score of physical fitness among students from 7 ethnic groups in Yunnan Province was (70.02±9.69）, with the pass rate being 88.91%. The proportion of excellent was 0.93%, good was 17.90%, pass 70.09 %, and failed was 11.09%. Physical fitness score was highest in BMI (94.99 points), followed by 50 meter running (74.13 points), sitting forward bend (72.63 points), endurance running (70.43 points), standing long jump (67.77 points), sit ups ( 65.71 points) , 1 minute skipping rope (65.25 points), vital capacity (62.97 points), pull up (29.04 points). Physical fitness score and pass rate and evaluation level varied significantly by ethnicity and school stage( F =293.53，452.85， χ 2/ χ 2 trend =466.65， 412.57 ； 1 553.22 ，1 045.36， P <0.01).@*Conclusion@#The excellent rate of physical fitness among students in Yunnan Province is relatively low. Physical fitness promotion requires specific guidance and training based on ethnicity and school stage.
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Objective@#To understand the infectious disease prevention and control among primary and secondary schools in Hebei Province from 2019 to 2021 and to provide a scientific basis for promoting epidemic prevention and control in schools.@*Methods@#Relevant indicators of infectious disease prevention and control in primary and secondary schools were collected and screened from the on site supervision and inspection data uploaded from various places, and analyzed with SPSS 22.0 software.@*Results@#The qualified rates of infectious disease prevention and control in primary and secondary schools in Hebei Province from 2019 to 2021 were 77.11%, 89.74% and 96.24%, respectively, the difference was statistically significant( χ 2=455.45, P <0.01). The qualified rates of infectious disease prevention and control in primary schools, middle schools and high schools from 2019 to 2021 increased by year, the difference was statistically significant( χ 2=319.49, 118.74, 25.73, P <0.05). The qualified rates of six infectious disease prevention and control indicators such as morning inspection record, special person responsible for epidemic report, registration record of absence due to illness increased by year, the difference was statistically significant( χ 2=140.34, 9.10, 113.55 , 163.71 , 286.74, 329.18, P <0.05).@*Conclusion@#Steady improvement in school infectious disease prevention and control has been observed, while qualification rate in primary school and rural area still need to be improved, with missing or late report. Government support and talent policy, hardware and sofeware construction, as management level should be strengthened.
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Objective@#To understand the coincidence rate of adjustable and non adjustable desks and chairs in primary and secondary schools in Shanghai, so as to provide a reference for the effective management of desks and chairs in schools.@*Methods@#Stratified random cluster sampling was applied to measure 1 091 sets of desks and chairs in 33 classrooms of 7 primary and secondary schools in 4 districts of Shanghai including Huangpu, Hongkou, Yangpu and Jiading districts. The height examination data of seated students in the same semester were also collected to evaluate the matching type of functional size of desks and chairs and students height according to Functional Sizes and Technical Requirements of Chairs and Tables for Educational Institutions.@*Results@#The matching coincidence rate of desk and chair distribution in primary and secondary schools was 22.5%, and the matching coincidence rates of primary, middle and high schools were 11.7%, 27.1% and 40.9% respectively ( χ 2=83.23, P <0.01); the matching coincidence rate of adjustable desks and chairs (28.2%) was significantly higher than that of fixed (18.2%) ( χ 2=14.49, P <0.01). The type of distribution of desks and chairs that do not correspond to national standards, from elementary school to high school, showing a trend of high desks with high chairs, low desks with high chairs to high desks with low chairs.@*Conclusion@#The coincidence rate of desk and chair distribution in primary and secondary schools is low, and the adjustable desks and chairs has improved the problems to a certain extent, but has not significantly improved the coincidence rate. It is necessary to further explore the effective management mode in the use of adjustable desks and chairs and improve the current situation of the use of desks and chairs in schools.
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Objective@#To understand the status of teaching environmental health in primary and secondary schools and explore its association with myopia, so as to provide a basis for precision myopia prevention and control.@*Methods@#From September to October 2020, a stratified cluster sampling method was used in 16 districts of Shanghai. After matching the teaching environment testing classrooms with the classrooms where the students were surveyed, totally 470 classrooms and 14 624 students were monitored. Trained professional technicians used laser range finder, luxmeter to measure parameters about teaching environmental health. Students were subject vision testing and questionnaires. Multilevel models was used to analyze the association between teaching environment and screening myopia.@*Results@#The qualified rates of each indicators of teaching environmental health were as follows: window to floor area ratio (93.0%), classroom area per capita (82.1%), uniformity ratio of illuminance of blackboard ( 79.7% ), blackboard size (68.7%), daylight factor (67.0%), blackboard hanging height (66.9%), average illuminance on desk (66.4%), uniformity ratio of illuminance of desk (63.6%), reflectance of blackboard (46.8%), average illuminance on blackboard (41.4%), reflectance of wall (33.2%), desk and chair allocation compliance rate (19.8%). The results of two level Logistic model analysis showed that unqualified average illuminance on blackboard was positively associated with screening myopia ( OR =1.24, 95% CI = 1.05 -1.47, P <0.05).@*Conclusion@#Teaching environmental health of primary and secondary schools in Shanghai is not optimistic, teaching environment especially the desk and chair allocation compliance rate need to be improved. The average illumination on blackboard is positively correlated with screening myopia, suggesting that myopia prevention and control can focus on improving the illuminance on blackboard.
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Objective@#To analyze the disinfection quality and influencing factors of nurseries in Nanjing during 2019-2021, so as to provide a scientific basis for optimizing preventive disinfection strategies and measures in nurseries.@*Methods@#Environmental samples from 389 nurseries in Nanjing from January 2019 to December 2021 were tested, and the change of disinfection quality qualification rate was compared.@*Results@#The overall disinfection qualification rate of nurseries of year 2019-2021 were 96.32%, 95.85% and 94.60%, respectively, showing a downward trend ( χ 2 trend =8.67, P <0.05). Specifically, disinfection qualification rate of object surfaces, staff hands and tableware showed a downward trend, while the disinfection qualification rate of dynamic air showed an upward trend, and the differences were statistically significant ( χ 2 trend =23.17, 12.32, 5.37, 21.48, P <0.05). The total qualification rate of disinfection in Jiangning and Liuhe districts increased during 2019-2021( χ 2 trend =21.46, 24.05, P <0.05).@*Conclusion@#Disinfection quality of nurseries in Nanjing has declined by year during 2019-2021, especially the object surfaces and staff hands. It is urgent to optimize and refine the strategies and measures for preventive disinfection in nurseries, strengthen the training of personnel on disinfection knowledge, and ensure the quality of disinfection in nurseries.
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Quality of the journal is very important while selecting a journal for publication. One of the criteria is to check indexing status of the journal in good manuscript indexing databases. This article describes simple method to check indexing status of any journal on the internet. Author can use this method to check in-dexing status of the journal before submission of their article.
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Abstract Introduction Soon after the onset of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, viral screening by nasopharyngeal swab became mandatory for allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) donor eligibility. Methods We described our monocenter experience with allogeneic HSC donors from February 1 to the October 31, 2020 to verify whether the introduction of SARS-CoV-2 screening altered the donor eligibility and/or entailed a prolongation of the evaluation process. Results A total of 21 allogeneic HSC donors were screened during the above-mentioned period upon request by the local transplant physicians or by the Italian Bone Marrow Donor Registry; among the HSC donors (n = 17) who completed the eligibility process and further received the nasopharyngeal swab, all but one were negative for the presence of SARS-CoV-2. The positive donor remained asymptomatic for the whole duration of the infection, which lasted six weeks. However, he was temporarily excluded from donation. The median duration of the evaluation process was not significantly different, compared to the same period of 2019 (p-value = 0.11). Conclusion The mandatory SARS-CoV-2 screening in allogeneic HSC donors allowed for the detection of 6% positivity in this monocenter series over a 9-month period. Despite the inconvenience of this unexpected non-eligibility, the exclusion of a SARS-CoV-2 positive donor represented an important safety measure for the donor, with respect to a new and still partially unknown virus. The screening did not alter the length of the donor evaluation and thus, did not cause a delay in the eligibility process.
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Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Hematopoietic Stem Cells , SARS-CoV-2 , Tissue Donors , Mass ScreeningABSTRACT
Objective@#To understand levels of various foods and nutrients in school lunch based on digital platform and to provide reference for food preparation and serving.@*Methods@#A total of 13 018 school lunch recipes in Binhai New Area of 96 schools in Tianjin from November 2020 to April 2021 were collected by using digital management platform for food safety and nutritional health.Food types including cereals and tubers, vegetables, fruits, livestock and poultry meat, fish and shrimp, eggs, milk and dairy products, legumes and their products/nuts and others energy, and nutrients including protein, fat, carbohydrate, calcium, iron, zinc, selenium, vitamin A, vitamin B 1, vitamin B 2, vitamin C and dietary fiber were evaluated.@*Results@#The qualified rate of all kinds of food for students lunch from high to low were 96.8% (116.4 g) of livestock and poultry meat, 92.3% (179.5 g) of cereal and potato, 65.0% (170.6 g) of vegetables, 47.7% (21.4 g) of soybeans and their products/nuts, 33.4% (18.0 g) of eggs, 14.4% (8.5 g) of fish and shrimp, 14.1% (19.6 g) of fruits, 0.3% (35.4 g) of milk and dairy products. There were significant differences in the qualified rate of various food intake among different grades( P <0.05). The qualified rate of students lunch energy was 76.9%(932.6 kcal). The qualified rates of various nutrients from high to low were iron 96.9%(9.7 mg), zinc 96.8%(5.9 mg), protein 96.4%(43.8 g), carbohydrate 87.6%(130.8 g) and selenium 82.9%(23.5 μg), vitamin C 78.5%(48.8 mg), vitamin B 1 75.9%(0.5 mg), fat 74.3%(28.5 g), vitamin A 74.1%(327.1 μ g) vitamin B 2 49.9%(0.5 mg), dietary fiber 19.5%(5.9 g) and calcium 13.4%(246.1 mg). There were significant differences in the qualified rates of energy and nutrients among different grades( P <0.05).@*Conclusion@#The digital platform basically meets school lunch requirments on food types and nutrients, but still with problems regarding insufficient fish and shrimp, fruits, milk and dairy products, vitamin B 2, dietary fiber and calcium. It is suggested to optimize school lunch recipes or increase corresponding nutrients content in other meals.
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Objective@#To understand the current situation of teaching and living environment in primary and secondary schools in Beijing and to provide basis for further intervention.@*Methods@#According to the national plan, an annual average of 92 schools in 16 districts of Beijing were investigated from 2017 to 2020, including school drinking water, canteen, toilet, dormitory management and equipment allocation. Classroom environment of some schools were tested,including the per capita area of classrooms, the agreement rate of desks and chairs distribution, blackboard reflectance, the average illumination and uniformity of desks, the average illumination and uniformity of blackboards, and noise.@*Results@#From 2017 to 2020,most of schools provided water purifiers and direct drinking water, accounting for 85.1% of all investigated schools. The proportion of students canteens in urban schools was increasing,accounting for 90.5% of all schools in 2020. And there was little change in suburban schools,reaching 85.1% in 2020. The proportion of school toilets equipped with soap increased significantly, 92.0% of school toilets were equipped with soap in 2020. The proportion of student dormitories with a per capita area of less than 3 m 2 decreased by year, and all reached the standard in 2020. The qualified rates of various classroom testing indicators, including per capita area in classroom, desk illumination uniformity, and noises, were higher than 80%, while the qualified rates of the blackboard illumination uniformity, desk allotment were lower than 80%.@*Conclusion@#The teaching and living environment in Beijing has improved in recent years, but there are still some problems need to be solved.
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Objective@#To analyze the current situation of teaching environmental sanitation in primary and secondary schools in Sichuan Province from 2017 to 2021, and to provide basis for the development of teaching environmental sanitation intervention measures in Sichuan Province.@*Methods@#A total of 7 510 primary and secondary schools were supervised and sampled from 2017 to 2021 according to the unified questionnaire. Descriptive statistical analysis method was used to analyze the monitoring results.@*Results@#The overall pass rate from 2017 to 2021 is only 51.70% (3 883), a total of 2 282 were sampled in 2017 and 1 414 were qualified, with the pass rate was the highest (61.96%),a total of 1 768 were sampled in 2019 and 750 were qualified, with the lowest pass rate (42.42%). The pass rate of different testing items in each year from 2017 to 2021 and the pass rate of the same test item in different years from 2017 to 2021 were statistically significant ( P <0.05). A total of 2 095 samples were inspected in rural areas in five years, and 1 177 were qualified, with the highest pass rate (56.18%). In urban areas, a total of 2 124 samples were inspected in five years, and 1 040 were qualified, with the lowest pass rate (48.96%). In the five year period of primary school, a total of 4 867 schools were sampled, and 2 626 were qualified, with the highest pass rate (53.93%). There were statistically significant differences in the qualification rate of desks and chairs, classroom lighting, blackboard illumination, per capita area of classrooms, and per capita area of student dormitories in different regions ( χ 2=9.87, 17.51, 37.69, 75.43, 11.22, P ＜0.05), and there were statistically significant differences in the pass rates of classroom lighting, per capita area of classrooms, per capita area of student dormitories, and ventilation of classrooms and student dormitories between different school sections ( χ 2=9.16, 39.37, 79.56 , 31.37, P <0.05).@*Conclusion@#The teaching environment of primary and secondary schools in Sichuan Province needs to be improved continuously, the qualified rate of classroom lighting and desks and chairs is low, and the investment in weak links should be increased.
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Estima-se que 40% das gestações no mundo sejam não planejadas. Em países de baixa renda, complicações no parto são a maior causa de morte entre mulheres de 15 a 19 anos. A disponibilidade de métodos contraceptivos reversíveis é necessária para o adequado planejamento reprodutivo. Entre os métodos reversíveis, os de longa ação (LARCs) são os mais efetivos. Métodos de curta ação (SARCs) são preferenciais para pacientes que desejam gestar a curto prazo e para as quais a gestação não será indesejada. O presente estudo é uma revisão narrativa da literatura, de artigos em inglês e português publicados entre 2009 e 2020, utilizando as bases de dados SciELO, Medline e Embase. O objetivo desta revisão é apresentar os LARCs e SARCs em uma tabela com dados comparativos que auxiliem na tomada de decisão do médico e da paciente e permita estabelecer estratégias para um planejamento familiar adequado.(AU)
It is estimated that 40% of pregnancies in the world are unplanned. In low-income countries, complications in childbirth are the major cause of death among women aged 15 to 19 years. The availability of reversible contraceptive methods is necessary for proper reproductive planning. Among the reversible methods, long-acting reversible contraception (LARCs) is the most effective. Short-acting reversible contraception (SARCs) methods are preferred for patients who wish to become pregnant in the short term and for whom pregnancy will not be undesirable. The present study is a narrative review of the literature, of articles in English and Portuguese published between 2009 and 2020, using the databases SciELO, Medline and Embase. The purpose of this review is to present the LARCs and SARCs in a table with comparative data that assist in the decision making of the doctor and the patient and allow to establish strategies for adequate family planning.(AU)
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Humans , Female , Pregnancy , Natural Family Planning Methods , Contraception/methods , Contraceptive Agents, Female , Long-Acting Reversible Contraception/methods , Databases, Bibliographic , Levonorgestrel/therapeutic use , Ethinyl Estradiol-Norgestrel Combination , Drug Implants , Eligibility Determination , Intrauterine Devices , Intrauterine Devices, MedicatedABSTRACT
Objective@#To understand the toxicological indexes and indexes factors of drinking water in rural schools in Yunnan Province during 2017-2020, so as to provide scientific basis for ensuring drinking water safety, and targeted intervention in rural schools. @*Methods@#The end water of 456，399，391，387 rural primary and secondary school drinking water supply projects in 129 counties in Yunnan Province was collected from 2017 to 2020, 11 toxicological indexes were analyzed and evaluated.@*Results@#The overall compliance rate of drinking water toxicological indexes in rural primary and secondary schools in Yunnan Province was 99.32 %; The top three indexes exceeding the standard were nitrate nitrogen(0.31%), chloroform (0.15%) and cadmium(0.09%). The difference of compliance rate by year was statistically significant( χ 2=11.04, P <0.05); No difference in compliance rate was found between dry and wet seasons( χ 2=0.05, P >0.05); The rate of the surface water meeting the standard was higher than that of the groundwater( χ 2=9.62, P <0.05). There was no significant difference in the compliance rate between the treated and untreated projects( χ 2=1.55, P >0.05); The daily water supply scale was less than 500 m 3, and the rate of reaching the standard was lower than that of daily water supply is greater than 500 m 3( χ 2=4.27, P <0.05).@*Conclusion@#The overall percentage of the toxicological indexes in drinking water exceeding the standard in rural primary and secondary schools in Yunnan Province is low. Nitrate nitrogen, chloroform and cadmium should be considered as the prioritirized pollutants of drinking water in rural schools of Yunnan Province.
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Objective@#To understand the changing trend of the teaching environment of the elementary and secondary schools in Zhengzhou, and to provide data for further improving the teaching environment of the elementary and secondary schools.@*Methods@#A survey of teaching facilities and teaching aids in 534 secondary and primary schools in Zhengzhou was conducted from 2014 to 2018 by using a stratified random sampling method.@*Results@#Teaching facilities: the qualified rate of the railings in the outer corridor of the teaching building was 88.8% (474), the qualified rate of classroom lighting was 79.6% (425), the qualified rate of the light desk distance was 82.8% (442), and the qualified rate of black plate lights 86.1% (460), the qualified rate of each year was statistically significant ( χ 2=9.97, 23.74, 80.10, 53.33, P <0.05); the qualified rate of classroom area per capita was 52.8% (282), the qualified rate of the outer corridor width of the teaching building was 64.0% (342), the qualified rate of each year showed no statistical difference( χ 2=7.38, 8.71, P >0.05). Teaching ancillary facilities: the proportion of centralized water supply was 65.0% (347), toilet with hand washing facilities was 81.6% (436), these two indicators showed an increasing trend, hand washing facilities in campus was 70.6% (377), showed a decreasing trend, the rate of each year differed significantly( χ 2=88.62, 42.71 , 123.53, P <0.05).@*Conclusion@#The overall situation of teaching environment in Zhengzhou primary and secondary schools is relatively good, the qualified rate of most indicators of teaching facilities increased from 2014 to 2018. However, there are still some indicators to be strengthened.
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Objective@#To analyze heavy metal health risks of direct drinking water in primary and secondary schools in Huangpi District, Wuhan, so as to provide reference basis for ensuring drinking water safety of teachers and students.@*Methods@#Cadmium (Cd), Plumbum (Pb) and arsenic (As) in water samples from primary and secondary schools were detected in accordance with the GB/T 5750-2006 "Standard Examination Methods for Drinking Water", water quality was evaluated based on the Quality Standard for Fine Drinking Water(CJ 94-2005). Health risk assessment model was used to evaluate the potential risk of heavy metals in direct drinking water in primary and secondary schools.@*Results@#The unqualified rates of Pb, Cd and As were 0.95%, 1.22% and 0 in 66 primary and secondary schools in Huangpi District, Wuhan. The risk of noncarcinogens related to the direct drinking water of heavy metals (Pb, Cd, As) were less than 1. The range of carcinogenic risks related to the direct drinking water was within the range of 1.07×10 -8 /year -5.58×10 -6 /year which were both within the acceptable level.@*Conclusion@#Concentrations of cadmium, plumbum and arsenic were not found to be significantly elevated as compared to "Quality Standard for Fine Drinking Water" in Huangpi District of Wuhan. Pb and Cd slightly exceeded the standard, with no significant health risk. Water quality and health risk assessment should be strengthened to ensure the safety of drinking water for teachers and students.
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Objective@#To comprehensively understand the disinfection quality of secondary and primary schools and kindergartens in Wuxi, so as to find out problems and to provide advice for improvement.@*Methods@#Stratified random sampling method was applied in the investigation to select 73 schools and classes. The qualities of room air, surface of object, hand hygiene of staff, tableware, ultraviolet lamp and disinfectant in use (including bacterial contamination and concentration of chlorine-containing) were all tested.@*Results@#A total of 2 563 samples were collected with the total disinfection qualified rate 88.02%. The qualified rates of kindergarten, primary and secondary schools were 87.89%, 90.67% and 85.83% respectively. The rates of Xishan and Jiangyin districts were 75.24% and 75.89% respectively. The quality of urban schools was better than the rural(χ 2=16.57, P<0.01). There was no statistical significance between public and private schools (χ 2=0.01, P=0.92). The rank of qualified rates of different objects was: bacterial contamination (100.00%) > room air (93.13%) > tableware (91.87%) > surface of object (89.40%) > ultraviolet lamp (84.00%) > concentration of chlorine-containing (73.68%) > hand hygiene of staff (73.53%). The quality of secondary schools was lower than kindergartens and primary schools in the aspects of room air and surface of object.@*Conclusion@#The disinfection quality of secondary and primary schools and kindergartens in Wuxi is good in general. More attention should be paid on hand hygiene, concentration of chlorine-containing and ultraviolet lamp. The qualities of room air and surface of object of secondary schools need to be improved.
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Objective@#To investigate the relationship between classroom lighting and poor vision of students in primary and secondary schools in Tianjin, and to provide reference for targeted prevention measures for comprehensive school eye health programmes.@*Methods@#A total of 623 classrooms and 24 713 students in 89 primary and secondary schools in Tianjin were selected using stratified cluster sampling method in Sep.to Oct. of 2020. The illuminometer was used to monitor the lighting environment of the classroom, and the standard logarithmic vision light box was used to detect the naked eye vision of students. Chisquare test, variance analysis and binary Logistic regression were used in SPSS software.@*Results@#Rate of low vision among primary and secondary school students in Tianjin was 67.86%. The qualification rate of blackboard reflectance, blackboard average illumination, blackboard illumination uniformity, desk average illumination and desk illumination uniformity were 58.11%, 53.13%, 73.19%, 66.61% and 75.12%, respectively. Univariate analyses showed that the blackboard reflectance, blackboard average illumination, desk average illumination, and desk illumination uniformity were associated with low vision among students(χ 2=311.29, 62.54, 61.71, 6.59, P<0.05). Multivariable Logistic regression analysis showed that blackboard reflectance, average illumination of blackboard and desk were associated with higher risk of poor vision[OR(95%CI)=1.19(1.11-1.27),1.27(1.17-1.37),1.11(1.02-1.20), P<0.05].@*Conclusion@#Prevalence of low vision among primary and secondary school students in Tianjin is relatively high. Blackboard reflectance, average illumination of blackboard and desk are the important determinants for poor vision of primary and secondary school students. Creating effective classroom lighting scheme is crucial for vision health among students.
ABSTRACT
Subject recruitment is a key component that affects the progress and results of clinical trials, and generally conducted with eligibility criteria (includes inclusion criteria and exclusion criteria). The semantic category analysis of eligibility criteria can help optimizing clinical trials design and building automated patient recruitment system. This study explored the automatic semantic categories classification of Chinese eligibility criteria based on artificial intelligence by academic shared task. We totally collected 38 341 annotated eligibility criteria sentences and predefined 44 semantic categories. A total of 75 teams participated in competition, with 27 teams having submitted system outputs. Based on the results, we found out that most teams adopted mixed models. The mainstream resolution was applying pre-trained language models capable of providing rich semantic representation, which were combined with neural network models and used to fine-tune the models with reference to classifier tasks, and finally improved classification performance could be obtained by ensemble modeling. The best-performing system achieved a macro