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Resumen Introducción: en la enseñanza de las matemáticas el uso de recursos tecnológicos ha tomado importancia en las prácticas docentes. No obstante, en algunas ocasiones la no profesionalización de profesores en las aulas les impide poder utilizar este tipo de herramientas de manera eficaz y acordes a las necesidades educativas de hoy día. Objetivo: caracterizar el conocimiento especializado del profesor de matemáticas que enseña de manera efectiva la modelación de la elipse a través de las mediaciones tecnológicas. Materiales y Métodos: el enfoque de esta investigación es de tipo cualitativo, con diseño y estudio de caso instrumental. La recolección de la información se llevó a cabo mediante 13 unidades de observación no participantes, diario de campo, cuestionario y una entrevista semiestructurada a un profesor con formación y experiencia en la enseñanza de la elipse haciendo uso de las TIC. Resultados: Se encontró relaciones entre el conocimiento especializado del profesor de los temas y de la enseñanza de las matemáticas, que contribuyen a la aproximación de la enseñanza de la modelación de la elipse mediante el software GeoGebra. Se Concluye que es indispensable que el profesor tenga conocimiento tanto disciplinar, didáctico-pedagógico y del recurso tecnológico que utiliza para la enseñanza de un contenido específico de las matemáticas.
Abstract Introduction: in the teaching of mathematics, the use of technological resources has become important in teaching practices. However, on some occasions the non-professionalization of teachers in the classroom prevents them from being able to use this type of tools effectively and in accordance with today's educational needs. Objective: characterize the specialized knowledge of the mathematics teacher who effectively teaches the modeling of the ellipse through technological mediations. Materials and Methods: the focus of this research is qualitative, with an instrument al case study design. The information was collected through 13 non-participant observation units, a field diary, a questionnaire and a semi-structured interview with a teacher with training and experience in teaching the ellipse using ICT. Results: Relationships were found between the teacher's specialized knowledge of the topics and the teaching of mathematics, which contribute to the teaching approach to ellipse modeling using the GeoGebra software. It was Concluded that it is essential that the teacher has both disciplinary, didactic-pedagogical knowledge and knowledge of the technological resource that he uses to teach a specific content of mathematics.
Resumo Introdução: no ensino de matemática, o uso de recursos tecnológicos tornou-se importante nas práticas pedagógicas. No entanto, em algumas ocasiões, a não profissionalização dos professores em sala de aula os impede de usar esse tipo de ferramentas de forma eficaz e de acordo com as necessidades educacionais atuais. Objetivo: caracterizar o conhecimento especializado do professor de matemática que efetivamente ensina a modelagem da elipse por meio de mediações tecnológicas. Materiais e Métodos: o foco desta pesquisa é qualitativo, com desenho de estudo de caso instrumental. As informações foram coletadas por meio de 13 unidades de observação não participante, diário de campo, questionário e entrevista semiestruturada com uma professora com formação e experiência no ensino da elipse com TIC. Resultados: foram encontradas relações entre o conhecimento especializado do professor sobre os temas e o ensino de matemática, que contribuem para a abordagem de ensino da modelagem de elipses utilizando o software GeoGebra. Conclusão: é fundamental que o professor tenha tanto conhecimento disciplinar, didático-pedagógico e conhecimento do recurso tecnológico que utiliza para ensinar um conteúdo específico de matemática.
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OBJECTIVE@#To analyze the spatial-temporal distribution characteristics of Oncomelania hupensis snails in Anhui Province from 2011 to 2020, to provide insights into precision control of O. hupensis snails in Anhui Province.@*METHODS@#O. hupensis snail distribution data were collected in Anhui Province from 2011 to 2020 and descriptively analyzed, including actual area of snail habitats, area of emerging snail habitats and area of Schistosoma japonicum-infected snails. The actual area of snail habitats and area of emerging snail habitats were subjected to spatial autocorrelation analysis, hotspot analysis, standard deviation ellipse analysis and space-time scanning analysis, and the clusters of snail distribution and settings at high risk of snail spread were identified in Anhui Province from 2011 to 2020.@*RESULTS@#The actual area of snail habitats gradually decreased in Anhui Province from 2011 to 2020. The actual area of snail habitats were 26 238.85 hm2 in Anhui Province in 2020, which were mainly distributed in marshland and lake regions. There was a large fluctuation in the area of emerging snail habitats in Anhui Province during the period from 2011 to 2020, with the largest area seen in 2016 (1 287.65 hm2), and 1.96 hm2 emerging infected snail habitats were detected in Guichi District, Chizhou City in 2020. Spatial autocorrelation and hotspot analyses showed spatial clusters in the distribution of actual areas of snail habitats in Anhui Province from 2011 to 2020 (Z = 3.00 to 3.43, all P values < 0.01), and the hotspots were mainly concentrated in the marshland and lake regions and distributed along the south side of the Yangtze River, while the cold spots were mainly concentrated in the mountainous regions of southern Anhui Province. There were no overall spatial clusters in the distribution of areas of emerging snail habitats (Z = -2.20 to 1.71, all P values > 0.05), and a scattered distribution was found in local regions. Standard deviation ellipse analysis showed relatively stable distributions of the actual areas of snail habitats in Anhui Province from 2011 to 2020, which was consistent with the flow direction of the Yangtze River, and the focus of the distribution of areas of emerging snail habitats shifted from the lower reaches to upper reaches of Anhui section of the Yangtze River. Space-time scanning analysis identified two high-value clusters in the distribution of actual areas of snail habitats in lower and middle reaches of Anhui section of the Yangtze River from 2011 to 2020, and two high-value clusters in the distribution of areas of emerging snail habitats were identified in mountainous and hilly regions.@*CONCLUSIONS@#There were spatial clusters in the distribution of O. hupensis snails in Anhui Province from 2011 to 2020, which appeared a tendency of aggregation towards the south side and upper reaches of the Yangtze River; however, the spread of O. hupensis snails could not be neglected in mountainous and hilly regions. Monitoring of emerging snail habitats should be reinforced in mountainous and hilly regions and along the Yangtze River basin.
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Animals , China/epidemiology , Ecosystem , Gastropoda , Lakes , Rivers , Schistosoma japonicumABSTRACT
Objective@#To analyze the changes of the characteristics of Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) in Jingzhou City in different periods.@*Methods@#According to the HFRS epidemic data of Jingzhou City in 2009-2018, based on the incidence rate, the HFRS epidemic situation in Jingzhou City was divided into three periods: 2009-2012 (low), 2013-2016 (middle), and 2017-2018 (high). Descriptive epidemiological methods, standard deviation ellipse and spatio-temporal scanning analysis were used to analyze the time, region, population distribution and temporal and spatial trends of HFRS epidemic in the three periods.@*Results@#The incidence of HFRS in Jingzhou City in the three periods was seasonal and bimodal. The peak incidence included spring and summer peaks (May-July) and autumn-winter peaks (January, November-December). The HFRS cases in Jingzhou City were concentrated in Jianli County, Jiangling County and Honghu City in the three periods. The incidence rates were 0.48/100 000, 1.98/100 000, 0.84/100 000, 0.89/100 000, 1.88/100 000, 1.20/100 000; 4.82/100 000, 13.37/100 000, and 4.58/100 000. The incidence of HFRS in males was higher than that in females in the three periods (χ2=43.38, P < 0.05); the occupations of HFRS in the three periods were mainly farmers, which were 56.26%(69/122), 69.61% (126/181), 74.94% (293/391), respectively. In 116 farmers, growing rice [48.28% (56/116)] and shrimp rice [27.59% (32/116)] were mostly. From the age point of view, the incidence rate in 2009-2017 was 55 to 64 years old; the incidence rate of 2018 was 60 to 69 years old. The results of standard deviation ellipse analysis showed that the expansion trend of HFRS epidemic areas in Jingzhou City was not obvious, and the center of gravity was located in Jianli County or Jiangling County. Spatio-temporal scans revealed that the first-class spatial-temporal clustering areas in the three periods were 2 towns and villages in Jiangling County, and the gathering time was from December 7, 2010 to January 2, 2011; in some townships in Jiangling County and Shacheng District, the gathering time was from December 7, 2016 to February 28, 2017; some townships in Jiangling County and surrounding counties, gathered from April 27, 2018 to July 16, 2018.@*Conclusions@#The HFRS epidemic season in Jingzhou City in different periods is basically the same; the high-incidence areas are basically the same, but there are local fluctuations; the population is mainly male farmers, and the age of high-incidence has shifted back. We should adapt to local conditions and formulate scientific and reasonable comprehensive prevention and control measures.
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Objective To analyze the changes of the characteristics of Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) in Jingzhou City in different periods. Methods According to the HFRS epidemic data of Jingzhou City in 2009 - 2018, based on the incidence rate, the HFRS epidemic situation in Jingzhou City was divided into three periods: 2009 - 2012 (low), 2013 - 2016 (middle), and 2017 - 2018 (high). Descriptive epidemiological methods, standard deviation ellipse and spatio-temporal scanning analysis were used to analyze the time, region, population distribution and temporal and spatial trends of HFRS epidemic in the three periods. Results The incidence of HFRS in Jingzhou City in the three periods was seasonal and bimodal. The peak incidence included spring and summer peaks (May - July) and autumn-winter peaks (January, November - December). The HFRS cases in Jingzhou City were concentrated in Jianli County, Jiangling County and Honghu City in the three periods. The incidence rates were 0.48/100000, 1.98/100000, 0.84/100000, 0.89/100000, 1.88/100000, 1.20/100000; 4.82/100000, 13.37/100000, and 4.58/100000. The incidence of HFRS in males was higher than that in females in the three periods (χ2 = 43.38, P < 0.05); the occupations of HFRS in the three periods were mainly farmers, which were 56.26％(69/122), 69.61％ (126/181), 74.94％ (293/391), respectively. In 116 farmers, growing rice [48.28％ (56/116)] and shrimp rice [27.59％ (32/116)] were mostly. From the age point of view, the incidence rate in 2009 - 2017 was 55 to 64 years old; the incidence rate of 2018 was 60 to 69 years old. The results of standard deviation ellipse analysis showed that the expansion trend of HFRS epidemic areas in Jingzhou City was not obvious, and the center of gravity was located in Jianli County or Jiangling County. Spatio-temporal scans revealed that the first-class spatial-temporal clustering areas in the three periods were 2 towns and villages in Jiangling County, and the gathering time was from December 7, 2010 to January 2, 2011; in some townships in Jiangling County and Shacheng District, the gathering time was from December 7, 2016 to February 28, 2017; some townships in Jiangling County and surrounding counties, gathered from April 27, 2018 to July 16, 2018. Conclusions The HFRS epidemic season in Jingzhou City in different periods is basically the same; the high -incidence areas are basically the same, but there are local fluctuations; the population is mainly male farmers, and the age of high-incidence has shifted back. We should adapt to local conditions and formulate scientific and reasonable comprehensive prevention and control measures.
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Gynecomastia is enlargement of the male breast caused by parenchymal hypertrophy or a cutaneous distortion of breast skin covering or both. It can be classified by the breast size and severity of breast ptosis. If there is slight hypertrophy alone with no ptosis, then liposuction or subcutaneous mastectomy is usually sufficient. However severe gynecomastia, when hypertrophy accompanying with breast ptosis, is not enough to be corrected by liposuction or subcutaneous mastectomy, or both together. We cannot obtain a good cosmetic result by performing that method. The patient is a 18 year old man, having used steroid for 5 years from when he was five years old. He is slightly corpulent, BMI 33.9. And Simon's gynecomastia classification was grade 3. We used horizontal excision ellipse of the breast's redundant skin and deep excess tissue and a superior pedicle flap carrying the areola-nipple complex to its new site on the chest wall. We could get flat, male muscular-looking breast and symmetric areola-nipple complex position without hematoma, infection and nipple sensory loss. In treating severe gynecomastia, the horizontal excision ellipse method is good surgical technique that can draw good results in cosmetic appearance with little complication.
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Female , Humans , Male , Breast , Cosmetics , Gynecomastia , Hematoma , Hypertrophy , Lifting , Lipectomy , Mammaplasty , Mastectomy, Subcutaneous , Nipples , Skin , Thoracic WallABSTRACT
Background & objectives: The presence of efficient malaria vectors namely Anopeles culicifacies, An. fluviatilis and An. annularis (Diptera: Culicidae), rapid industrialization causing large influx of population and poor health infrastructure are some of the factors that make malaria an important public health problem in Ranchi, the capital of Jharkhand State, India. A geographical information system (GIS) based retrospective study using spatial statistical tools was initiated in 328 subcentres of 14 primary health centres (PHCs) of the district using malaria epidemiological data of three years (2007-2009) to identify spatial distribution pattern of Plasmodium vivax (Pv) and Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) occurrence, delineation of hot spots and to map directional distribution trend of Pf spread to help formulate evidence-based policy and to prioritize control during 2011. Methods: Spatial statistics tools like Global Moran's I index, Getis-Ord Gi* and Standard Deviational Ellipse were used in GIS domain for analysis. Results: Spatial distribution pattern of Pv occurrence was found random while Pf distribution was significantly clustered. During 2007-2009, the number of subcentres under Pf hot spot category exhibited downward trend while high Pf risk subcentres exhibited upward trend. One consistent Pf hot spot consisting of five subcentres was identified in Silli PHC. During 2009, one Pf hot spot consisting of 20 subcentres and 18 subcentres under high Pf risk category were identified in Angara, Silli, Burmu and Kanke PHCs. A shifting trend in Pf spread was noticed from north-west to western direction from 2008 onwards. Interpretation & conclusions: The study recommended priority control in 20 Pf hot spot and 18 high Pf risk reporting subcentres including five consistent Pf hot spot subcentres in Angara, Silli, Burmu and Kanke PHCs during 2011 to address grave malaria situation in the district in a cost-effective manner.
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Objective Impedance control plays an important role in stability.This paper intends to explore such mechanism through modeling human reaching movement.Method Implemented with revised model,we ap-ply optimal control theory to neuro-muscle-skeleton model to calculate the stiffness ellipses.Result Com-pared with the original model and experimental figures,the model we proposed could overcome the shortage of monotonous changing of the original one and fit the data better.Conclusions So that this paper concludes that co-contraction contributes to impedance control even during free upper limb planar movement.
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Objective Impedance control plays an important role in stability.This paper intends to explore such mechanism through modeling human reaching movement.Method Implemented with revised model,we ap-ply optimal control theory to neuro-muscle-skeleton model to calculate the stiffness ellipses.Result Com-pared with the original model and experimental figures,the model we proposed could overcome the shortage of monotonous changing of the original one and fit the data better.Conclusions So that this paper concludes that co-contraction contributes to impedance control even during free upper limb planar movement.
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Objective Impedance control plays an important role in stability.This paper intends to explore such mechanism through modeling human reaching movement.Method Implemented with revised model,we ap-ply optimal control theory to neuro-muscle-skeleton model to calculate the stiffness ellipses.Result Com-pared with the original model and experimental figures,the model we proposed could overcome the shortage of monotonous changing of the original one and fit the data better.Conclusions So that this paper concludes that co-contraction contributes to impedance control even during free upper limb planar movement.
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O objetivo deste artigo é descrever um procedimento que contribui com estimativas de qualidade de levantamento topográficos mediante a pré-análise e estimativas obtidas a partir de análise pós-ajustamento. As estimativas são dadas pelo teste qui-quadrado da forma quadrática do erro de fechamento, pelo teste qui-quadrado da forma quadrática dos resíduos obtidos no ajustamento pelo método dos mínimos quadrados, pelo teste data snooping de Baarda, pela elipse dos erros, pela elipse de confiança, pelo círculo do erro de posição e pelo círculo do erro médio. Estes conceitos são examinados por meio de valores numéricos no caso de uma linha poligonal simples implantada no campus da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria e medida com um taquímetro eletrônico.
The objective through this article is to describe a procedure that contributes with quality survey estimations by means pre-analysis survey and estimations by means post-adjustment. The estimations are given by the chi-square test of the quadratic form of misclosures, the chi-square of the quadratic form of residuals from the least-squares adjustment method, the Baarda's data snooping test, the standard ellipse, the confidence ellipse, position error circle and mean error circle. These concepts are examined through the numerical values provided in the case of a simple topographical traverse which was implanted at the Universidade Federal de Santa Maria Campus with electronic tachymeter.