Facilitadores e barreiras para a dupla carreira do estudante-atleta de elite: uma revisão integrativa / Facilitators and barriers to elite student-athlete dual careers: an integrative review / Facilitadores y barreras para la doble carrera del estudiante atleta de élite: una revisión integradora

RESUMO O objetivo deste artigo é sistematizar informações de pesquisas realizadas com estudantes-atletas de elite de diversos países, bem como fornecer uma síntese sobre os facilitadores e as barreiras para dupla carreira. A pesquisa foi realizada no Portal de Periódicos da Fundação Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (Capes), em um total de 24 artigos, entre os quais 19 foram publicados a partir de 2018, ao passo que 18 abordaram exclusivamente participantes europeus. Identificou-se facilitadores e barreiras à dupla carreira atuando nos níveis individual, social e de setores fora do ambiente esportivo, em que esforços para o apoio ao estudante-atleta se concentraram nos âmbitos político e institucional. Avanços na dimensão científica e em propostas práticas pautadas em evidências se apresentam como desafios para a área.

ABSTRACT The purpose of this article is to systematize information from research conducted with elite student-athletes from different countries and provide a synthesis of facilitators and barriers to dual careers through a search of the CAPES Journals Portal. Twenty-four articles were included. Of these, 19 were published in 2018, 18 of which dealt exclusively with European participants. Facilitators and barriers to dual careers were identified at the individual, societal and non-sporting levels, and efforts to support student-athletes should focus on the political and institutional levels. Advances in the scientific dimension and practical, evidence-based proposals are presented as challenges for the field.

RESUMEN El objetivo de este artículo es sistematizar la información procedente de investigaciones realizadas con estudiantes-deportistas de élite de diferentes países y ofrecer una síntesis sobre los facilitadores y las barreras a la doble carrera, a través de una búsqueda realizada en el Portal de Revistas CAPES. Se incluyeron 24 artículos. De ellos, 19 se publicaron en 2018; 18 abordaban exclusivamente participantes europeos. Se identificaron facilitadores y barreras para las carreras duales a nivel individual, social y del sector no deportivo, y que los esfuerzos para apoyar a los estudiantes-deportistas deberían centrarse en las esferas política e institucional. Los avances en la dimensión científica y en las propuestas prácticas basadas en pruebas se presentan como retos.

Anthropometric linear measurements of female athletes in the Italian national athletic teams / Medidas antropométricas lineares de los atletas nacionales femeninos italianos

SUMMARY: Anthropometry is essential to understand the predisposition of an athlete to practice a specific sporting activity, to assess their fitness, and in association with functional parameters, to identify any correlations between their anthropometric profile and their sport performance. Here, we present the anthropometric profiles of athletes of the Italian national teams, who represented Italy in the 2019-2020 competitive season in the following sports: artistic (n=4) and rhythmic (n=12) gymnastics; distance swimming (speciality: 100 m freestyle) (n=14); synchronized swimming (n=10); and basketball (n=6). We also consider a group of sedentary women (n=22) for comparisons. The following anthropometric measurements were taken for each woman: stature; anterior trunk height (i.e., suprasternal- symphysion distance); chest circumference passing through the mesosternal point; biacromial diameter (i.e., akromion-akromion distance); wrist circumference; abdominal circumference passing through the omphalion and the lumbale; hip circumference; height of lower limb (i.e., epitrochanter-planta distance). Height was a selective factor in both basketball, which requires tall athletes, and artistic gymnastics, where in contrast, well-muscled athletes of small stature are required. In aquatic sports, the constitutional habitus is characterized by good development of the upper body compared to the lower limbs. The selection of elite athletes takes place primarily through anthropometric analyses, although other functional and psychological factors also influence their sports performance.

RESUMEN: La evaluación antropométrica de un atleta es fundamental para conocer su predisposición en la práctica de un determinado deporte, evaluar su estado de forma y, junto a los parámetros funcionales, identificar posibles relaciones entre el perfil antropométrico y el rendimiento. A continuación, presentamos el perfil antropométrico de las atletas de los Equipos Nacionales que representaron a Italia en la temporada 2019-2020 en las siguientes disciplinas deportivas: gimnasia rítmica (n=12), gimnasia artística (n=4), nado sincronizado (n=10), natación (especialidad: 100 m estilo libre) (n=14), baloncesto (n=6). A cada atleta le fueron efectuadas las siguientes mediciones: altura, altura anterior del torso (distancia supraesternal-symphysion), circunferencia torácica en el punto mesosternal, diámetro biacromial (distancia acromion-acromion), circunferencia de la muñeca, circunferencia abdominal a nivel umbilical, circunferencia pélvica, altura del miembro inferior (distancia epitrocantérea-planta). La altura es el factor selectivo en el baloncesto, que exige atletas altas, así como en la gimnasia artística que, al contrario, requiere atletas no muy altas y con una buena musculatura. En los deportes acuáticos, el rasgo característico es un buen desarrollo de la parte superior del cuerpo respecto a la parte inferior. La selección de los atletas de elite se realiza en primer lugar a través de estudios antropométricos, aunque el rendimiento depende también de otros factores funcionales y psicológicos.

Papel de la alimentación en la respuesta a infecciones respiratorias altas en atletas de élite / Role of nutrition in the response to upper respiratory infections in elite athletes

Las infecciones de las vías respiratorios altas (IVRA), son debilitantes para el potencial deportivo de los atletas de élite. El ejercicio físico activa múltiples vías moleculares y bioquímicas relacionadas con el sistema inmune, sensibles a influencias nutricionales. Sobre este contexto, la inmunonutrición está adquiriendo una nueva dirección orientada a conseguir el equilibrio inmunológico, contraponiéndose con algunas de las teorías que han sentado las bases de la inmunología del ejercicio durante las últimas décadas. Objetivo. Investigar los aspectos nutricionales que puedan mejorar la respuesta inmunológica en deportistas de elite. Estudiar los posibles beneficios del equilibrio inmunológico para mejorar el rendimiento, analizar los factores nutricionales que contribuyan al equilibrio de la respuesta inmunológica y extrapolar la evidencia actual en recomendaciones prácticas de alimentación/suplementación para mejorar la homeostasis de la respuesta inmunológica en atletas de élite, teniendo en cuenta las limitaciones existentes.Resultados. La evidencia científica apunta que se puede potenciar el equilibrio inmunológico y la respuesta inmune a través de la modificación de factores nutricionales. Dentro de los cuales, la vitamina D, los probióticos, la vitamina C y el cinc son los que cuentan con mayor evidencia. Conclusión. Los avances científicos resultan prometedores y de interés para los atletas de élite, debido a que pueden disminuir la incidencia de IVRA, mejorando el éxito deportivo de los mismos. Se requieren más estudios para su validación y aplicación(AU)

Upper respiratory tract infections (URTI) are debilitating for the athletic potential of elite athletes. Physical exercise in elite athletes activates multiple molecular and biochemical pathways related to the immune system, which, at the same time, are sensitive to nutritional influences. Based on this context, immunonutrition is taking a new direction aimed at achieving the immunological balance. Objective. To investigate the nutritional aspects that can improve the immune response in elite athletes. To study the potential benefits of immune balance to improve performance, to analyse nutritional factors that contribute to the balance of the immune response and to extrapolate current evidence into practical dietary/supplementation recommendations to improve the homeostasis of the immune response in elite athletes, considering existing limitations. Results. Scientific evidence suggests that immune balance and immune response can be enhanced through the modification of nutritional factors. Among which, vitamin D, probiotics, vitamin C and zinc are the micronutrients with most evidence. Conclusion. Scientific advances in this field are promising and of great interest to elite athletes since it could decrease the incidence of URTI and, as a consequence, it could improve their sporting success. However, more studies are still required for its validation and application(AU)

Are experienced and high-level race walking athletes able to match pre-programmed with executed pacing?

The objective of this study was to verify the agreement between pre-programmed and executed pacing during race walking and whether level of the athletes experience and performance influenced this relationship. Twenty-nine national and international race walkers participated in this study (14 males, 24.0±7.1 years old, and 15 females, 23.3±7.3 years old). Pre-programmed pacing for 10- and 20-km official walking races was self-selected via demonstrative pacing charts prior to races, while executed pacing was analyzed by a specialist investigator via an individual plot of current velocity versus distance. There was no agreement between pre-programmed and executed pacing (P=0.674). There was no association between the ability to match the pre-programmed pace with the executed pace and race walking experience or level of performance. Low- and high-performance athletes pre-programmed a similar pacing profile (P=0.635); however, high-performance athletes generally executed an even pacing strategy, while low-performance athletes generally adopted a positive pacing strategy (P=0.013). Race walkers did not faithfully match their pre-programmed with their executed pacing, and this seemed to be independent of previous experience and level of performance. High-performance athletes, however, tended to execute an even pacing strategy, even though this had not been pre-programmed.

Attitudes and Dispositions toward Doping in Adolescent Elite Athletes / 대한스포츠의학회지

For effective prevention of doping, individual and situational factors that make an elite athlete more susceptible to doping than others should be investigated. The aim of this study was to quantitatively measure doping related attitudes and dispositions of adolescent competitive athletes at elite level. Data were collected by questionnaires among athletes (n=123) who were participating in the 2nd Asian Youth Games. Outcome measures included doping knowledge, behavior and attitude (performance enhancement attitude scale, PEAS). One athlete admitted the past use of doping and 2 athletes reported that they knew others who had doped. Athletes were mainly provided with anti-doping information from anti-doping agency (16.3%), coaches (11.4%) or medical staffs (10.6%). The average PEAS score was 38.39+/-11.36. High school (elder) athletes showed higher PEAS score (39.63+/-11.35) than middle school (younger) athletes (34.53+/-10.67) and team sport athletes showed lower PEAS score (35.11+/-9.80) than athletes in endurance (45.08+/-15.49) or motor skill sports (43.25+/-9.08). This study suggests that many factors play an important role in athlete's decisions regarding the use of doping. Further research should incorporate these factors to understand the complexity of doping and to identify points for effective anti-doping program.

Dietary conditions on elite athletes in Nagasaki prefecture / 体力科学

A study was conducted to evaluate dietary intake, food intake pattern and blood composition in athletes over a 4-year period from 1988 to 1991. We measured the mean daily intakes (energy and nutrient intakes, PFC rates, minerals and vitamins) from 3-day dietary records for 110 highly trained male athletes (swimming, track & field, canoeing, soccer, cycling and weight-lifting) and 87 female athletes (swimming, track & field, canoeing, basketball and volleyball) living in Nagasaki Prefecture. We compared these measurements with the recom-mended dietary allowances (RDA) for normal Japanese. Energy, fat, calcium and iron intakes were below the RDA, especially for most female athletes and male weight-lifters.<BR>The following mean values were obtained<BR>[MALE] SOCCER (Senior High School boys) : Energy intake 3241 kcal ; Protein 106.2 g ; Fat 88.6g ; PFC rates P (13.2%), F ( 25.0%), C (61.8%) . CANOEING (Senior High School boys) : Energy 2830 kcal ; Protein 99.2g ; Fat 83.9g ; PFC rates P (14.1%), F (26.3%), C (59.6%) . TRACK & FIELD (Adults) : Energy 2870 kcal ; Protein 105.4 g ; Fat 89.3 g ; PFC rates P (13.2%), F (25.0%), C (61.8%) .<BR>[FEMALE] BASKETBALL (Adults) : Energy 1866 kcal ; Protein 70.0 g ; Fat 51.9 g ; PFC rates P (15.0%), F (25.1%), C (59.9%) . BASKETBALL (Senior High School girls) : Energy 2421 kcal ; Protein 88.9 g ; Fat 90.9 g ; PFC rates P (14.8%), F (34.0%), C (51.1%) . VOLLEYBALL (Senior High School girls) : Energy 2290 kcal ; Protein 71.6g ; Fat 72.1 g ; PFC rates P (12.6%), F (28.4%), C (59.0%) .