Tratamiento del sangrado digestivo alto / Upper digestive tract bleeding treatment

El sangrado digestivo alto (SDA) se define como la presencia de sangre en el tracto digestivo alto, proveniente de la mucosa o vasos sanguíneos que se localizan entre el esófago y el ángulo de Treitz. Las principales manifestaciones clínicas asociadas al SDA están dadas por la presencia de hematemesis, melena y en algunos casos hematoquezia, esta última relacionada con sangrados que cursan con aceleración del tránsito intestinal. En el Hospital de Especialidades Carlos Andrade Marín el SDA es un motivo frecuente de consulta en urgencias, que implica además un importante número de ingresos tanto al área crítica de Urgencias, Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos y hospitalización. La mortalidad por esta causa es variable, se estima en 3,5% al 10,0% y esta depende sobre todo de la edad del paciente y sus posibles enfermedades asociadas, la cuantía del sangrado y los hallazgos que se encuentren durante la realización del procedimiento endoscópico. El sangrado digestivo alto es autolimitado o cesa espontáneamente en el 80,0% de los casos. La causa más frecuente es la hemorragia por úlcera péptica (25,0% ulcera duodenal­23,0% ulcera gástrica). Con este protocolo clínico buscamos normar el manejo hospitalario de los pacientes que ingresan al área de Urgencias con el fin de unificar criterios que conlleven al manejo adecuado de los pacientes con sangrado digestivo alto.

Upper digestive tract bleeding (SDA) is defined as the presence of blood in the upper digestive tract, coming from the mucosa or blood vessels that are located between the esophagus and the Treitz angle. The main clinical manifestations associated with SDA are given by the presence of hematemesis, melena and in some cases hematochezia, the latter related to bleeding that occurs with the acceleration of intestinal transit. In the Hospital of Specialties Carlos Andrade Marín, the SDA is a frequent reason for consultation in the emergency room, which also implies an important number of admissions to the critical area of Emergency, Intensive Care Unit and hospitalization. Mortality from this cause is variable, it is estimated at 3,5% to 10,0% and this depends above all on the age of the patient and their possible associated diseases, the amount of bleeding and the findings that are found during the performance of the endoscopic procedure. High digestive bleeding is self-limiting or ceases spontaneously in 80,0% of cases. The most frequent cause is peptic ulcer hemorrhage (25,0% duodenal ulcer -23,0% gastric ulcer). With this clinical protocol, we seek to regulate the hospital management of patients who enter the Emergency Department to unify criteria that lead to the proper management of patients with high digestive bleeding.

Phytochemical constituent of aconitum species-A review.

Aconitum species were used as the major component in the Chinese and Bhutanese herbal medicines. The species posses many phytochemical compounds which possess many of the pharmacological activities. Diterpene alkaloids were the main compound with the pharmacological activities such as analgesic and against inflammation. This alkaloid possesses certain toxic hydrolyzed bases which could be detoxified by the intervention of recent technologies. Apart from this, the plant possess many alkaloids, amide alkaloids, flavonoids, flavonol glycosides, diterpenoid and norditerpenoid compounds which possess medicinal values. The above mentioned compounds of potent importance were isolated and characterized by the chromatographic separation techniques and their structures were usually elucidated by the spectroscopic studies especially with Nuclear Magnetic Resonance techniques. These compounds were the central target of the medicinal chemist as they possess both medicinal and toxic nature. The measures to be taken in such a way that the medicinal compounds of the plant should be isolated and formulated without the toxic nature. This review encompasses the total phytochemical compounds that have been isolated from various species of the plant genus Aconitum.