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1.
Rev. salud pública Parag ; 10(2): [P59-P66], octubre 2020.
Article in Spanish | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1147003

ABSTRACT

Introducción: La hipertensión arterial (HTA) es definida por algunos como una enfermedad, aunque también se la considera como factor de riesgo cardiovascular. Hoy conocemos como las enfermedades cardiovasculares dependen más de la influencia simultánea de varios factores de riesgo que de la acción aislada de uno de ellos. Por ello, toda actividad preventiva en este campo, debe ser multifactorial y dirigida en diversos sentidos. Desarrollo: Cuando la HTA no es controlada se triplica la probabilidad de accidente cerebrovascular e insuficiencia cardiaca, con menor incidencia de enfermedad coronaria y arterial periférica. El propio aumento de la masa del ventrículo izquierdo, así como los cambios estructurales que tienen lugar a nivel del miocardio y de los vasos coronarios pueden desencadenar episodios de cardiopatía isquémica. El remodelado intersticial y el aumento de la masa del ventrículo izquierdo son factores predisponentes a la aparición de arritmias ventriculares y muerte súbita. Es importante evaluar y tratar a los pacientes recién diagnosticados con HTA con medicamentos adecuados y seguimiento para prevenir la progresión de la hipertensión no controlada a crisis hipertensivas, es decir, urgencia o emergencia hipertensiva. Conclusiones: El reconocimiento inmediato de una emergencia hipertensiva con las pruebas de diagnóstico apropiadas conducirá a una reducción adecuada de la presión arterial, aliviando la incidencia de consecuencias negativas a los órganos diana. El tratamiento adecuado ayudará a aliviar la progresión de la enfermedad y mejorar los resultados a largo plazo.


Introduction: Hypertension (HT) is defined by some as a disease, although it is also considered a cardiovascular risk factor. Today we know cardiovascular diseases depend more on the simultaneous influence of several risk factors than on the isolated action of one of them. Therefore, all preventive activity in this field must be multifactorial and directed in various ways. Developing: When HT is not controlled, the probability of stroke and heart failure, with a lower incidence of coronary and peripheral arterial disease triples. The increase in left ventricular mass itself, as well as, the structural changes that occur at the level of myocardium and coronary vessels, can trigger episodes of ischemic heart diseases. Interstitial remodeling and increased left ventricular mass are predisposing factors to the appearance of ventricular arrhythmias and sudden death. It is important to evaluate and treat newly diagnosed patients with HT with recommended medications and follow-up to prevent the progression of uncontrolled HT to hypertensive crises, that is, urgency or emergency hypertension. Conclusion: The immediate recognition of a hypertensive emergency with the affected diagnostic tests will lead to an adequate reduction of blood pressure, alleviating the incidence of negative consequences to the target organs. Proper treatment helps to decrease the progression of the disease and improves long-term outcomes.

2.
Revista Brasileira de Hipertensão ; 26(1): 17-24, 20190310.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1378339

ABSTRACT

A crise hipertensiva é uma situação clínica comum, caracterizada pelo aumento acentuado e sintomático da pressão arterial, sendo subdividida em emergência e urgência hipertensiva. A emergência hipertensiva difere da urgência hipertensiva por apresentar um risco de morte iminente devido à lesão aguda ou em desenvolvimento nos órgãos-alvo, especialmente coração, cérebro, rins e artérias. Emergência hipertensiva requer uma abordagem clínica que avalie o órgão-alvo comprometido. A intervenção terapêutica deve ser imediata, eficiente e individualizada para cada sistema envolvido, em geral com fármacos anti- -hipertensivos por via endovenosa em unidade de terapia intensiva. Por outro lado, o paciente com urgência hipertensiva não apresenta lesão aguda em órgão-alvo e, portanto, não apresenta risco de morte. Sendo assim, o tratamento anti-hipertensivo pode ser realizado com medicamentos orais na sala de urgência. Este artigo revisa as principais situações clínicas relacionadas à emergência hipertensiva, sua apresentação clínico-epidemiológica, bem como sua abordagem clínica e terapêutica.


Hypertensive crisis is a common clinical situation characterized by a marked and symptomatic increase in blood pressure, being subdivided into emergency and hypertensive urgency. Hypertensive emergency presents an imminent risk of death due to acute or developing in target organs lesions, especially the heart, brain, kidneys and arteries. Hypertensive emergency requires a clinical approach that evaluates the compromised target organ. Therapeutic intervention should be immediate, efficient and individualized for each system involved, usually with intravenous antihypertensive drugs in the intensive care unit. On the other hand, the patient with hypertensive urgency does not present acute target organ injury and, therefore, has no risk of death. Thus, antihypertensive treatment can be performed with oral medications in the emergency room. This article reviews the main clinical situations related to hypertensive emergency, its clinical and epidemiological presentation, as well as its clinical and therapeutic approach.

3.
Evid. actual. práct. ambul ; 20(4): 86-88, 2017. ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-1097192

ABSTRACT

La urgencia hipertensiva (UH) es una situación muy frecuente que asusta tanto a los pacientes como a sus familiares y al personal de salud y representa aproximadamente el 30% de las consultas no programadas (o de urgencia). En el presente artículo, los autores se hacen eco de publicaciones recientes y proponen dejar de utilizar el término urgencia hipertensiva para describir las situaciones de elevación de la presión arterial por encima de una tensión arterial sistólica ≥ 180 mmHg y/o una tensión arterial diastólica (TAD) ≥ 110 mmHg, sin asociación con daño de órgano blanco (con o sin sintomatología inespecífica concurrente), ya que los pacientes con este cuadro no corren riesgo inminente, no requieren atención médica de urgencia y, por lo tanto, deberían enmarcarse dentro de los cuidados habituales de los pacientes con factores de riesgo cardiovascular y riesgo cardiovascular global elevado. Esto implica no solo un cambio semántico, sino un desafío en el abordaje y manejo de estas situaciones tan frecuentes. (AU)


Hypertensive urgency (UH) is a very frequent clinical situation that scares patients, their families as well as health care provid-ers and represents approximately 30% of the non-scheduled (or urgent) visits. In the present article, taking into account recent publications, the authors propose to stop using the term hypertensive urgency to describe situations of elevated blood pressure above systolic blood pressure ≥ 180 mmHg and / or diastolic blood pressure ( TAD) ≥ 110 mmHg, without end organ dam-age (with or without concurrent non-specific symptomatology), since patients with this condition are not at imminent risk, do not require urgent medical attention and should therefore be framed within usual care of patients with cardiovascular risk factors and high overall cardiovascular risk. This implies not only a semantic change, but a challenge in the approach and management of these frequent situations. (AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Disease Management , Hypertension/classification , Signs and Symptoms , Cardiovascular Diseases/classification , Health Education/trends , Patient Education as Topic , Risk Factors , Emergencies/classification , Arterial Pressure , Health Promotion/trends , Hypertension/prevention & control , Hypertension/drug therapy , Antihypertensive Agents/therapeutic use
4.
Rev. Fac. Med. UNAM ; 59(6): 27-31, nov.-dic. 2016. graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-957113

ABSTRACT

Resumen Introducción: Los tumores neuroendocrinos son neoplasias secretoras de hormonas, principalmente catecolaminas, que pueden presentarse en cualquier parte del cuerpo. La incidencia del feocromocitoma es de 2 a 8 por millón de personas por año, y el 10% de ellos son tumores extra adrenales. El manejo anestésico se considera un reto para el anestesiólogo, ya que deben tomar en cuenta varios puntos para el control hemodinámico del paciente, así como el manejo multidisciplinario en el periodo pre, trans y posquirúrgico. Caso clínico: Presentamos el caso de un paciente masculino portador de para-ganglioma vesical sometido a resección quirúrgica bajo anestesia general e infusión de isosorbide para control de la emergencia hipertensiva. Conclusiones: Se consideró, en este caso en particular, que el uso de vasodilatadores periféricos fue benéfico para el tratamiento de la emergencia hipertensiva durante el transanestésico. Discusión: El tratamiento de la emergencia hipertensiva reportado en la bibliografía muestra que el uso de fármacos intravenosos como nitroprusiato de sodio, nitroglicerina, labetalol, esmolol, entre otros, son los más indicados. El uso de nitritos es una alternativa viable con descontrol hipertensivo severo.


Abstract Introduction: Neuroendocrine tumors, can be found anywhere on the body. The incidence of pheochromocytoma is 2-8 per million people per year and 10% of these are extra-adrenal tumors. Anesthetic management is considered a challenge for the anesthesiologist, since they are primarily catecholamine secreting tumors, and they must take into account several points for a hemodynamic monitoring of the patient and the multidisciplinary management in the pre, trans and postsurgical period. Case report: We report the case of a male patient carrier of a bladder para-ganglioma who underwent a surgical resection under general anesthesia and an infusion of isosorbide to control a hypertensive emergency. Conclusions: We considered, in this particular case, that the use of peripheral vasodilators was beneficial for the treatment of hypertensive emergency during trans- anesthetic. Discussion: The treatment of hypertensive emergencies reported in the literature shows that the use of intravenous drugs such as sodium nitroprusside, nitroglycerin, labetalol, esmolol, among others, are the most recommended. The use of nitrite is a viable alternative with severe uncontrolled hypertension.

5.
Arq. bras. neurocir ; 35(4): 296-303, 30/11/2016.
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-911037

ABSTRACT

Introduction Between 20­50% of neurosurgical patients may develop early perioperative complications, and 25% have more than one clinical complication. The most commons are high blood pressure (25%) and cardiovascular events (7%). Intraoperative hypertension is characterized by an increase of 20% in basal blood pressure. Objectives The aim of this paper is to review and discuss the pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment of perioperative hypertension in patients undergoing neurosurgery, and to propose one table with therapeutic options. Methods A review using Scielo, PubMed, Ebsco and Artmed databases with inclusion and exclusion criteria. Articles published from 1957 to 2015 were selected. Discussion Five factors were established as causes: arterial hypertension, clinical conditions, surgical procedures, and operative and anesthetic factors. Specific causes preoperative, intraoperative and posoperative. The pathophysiology may have some relationship with catecholamines and sympathetic nervous system stimulation. Conclusion Perioperative hypertension in neurosurgery may have many causes, some of them recognizable and preventable. This increased pressure may be associated with intracranial hematomas in some cases. The recognition and treatment of this disease can be helpful in the management of the postoperative period.


Introdução Entre 20­50% dos pacientes neurocirúrgicos podem desenvolver complicações perioperatórias precoces, e cerca de 25% têm mais de uma complicação clínica. A complicação mais comum é pressão arterial elevada (25%); eventos cardiovasculares (7%). Hipertensão Arterial intraoperatória é considerada quando se aumenta 20% o valor absoluto do seu valor da pressão de base. Objetivos O objetivo deste artigo é discutir a fisiopatologia, diagnóstico e tratamento da hipertensão perioperatória em pacientes que passaram por neurocirurgia, e propor uma tabela com opções terapêuticas. Métodos Revisão utilizando as bases de dados SciELO, PubMed, Ebsco e Artmed com os critérios de inclusão e exclusão. Artigos publicados de 1957 a 2015. Discussão Cinco fatores foram estabelecidos como causas: hipertensão, condições clínicas, os procedimentos cirúrgicos, fatores operatórios e fatores anestésicos. Existem causas específicas préoperatório, intraoperatório e pós-operatório estabelecidas. A fisiopatologia pode ter alguma relação com catecolaminas e com a estimulação simpático do sistema nervoso. Conclusão A hipertensão perioperatória na neurocirurgia pode ter várias causas, algumas delas reconhecíveis. Este aumento da pressão arterial pode estar associado à incidência de hematomas intracranianos. Reconhecimento e manejo adequado da doença pode ajudar no controle da pressão durante o período pós-operatório.


Subject(s)
Humans , Postoperative Complications , Hypertension , Hypertension/physiopathology , Neurosurgery
6.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-879700

ABSTRACT

A dissecção de aorta é a patologia de maior mortalidade entre as síndromes aórticas agudas com início súbito de dor torácica, sendo 1% por hora, nas primeiras 48 horas e 75% ao final da segunda semana. Menos de 10 % dos pacientes não tratados sobrevivem por um ano1. Por isso, é necessário conhecer a fisiopatologia, a classificação, a apresentação clínica e o diagnóstico diferencial desta patologia, para que o diagnóstico seja evidente, garantindo, assim, o manejo adequado e o melhor desfecho do quadro clínico. O objetivo deste artigo de revisão é fornecer uma estratégia diagnóstica e terapêutica organizada ao clínico, direcionando o conhecimento médico para as manifestações clínicas e para abordagem terapeutica inicial com rapidez, qualidade e eficiência no pronto atendimento.


Aortic dissection is the pathology of higher mortality among the acute aortic syndromes of sudden onset of chest pain, being 1% per hour in the first 48 hours and 75% at the end of the second week. Less than 10% of untreated patients survive for one year. So it is necessary to know the pathophysiology, classification, clinical presentation and differential diagnosis of this disease, so the diagnosis is evident, thus ensuring proper management and the best outcome of the clinical condition. Therefore, the aim of this review article is to provide a diagnostic and therapeutic strategy organized to the professional, directing the medical knowledge to the clinical manifestations and initial therapeutic approach with speed, quality and efficiency of care in the emergency room.


Subject(s)
Aorta , Dissection , Emergencies , Hypertension
7.
Rev. bras. hipertens ; 21(4): 184-188, out.-dez.2014.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-881316

ABSTRACT

Há uma forte relação da hipertensão arterial com manifestações clínicas da coronariopatia. A emergência hipertensiva associada a um quadro isquêmico miocárdico agudo, angina instável ou infarto agudo do miocárdio requer tratamento rápido e seguro, para controle dos níveis pressóricos e redução do fenômeno isquêmico. Dentre os recursos terapêuticos disponíveis por via endovenosa, destacam-se a nitroglicerina e os betabloqueadores, ambos contribuindo para melhora do fluxo sanguíneo coronário e, ao mesmo tempo, reduzindo o consumo de oxigênio miocárdico. Os altos níveis de pressão arterial na vigência do infarto agudo do miocárdio tornam-se uma séria contraindicação para o emprego imediato de trombolítico no tratamento de reperfusão e o risco de acidente vascular cerebral é elevado. Portanto, devemos retardar esse tipo de recurso ou utilizar a via percutânea para angioplastia como tratamento ideal.


Arterial hypertension has a strong relationship with clinical manifestation of coronary heart disease. The hypertensive emergency associated with an acute myocardial ischemia, instable angina or an acute myocardial infarct needs a fast and safe procedure, to control the arterial pressure and reduce ischemic phenomenon. Among the available therapeutic resources by intravenous way, we can highlight nitroglycerine and betablockers, in that both reduce myocardial oxygen consumption and improve coronary flow. The high levels of arterial pressure in acute myocardial infarct become a serious contraindication for the immediate use of thrombolytic agents in reperfusion treatment and the risk for stroke is high. Thus, we should delay this action or use percutaneous way for angioplasty as a better treatment.


Subject(s)
Acute Coronary Syndrome , Ambulatory Care , Hypertension , Myocardial Infarction
8.
Rev. bras. hipertens ; 21(4): 189-193, out.-dez.2014.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-881318

ABSTRACT

A dissecção aórtica é a mais letal das emergências cardiovasculares e, portanto, requer diagnóstico preciso imediato e intervenções terapêuticas clínica e intervencionista em regimes de urgência. Os métodos de imagens, como a ecocardiografia e a angiotomografia, são os métodos diagnósticos de escolha e devem ser considerados na suspeita clínica de dissecção aórtica. A hipertensão é o principal fator de risco para a dissecção e, com frequência, o paciente com dissecção aórtica se apresenta com um quadro de emergência hipertensiva que requer terapêutica rigorosa e imediata. O objetivo da terapêutica é o imediato controle da pressão arterial com nitroprussiato de sódio e a redução da frequência cardíaca com betabloqueador endovenoso, reduzindo a pressão de pulso e o stress parietal na aorta e reduzindo o risco de rotura da aorta ou propagação anterógrada ou retrógada da dissecção. Feito o diagnóstico, a dissecção que envolve a aorta ascendente (Tipo A) deve ser tratada cirurgicamente em regime de emergência. Adissecção restrita à aorta descendente (Tipo B) recebe abordagem clínica inicial e, na vigência de complicações como expansão da falsa luz, hemotórax, dor persistente ou isquemia visceral, deve ser tratada invasivamente com o implante endovascular de stents


Aortic dissection is the most lethal cardiovascular emergencies and, therefore, it requires prompt and accurate diagnosis as well as interventional and clinical therapeutic interventions in emergency regimes. Theimaging methods, such as echocardiography and angiotomography, are the diagnostic methods of choice and should be considered in clinical suspicion of aortic dissection. Hypertension is the leading risk factor for dissection and often the patient with aortic dissection presents with a case of hypertensive emergency that requires accurate and immediate therapy. The goal of therapy is the immediate control of blood pressure withsodium nitroprusside and the heart rate reductionwith intravenous beta-blocker, reducing pulse pressure and the parietal stress in the aorta and the risk of aortic rupture or anterograde or retrograde propagation of dissection. Diagnosed dissection involving the ascending aorta (Type A) should be surgically treated in emergency. The dissection restricted to the descending aorta (Type B) receives initial clinical approach and, in the presence of complications such as expansion of the false lumen, hemothorax, persistent pain or visceral ischemia, it should be treated invasively with endovascular stenting.


Subject(s)
Ambulatory Care , Dissection , Hypertension/therapy
9.
J. bras. med ; 101(1): 21-30, jan.-fev. 2013. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-688976

ABSTRACT

Crise hipertensiva é uma situação clínica comum, caracterizada por elevação sintomática da pressão arterial. Apresenta alta taxa de morbidade e mortalidade e é classificada como emergência e urgência hipertensiva. O quadro clínico de emergência hipertensiva difere do quadro de urgência por apresentar risco de morte iminente decorrente de lesão em órgãos-alvo instalada ou em evolução, em particular no coração, cérebro, rins e artérias. Essa condição requer uma abordagem clínica criteriosa, que permita o diagnóstico rápido e correto do órgão-alvo envolvido.


Hypertensive crisis is a common clinical situation characterized by symptomatic rise of the blood pressure, it presents high rate of morbidity and mortality, and it is classified in hypertensive emergency and urgency. The clinical picture of hypertensive emergency differs from that of hypertensive urgency by presenting an imminent death risk due to established or developing damage in target-organs, especially heart, brain, kidneys and arteries. This condition requires a sensible clinical approach that allows a correct and fast diagnosis of the compromised target-organ.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Hypertension/complications , Hypertension/diagnosis , Hypertension/drug therapy , Stroke/prevention & control , Antihypertensive Agents/therapeutic use , Blood Pressure Determination , Blood Pressure Monitoring, Ambulatory , Pulmonary Edema/prevention & control , Arterial Pressure , Emergency Treatment/methods
10.
Rev. bras. hipertens ; 19(1): 21-25, jan.-mar.2012.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-881743

ABSTRACT

As emergências hipertensivas são situações clínicas de extrema gravidade que são observadas com frequência na prática clínica em pronto atendimento ou unidades de terapia intensiva. O reconhecimento das principais emergências hipertensivas, que incluem edema agudo dos pulmões, síndrome coronária aguda, encefalopatia hipertensiva, acidente vascular cerebral e dissecção de aorta, entre outras, é de extrema importância para uma abordagem terapêutica mais adequada e redução da morbidade e mortalidade associadas. História e exame físico bem orientados para os principais órgãos-alvo da hipertensão, seguidos de exames complementares específi cos, auxiliam para um diagnóstico correto e um tratamento mais efi caz.


Hypertensive emergencies are extremely severe clinical situations frequently observed in clinical practice in intensive care unit or emergency room. The knowledge of main hypertensive emergencies, including acute pulmonary edema, acute coronary syndrome, hypertensive encephalopathy, cerebral vascular accident and aortic dissection, among others, is extremely important for a more adequate therapeutic approach and for a reduction in associated morbidity and mortality. History and physical examination well directed to the main target organ of hypertension, followed by complementary specifi c exams, are helpful for a correct diagnosis and effective treatment.


Subject(s)
Ambulatory Care , Brain Diseases , Emergency Medical Services , Hypertension/therapy
12.
Rev. habanera cienc. méd ; 8(2)abr.-jun. 2009.
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-629834

ABSTRACT

Se realizó un estudio descriptivo retrospectivo transversal para determinar morbimortalidad de las crisis hipertensivas que se presentaron en el Servicio de Urgencia del Policlínico Boyeros en el período comprendido entre enero a junio de 2006. En la investigación, se utilizó un sistema de métodos teóricos y empíricos como fueron el análisis documental, aplicación de un cuestionario. La información obtenida fue procesada con el sistema estadístico SPSS versión 11.0 para Windows y se presentó en tablas y gráficos. Con el estudio, se clasificaron las crisis hipertensivas en urgencias y emergencias correspondiendo 43.29% a las emergencias y 56.70% a las urgencias. El sexo masculino fue predominante en la emergencia hipertensiva con 54.4% y 54% en la urgencia. En los grupos de edades de 40-79 años se presentaron más eventos de urgencias y emergencias hipertensivas. Los factores de riesgo que más incidieron fueron: edad, tabaquismo, obesidad y cardiopatías, asociadas tanto en la urgencia como en la emergencia hipertensiva. Las formas clínicas predominantes fueron: disnea, taquicardia, precordialgia, dolor toráxico, mareo y cefalea. Las complicaciones más frecuentes fueron las afecciones cardiovasculares y cerebrovasculares. La evolución de las emergencias resultó 90.4% remitidos y 9.52% fallecidos, y en la urgencia 81.8% evolucionó satisfactoriamente y 18.18 fue remitido al segundo nivel.


A descriptive retrospective study was carried out to determine the morbimortality of the hipertensive crisis that were presented in the urgency service from the Boyereos Poloclinic in the period among January to June 2006. In the investigation an empirical and a theoretical system of methods were applied such as the documentary analysis and a questionaire. The obtained information was processed SPSS11.0. With the study the crisis were classified in hipertensive crisis in urgencies and emergencies corresponding the 43, 29 % to the emergencies and the 56,7% to the urgencies. The male sex was predominant in the emergency with a 54,4% and a 54% in the urgency. The groups of ages of 40 - 79 years were presented more events of urgencies as in hypertensive emergencies. The risk factor that highly affected were age, smoking, obesity, associated cardiopathies as in the urgency as in the hypertensive emergency. The predominant clinical forms were the dyspnea, the taquicard the precordialgia the pain toraxico, i make dizzy and the cefalea. The most frequent complication were the affections cardiovascular cerebrovascular. The evolution of the emergencies resulted the 90,4% remitted and the 9,52% passed away and in the urgency the 81.8% evolued satisfactorily and the 18.18% were remitted to the second level.

13.
Arq. bras. cardiol ; 56(5): 381-383, maio 1991. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-107856

ABSTRACT

Purpose­To evaluate the efficacy and safety of intravenous hidralazine in arterial hypertension. Patients and Methods­12 patients, meanage 45,33 15,82,8 men and 4 women all of them with systolic (S) arterialpressure (AP) 180 and or diastolic (D) 126 mmHg with symptoms like headache, incaracteristic toraxic pain and others but without an hypertensive emergency neither acute manifestation of hypertensive encephalopathy through fundi examination were studied. The AP was taked 10 minutes after rest (inicial) and 5, 15, 30 and 60 min (final) after intravenous administration of hidralazine-HCL (5mg) which was repeated when at least 20% AP reduction was not achieved. Results­ The inicial and final SAP, DAPand heart rate (HR) wre 208 ± 19,4 and 176 ± 17,2 (p < 0.0001), 133 ± 11,3 and 112 ± 11,5 (p< 0.001) and 72 ± 12,9 and 80 ± 15,5 (NS), respectively. Side effects related to the drug were observed in 3 (25%) patients. One had symptomatic ortostatic hypotension, the second had precordial pain with ST-T changes compatible with myocardial ischemia and the third presented a torax and abdominal cutaneous erithema, but all of them reversible. Conclusion­ Intravenous hydralazineHC1 is an alternative when rapid arterial pressurereduction is needed


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Emergencies , Hydralazine/therapeutic use , Hypertension/drug therapy , Hydralazine/administration & dosage , Hydralazine/pharmacology , Injections, Intravenous , Drug Evaluation , Heart Rate , Arterial Pressure
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